As film products are more frequently used from producing traditional flexible packing products to high-tech electronic products, requested higher level of quality. Most film products are made in the shape of roll-type finished goods, so various quality problems are addressed related with their characteristics of shape. Thickness of film products is one of the most common and important quality problems. Particularly the Degree of thick smoothness is more important than other thickness issues, because it causes many secondary issues of thickness-related quality problems like wrinkles or faulty windings. Thick smoothness must be controlled in both horizontal and vertical direction. In this paper, HOQ (house of quality) was built to interpret VOC (voice of customers) to CTQs (critical to quality). To decide priorities of VOC and CTQs, both techniques are applied. One is AHP (analytic hierarchy process) with pairwise comparison. The other is an absolute weight calculation method with level-up rate. From the result of HOQ, it is certain that the thick smoothness is the most important CTQ in film manufacturing industry. Finally, this paper presents how to monitor and improve repetitive coincidence of microscopic deviation of thickness in some special vertical points.

This study intends to use the basic patterns in 3oz bodice and 2oz sleeve padded jackets made for women in their 20s to research the proper ease of 2oz bodice and 2oz sleeve, 4oz bodice and 3oz sleeve padded jackets. The study also proposes a method of designing padded jacket patterns according to padding thickness. The results of this study are as follows: The 2oz bodice and 2oz sleeve padded jackets had the following sizes. The front and back bust, waist, and hip circumferences were calculated as B/4+2.5cm and B/4+3cm, W/4+2.6+3.3(D)cm and W/4+1.5+2.6(D)cm, and H/4+2.8cm and H/4+3cm, respectively. The length of the jacket was 62.4cm, and the sleeve length was calculated as 63.4cm. For the 4oz bodice and 3oz sleeve padded jackets, the front and back bust, waist, and hip circumferences were calculated as B/4+4cm and B/4+4cm, W/4+4.1+3(D)cm and W/4+2.5+3.6(D)cm, and H/4+4.3cm and H/4+4cm, respectively. The length of the jacket was 63.2cm, and the sleeve length was calculated as 64.2cm. The results of this study showed that padded jackets with thicker padding need more ease. For jackets with stitches, the decreased lengths must be added in the pattern length. The 2oz bodice and 2oz sleeve, 4oz bodice and 3oz sleeve padded jackets all scored 4 points or higher in the movement functionality assessment, thus showing outstanding movement functionality.

PURPOSES : This study is to develop a method to evaluate lubrication of asphalt binder using WMA additives and compare their lubrication effects on two types of WMA additives and three types of asphalt film thicknesses. METHODS : This study is based on laboratory experiments and rheological analysis of the experimental results. Testing materials are aggregate diskes, asphalt, and WMA additives. The main testing method is stress sweep test by using dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). RESULTS : Sasobit gives more lubrication effects on film thicknesses 0.2mm and under but LEADCAP does on film thicknesses over 0.3mm. CONCLUSIONS : LVE-Limit is a better parameter to discern the lubrication effects on the thin film asphalt thickness. Both Sasobit and LEADCAP WMA additives provide effective lubrication at the compaction temperature.

Mo-based thin films are frequently used as back electrode materials because of their low resistivity and high crystallinity in CIGS chalcopyrite solar cells. Mo:Na/Mo bilayer thin films with 1μm thickness were deposited on soda lime glass by varying the thickness of each layer using dc-magnetron sputtering. The effects of the Mo:Na layer on morphology and electrical property in terms of resistivity were systematically investigated. The resistivity increased from 159μΩcm to 944μΩcm; this seemed to be caused by increased surface defects and low crystallinity as the thickness of Mo:Na layer increased from 100 nm to 500 nm. The surface morphologies of the Mo thin films changed from a somewhat coarse fibrous structures to irregular and fine celled structures with increased surface cracks along the cell boundaries as the thickness of Mo:Na layer increased. Na contents varied drastically from 0.03 % to 0.52 % according to the variation of Mo:Na layer thickness. The change in Na content may be ascribed to changes in surface morphology and crystallinity of the thin films.

도로포장의 구조적 상태를 평가하기 위하여 FWD(Falling weight deflectometer) 시험이 널리 사용되고 있다. FWD 시험은 자유낙하 하는 추에 의하여 포장표면에 발생하는 처짐량을 측정하는 것으로, 이 표 면처짐량으로부터 포장체 각 층의 탄성계수를 역해석하여 추정한다. 역해석시 포장체의 두께는 코어채취를 통하여 측정한 실측값을 사용하거나 설계값을 사용한다. 실제 도로에서 포장체의 두께는 시공상태, 보수이력 등 다양한 원인에 따라 설계 두께와 상이하고, 두께 측정을 위해 코어를 매번 채취하는 것도 현실적으로 거의 불가능하다. 따라서 역해석시 정확한 포장층 두께를 고려하기가 어려운 실정이다. 이러한 부정확한 포장층 두께로 인하여 역산된 탄성계수의 신뢰성이 저하되고, 포장체 구조해석 및 공용수명 예측에 큰 오류가 발생할 수 있다. 포장체의 층두께를 현장에서 빠르고 정확하게 측정하기 위하여 지표투과레이더 (Ground penetrating radar, GPR)가 사용되고 있다. GPR 시험은 지표면으로 송출된 전자기파가 반사, 회절, 산란된 후 돌아오는 시간과 형상을 기초하여 층구조 및 매설물의 위치 등을 탐지할 수 있는 비파괴 시험이다. 본 연구에서는 최근 건설기술연구원의 일반국도 포장관리시스템(Pavement management system, PMS)에 도입된 접촉식(Ground-coupled) GPR을 이용하여 아스팔트 포장의 층두께를 측정하는 방법을 소개하고, 정확한 층두께가 역산된 포장체의 탄성계수의 신뢰성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 조사의 효율성과 공간적 데이터의 신뢰성을 향상시키기 위하여 접촉식 GPR 안테나를 기존 FWD 장비 하부에 설치하였다. 그림 1은 GPR 시험으로 측정한 데이터로 한 지점에서의 시간이력 데이터(A-scan)와 거리 에 따라 연속적으로 나타낸 데이터(B-scan)를 나타낸다. 그림 1b에 나타난 바와 같이 포장층의 두께가 거리에 따라 달라지는 것을 알 수 있다. 이러한 실제 층두께를 역해석에 고려하여 추정된 탄성계수와 가정된 층두께를 고려한 탄성계수를 비교하여 신뢰성 분석을 하였다.

In this study, simulation analyses on the impact property of aluminum foam are carried and verified by experimental results. When aluminum foams with thicknesses of 25mm and 35mm are applied by impact energy of 14J, impact energy and deformation happened at aluminum foam are investigated by comparing experimental and analysis results. Experimental and analysis results of deformations or absorbed impact energy become similar each other. After verifying these simulation results with experimental results, impact properties of aluminum foams with thicknesses of 45mm and 55mm are also investigated by simulation results. As impact properties of aluminum foam can be studied effectively through only simulation results, it is thought to spare much time and cost by investigating various impact properties of aluminum foams with simulation analysis.

A two-pass differential speed rolling(DSR) was applied to a deoxidized low-phosphorous copper alloy sheet in order to form a homogeneous microstructure. Copper alloy with a thickness of 3 mm was rolled to 75 % reduction by two-pass rolling at 150˚C without lubrication at a differential speed ratio of 2.0:1. In order to introduce uniform shear strain into the copper alloy sheet, the second rolling was performed after turning the sample by 180˚ on the transverse direction axis. Conventional rolling(CR), in which the rotating speeds of the upper roll and lower roll are identical to each other, was also performed by two-pass rolling under a total rolling reduction of 75 %, for comparison. The shear strain introduced by the conventional rolling showed positive values at positions of the upper roll side and negative values at positions of the lower roll side. However, samples processed by the DSR showed zero or positive values at all positions. 100//ND texture was primarily developed near the surface and center of thickness for the CR, while 110//ND texture was primarily developed for the DSR. The difference in misorientation distribution of grain boundary between the upper roll side surface and center regions was very small in the CR, while it was large in the DSR. The grain size was smallest in the upper roll side region for both the CR and the DSR. The hardness showed homogeneous distribution in the thickness direction in both CR and DSR. The average hardness was larger in CR than in DSR.

In this study, BaTiO3 thin films were grown by RF-magnetron sputtering, and the effects of the thin film thickness on the structural characteristics of BaTiO3 thin films were systematically investigated. Instead of the oxide substrates generally used for the growth of BaTiO3 thin films, p-Si substrates which are widely used in the current semiconductor processing, were used in this study in order to pursue high efficiency in device integration processing. For the crystallization of the grown thin films, annealing was carried out in air, and the annealing temperature was varied from 700˚C. The changed thickness was within 200 nm~1200 nm. The XRD results showed that the best crystal quality was obtained for ample thicknesses 700 nm~1200 nm. The SEM analysis revealed that Si/BaTiO3 are good quality interface characteristics within 300 nm when observed thickness. And surface roughness observed of BaTiO3 thin films from AFM measurement are good quality surface characteristics within 300 nm. Depth-profiling analysis through GDS (glow discharge spectrometer) showed that the stoichiometric composition could be maintained. The results obtained in this study clearly revealed BaTiO3 thin films grown on a p-Si substrate such as thin film thickness. The optimum thickness was 300 nm, the thin film was found to have the characteristics of thin film with good electrical properties.

본 연구에서는 전하 조절층을 이용하여 녹색 인광 유기발광다이오드의 효율의 향상을 나타냈다. 양극성의 4,4,N,N'-dicarbazolebiphenyl (CBP)를 호스트와 전하 조절층으로 사용하여 발광층 내에서 전하의 이동을 원활하게 할 수 있다. 게다가 전하 조절층의 삽입으로 엑시톤을 효과적으로 발광층 내에 제한하여, 삼중항-삼중항 소멸 현상을 억제할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 발광층의 전체 두께는 유지하고, 전하 조절층의 변화를 준 다섯 개의 소자를 제작하여 최적화된 전하 조절층의 두께를 이용한 Device D는 외부 양자 효율 16.22%와 휘도 효율 55.76 cd/A의 성능을 보였다.

This study was conducted in order to examine whether abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction selectively contracted deep abdominal muscles. This study's subjects were 13 males 17 females. In order to evaluate the comparison of effects of ADIM and ADIM with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, measurements were made on transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) using a real-time ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system. Each position was repetitively measured three times with a real-time ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system and their mean values were used for analysis. The ADIM with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction and abduction significantly increased the thickness of TrA relative to the ADIM only (p<.05). The ADIM with isometric shoulder abduction significantly increased the thickness of IO compared to the ADIM only (p<.05). The ADIM with isometric shoulder extension and abduction significantly decreased the thickness of EO compared to the ADIM only and the ADIM with isometric shoulder extension significantly decreased the thickness of EO relative to the ADIM with isometric shoulder adduction (p<.05). ADIM with isometric shoulder abduction is an effective method to selectively strengthen deep abdominal muscles and therefore may be employed as an intervention for trunk stabilization.

Silicon based magnetostrictive structures were fabricated for micro-wireless actuators, and finite element models were developed to predict mechanical characteristics of the actuated structures. These structures can be used to design wireless automotive parts and multi-function packaged micro automotive devices. In the fabrication process, amorphous magnetostrictive films of the optimized binary compound Tb0.4Fe0.6 and Sm0.47Fe0.53 were deposited with various thicknesses on the silicon membrane by DC magnetron sputtering using cast composite targets. Magnetic fields lower than 2KOe (0.2T) were applied for micro-system applications. These films have been tested in a simple cantilever arrangement and the predicted magnetostrictions of the actuated membranes through the developed FE models have been calculated.

(Na, K) NbO3 thick film was successfully achieved using a sol-gel coating process with the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to a metal alkoxide solution. The transparent coating solution, mixed with Nb:PVP = 1:1 in a molar ration, was synthesized by evaporating the solvent to over 62.5 wt%. Additive PVP increased the viscosity of the solution so that the coating thickness could be enhanced. The thickness of the (Na, K) NbO3 film assisted by PVP was ca. 320 nm at the time of deposition; this value is four times thicker than that of the sample fabricated without PVP. Also, due to PVP binding with the OH groups of the metal alkoxide, the condensation reaction in the film was suppressed. The crystalline size of the (Na, K) NbO3 films assisted by PVP was ca. 15 nm smaller than that of the film fabricated without PVP. After the sintering process at 700˚C, the (Na, K) NbO3 films were mainly composed of randomly oriented (Na, K) NbO3 phase of perovskite crystal structure, including a somewhat secondary phase of K2Nb4O11. However, by adding PVP, the content of the secondary phase became quite smaller than that of the sample without PVP. It was thought that the addition of PVP might have the effect of restraining the loss of potassium and that PVP could hold metalloxane by strong hydrogen bonding before complete decomposition. Therefore, the film thickness of the (Na, K) NbO3 films could be considerably advanced and made more crack-free by the addition of PVP.

The lower trapezius muscle is an important stabilizer and primary mover of the scapula. The potential use of ultrasound imaging to evaluate scapular muscle function warrants investigation. The purpose of this study is to use ultrasound imaging for determining the effectiveness of 4 different isometric exercises for maximally activating the lower trapezius muscles in healthy subjects. Twenty-eight (14 men and 14 women) volunteers were recruited for this study. Thickness measurements of the lower trapezius muscles were recorded during 4 exercises: latissimus pulldown (LP), prone V-raise (PV), prone row (PR), and modified prone cobra (MP). Lower trapezius muscle thickness was measured 3 times by 2 investigators at a point 3 cm lateral to the lateral edge of the T8 spinous process. The order of 4 exercise execution was randomized for each participant. To identify statistical significance, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used with the significance level of .05. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for intra-reliability was .86~.98 and inter-rater reliability .83~.96 for the lower trapezius, respectively (p<.01). Thickness changes in the lower trapezius muscles between the relaxed and contracted states in men were as follows: LP (, 182%), MP (, 167%), PV (, 149%), and PR (, 133%). In women the values were as follows: LP (, 163%), MP (, 131%), PV (, 129%), and PR ( mm, 100%). Thickness of the lower trapezius muscles significantly differed between exercises in both the gender (p<.01). The LP was the most effective exercise for increasing the activation of the lower trapezius muscle in both the gender. We recommend performing the LP exercise for strengthening the lower trapezius muscles.

The aim of this study is to compare measurements of abdominal muscle thickness using ultrasonography imaging (USI) to those using a special transducer head device, during five different trunk stabilization exercises, ultimately to determine which exercise led to the greatest muscle thickness. Thirty eight healthy subjects participated in this cross-sectional study. The five types of trunk stabilization - i.e., a sit-up on the supine, an upper and lower extremity raise with quadruped on the prone, a leg raise in sitting on the ball, trunk rolling on the ball, and balance using sling on the prone position - were each performed with an abdominal draw. The thickness of the abdominal muscle - including the transverse abdominal (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) - was measured by USI with a special transducer head device, at rest and then at contraction in each position. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated ANOVA with the level of significance set at =.05. The results were as follows: 1) the TrA thickness was statistically significant (p<.05), whereas the IO and EO thicknesses were not (p>.05); 2) among the five types of trunk stabilization, TrA thickness significantly increased with the balance using a sling in the prone position, (p<.05), whereas no significant difference was noted for the four types of trunk stabilization (p>.05); 3) reliability data showed that there was a high degree of consistency among the measurements taken using the special transducer head device (ICC=.92). In conclusion, the balance using a sling in the prone position was more effective than any of the four other types of trunk stabilization in increasing TrA thickness in healthy subjects.

The lumbar multifidus muscle, which can be separated into deep fascicles (DM) and superficial fascicles (SM), is important for lumbar segmental stability. However, no previous studies have investigated the effect of lumbar stabilization exercises on the thickness of DM and SM. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess DM thickness after three different lumbar segmental stabilization exercises. In total, 30 healthy male participants were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three exercise groups: hollowing in the quadruped position (H-Quad), contralateral arm and leg lift (CALL), and bilateral arm and leg lift (BALL). Each lumbar segmental stabilization exercise was conducted over 4 weeks. Ultrasonography was used to compare the DM and SM thickness before and after the 4 weeks of exercise. A mixed-model analysis of variance using Scheffe's post-hoc test was used for statistical analysis. The results showed a significant effect for the measurement time (before vs. after 4 weeks of exercise) in the DM (F=31.26, p<.05) and SM (F=4.56, p<.05). At the end of the 4 weeks, the DM thickness had increased significantly in the H-Quad exercise group, and the SM thickness had increased significantly in the CALL and BALL exercise groups. Also in the BALL exercise group, the SM thickness was greater compared with that in the H-Quad exercise group. These findings suggest that the thickness of the DM and SM were increased by different types of lumbar segmental stability exercise after 4 weeks.