국내산 소재를 이용한 단일 추출물의 안전성 실험 및 화장품 소재로써의 선행 연구는 실시되어 왔지만, 개별 추출하여 식물의 특성을 극대화 및 효과 간섭 가능성에 대한 복합 혼합물에 대한 연구가 미비 한 상황이다. 이에 본 연구는 배초향, 적송, 강황, 생강, 산미나리씨, 불수감에 대한 정유 추출에 따른 GC-MSD, 블렌딩 오일의 세포독성, 항산화, 항염을 확인하여 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. GC-MSD 향기성분을 분석한 결과 주요 성분으로는 배초향은 Estragole, 적송은 à-Pinene, 강황과 생강은 Zingiberene, 산미나리씨 Anethole, 불수감 D-Limonene이 동정되었다. 세포독성이 확인되지 않은 100 uL/mL의 농도에서 NO 생성 70.62% 억제, DPPH 라디칼 소거능 64.03%, ABTS 라디칼 소거능 89.55% 을 보였다. 이를 통하여 블렌딩 정유는 화장품 및 식품, 의약품 산업 분야에서 항산화 및 항염 효능이 있는 원료로서 유용하게 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다.

Compared with other philosophers and writers who were engaged in architecture Georges Bataille was extraordinary. Because he produced anti-architectural discourse. This paper studied the Bataille’s thinking with relation to architecture that used as a fundamental and privileged metaphor. Philosophy regarded as the foundation of all academic discipline needed architecture in order to show its system was durable, synthetic and hierarchical. The will to build a solid system of reasoning made philosophy to call architecture to pretend that it is structurally stable. Metaphor and representation is inevitable in philosophy. Then architectural image that supported by discourse of philosophy became a representation of sociocultural system. According to Bataille architectural representation justified existing power and belief system. With architecture Identity always represented the true and good. This kind of architectonic thinking erased the Other that allowed metaphysics and symbolic Against architecture Bataille produced writings of violation and excess corresponding to labyrinth. Labyrinth in fact made a formal structure of architecture possible to be a metaphor of symbolic system. Bataille’s anti-architectural thinking paradoxically shows the importance of Architecture and give a chance to rethink the ethical aspect of architecture instead of aesthetics.

In this study, soybean pods of 45 soybean landraces (or varieties) were classified as yellow (19 samples), black (23 samples), or black in green (3 samples) based on soybean seed coat color. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and estrogen-like activities were assessed. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content ranges were 24.13-108.03 mg GAE/g and 3.31-72.02 mg CE/g, respectively, and were highest in the black group followed by the yellow group and were least in the black in green group, while ABTS and DPPH activities followed the order black in green > black > yellow. Estrogen-like and estrogen receptor-α activity ranges were 29.06-35.58 pg/mL and 7.05-10.13 pg/mL and were followed the order yellow > black > black in green and black in green > yellow > black, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory and UCP-1 activities followed the same order as estrogen receptor-α activities. Our findings suggest that soybean pods are excellent sources of antioxidants and high-quality functional materials.

Curcumin is not soluble in water. Therefore, curcumin emulsion that can dissolve well in water were prepared using multi-emulsification technology, and the antioxidant activities and physical properties of emulsion were measured. Although curcumin was not dissolved in water, it was confirmed to be well dispersed in water when prepared in an aqueous dispersion curcumin emulsion. After dissolving curcumin using water and ethanol as solvents, respectively, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities of the filtrate and the curcumin emulsion were measured. Because it was not dissolved in water, activities were not shown. However, when curcumin was dissolved in ethanol, the activities increased as the concentration of curcumin increased. On the other hand, when the curcumin emulsion was dissolved in water, it was found to have abilities. The curcumin emulsion was nano-homogenized and the size and distribution of the emulsified spheres were measured. It was confirmed to be nano-sized as it appeared as 9.083 nm/100%. In the results of the DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging abilities of curcumin nano-emulsion, it was confirmed that there was no change in the antioxidant abilities. In conclusion, water-dispersible curcumin prepared using multi-emulsification technology, and it was confirmed to exhibit antioxidant activity and emulsion stability.

본 연구는 십자화과 채소인 갓(Brassica juncea) 추출물 을 이용하여 지표성분인 sinigrin의 함량을 분석하고, 내분비계 교란물질 환경호르몬인 비스페놀 A (BPA)로 분화를 유도한 3T3-L1 전구지방세포에서 갓 추출물과 sinigrin 처 리에 대한 지방세포 분화 및 활성산소종(ROS) 생성 억제, 지방 생성 전사인자(PPARγ, C/EBPα, aP2)의 단백질 발현 감소 효능을 평가하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 HPLC를 이용하여 측정한 갓 추출물 중 sinigrin의 함량은 21.27±0.2 mg/g 인 것으로 나타났다. BPA로 유도된 3T3-L1 전구지방세포에 서 XTT assay 결과 sinigrin 180 μM 및 갓 추출물 300 μg/ mL 농도에서 세포 독성을 보이지 않았으며, 지방세포 분화과정 중 세포 내 지방 축적량과 ROS 생성량을 비교하였을 때 갓과 sinigrin을 처리한 지방세포의 경우 지방축 적량 및 ROS 생성량 모두 유의적으로 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 갓 추출물 및 sinigrin을 처리하였을 때 지 방세포 분화를 조절하는 전사인자 PPARγ, C/EBPα 및 aP2 의 발현이 억제됨을 확인하였다. 이 결과를 통해 갓은 환 경호르몬 비스페놀 A로 유도된 지방세포 내 지방 축적 억제와 더불어 ROS 저감에 효과적으로 작용함을 확인하였다. 향후 sinigrin을 함유한 갓은 BPA로 인한 지질 대사 장애를 예방하는 천연물 유래 기능성 식품 소재로 활용할 가능성이 높은 것으로 기대되며, 추가로 임상 연구 및 작용기전 입증을 위한 in vivo 모델에서의 후속 연구가 진 행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) 막은 내구성 및 열적⋅화학적 안정성 등의 물성은 우수하나 소수성이 커서 수투과도가 낮고 단백질 및 유기물에 의한 막오염이 쉽게 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 PVDF 막의 내오염성을 개선시키고자 바이오 기능성 물질인 β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)을 PVDF 막 구조 내에 분산 함침시킨 PVDF/β-CD 혼합기질 비대칭막을 상변환 법을 통해 제조하고, β-CD 함침량에 따른 순수 투과 유속(PWF) 측정과 BSA 용액을 대상으로 한 막여과 실험을 수행하여 내오염성 특성을 평가하였다. 이 결과 PVDF 고분자 매질 내에 β-CD를 함침시키면 막의 친수성을 증가시켜 접촉각을 감소시키고 이로 인해 내오염성을 향상시킬 수 있었다. β-CD 함침량이 2 wt%인 도프용액을 사용하여 제조된 PVDF/β-CD 혼합 기질 비대칭막의 PWF는 64 L/m2⋅h, BSA 배제도는 95%를 나타내었으며, β-CD를 첨가하지 않고 제조된 pristine PVDF 막에 비해 투과 유속 향상성이 최대 80%에 달해 β-CD를 첨가시킴으로서 PVDF 막의 내오염성을 증가시킬 수 있었다.

This study is to check waterproof by number of twists of fire hose and measure the first waterproof time to analyze the relationship between twists of fire hose and first waterproof time and waterproof by position of twists so as to suggest the efficient plan to prevent twists of fire hose. Ordinary fire hose did not make waterproof in case that position of twists was near the nozzle with twists 5 times or more, while anti-twist fire hose had no problem for waterproof only with delayed time. Like ordinary fire hose, anti-twist fire hose also showed the tendency to increase the waterproof time in proportion to the number of twists. In case that the position of twists was near waterproof port even with 10 times of twists in anti-twist fire hose, the first waterproof time was increase by 0.63 seconds on average without any problem for waterproof, which was somewhat faster than that in ordinary fire hose. With respect to the position of twists, waterproof of anti-twist fire hose was affected more as the number of twists was increased more near the nozzle rather than near the waterproof port, like ordinary fire hose. In summary, anti-twist fire hose equipped with anti-twist tool at the middle connection port and the nozzle showed a good waterproof performance with delayed waterproof time regardless of number of twists, as a solution for the twist problem of ordinary fire hose.

본 연구에서는 인공광 시설에서 광원을 달리하여 생산된 방풍나물의 항산화 및 항염 효과를 평가하였고 노지 재배 된 방풍나물과 그 생리활성을 비교하였다. DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성 및 총 폴리페놀은 노지에서 재배 된 방풍나물이 인공광 시설에서 재배된 방풍나물보다 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었고, 인공광에서 재배된 방풍나물 중 에서는 BW 광원으로 재배된 방풍나물이 농도 의존적으로 높은 항산화 효과를 보였다. XO 저해 활성은 BW 재배된 방풍나물이 노지 재배 방풍나물보다 우수한 효과를 나타내었다. SOD와 CAT 결과는 BW 및 노지 재배된 방풍나물 모두 무처리 대조군에 비해 농도 의존적인 활성을 보였다. BW 및 노지 재배된 방풍나물은 방풍나물을 처리하지 않은 무처리 대조군에 비해 TNF-α 와 IL-6 사이토카인을 농도 의존적으로 유의하게 감소시켰다. 따라서 인공광 재배 된 방풍나물은 대체적으로 노지보다 낮을 수 있지만 항산화 및 항염 효과를 보였고. 앞으로 인공광에서 재배된 작물의 다양한 기능성 소재로서의 연구에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 섬애약쑥(Artemisia argyi H.)의 항가려움증 활성 가능성을 확인하기 위한 연구로써 가려움증 관련인자 등을 측정하였다. 섬애약쑥은 열수로 추출(Artemisia argyi H. distilled water extract 이하, AAD)하여 MTT assay로 세포독성을 측정하였고 항가려움증 활성을 확인하기 위하여 IL-4와 IL-31 관련 전사인자 발현 및 단백질 생성을 측정하였으며, 히스타민의 발현을 측정하였다. 그 결과 25, 50, 100 ㎍/㎖의 농도에서는 유의한 세포독성이 나타나지 않는 것을 확인하였다. 가려움증 연관 유전인자인 IL4의 경우 25 ㎍/㎖의 농도에서 약 12%, 50 ㎍/㎖의 농도에서 약 26%, 100 ㎍/㎖의 농도에서 약 61%로 유의하게 감소하였으며, IL31의 경우 50 ㎍/㎖의 농도에서 약 33%, 100 ㎍/㎖의 농도에서 약 33% 로 유의하게 감소하였다. 연관된 단백질 측정의 경우 각각 50 ㎍/㎖와 100 ㎍/㎖의 농도에서 IL-4는 약 34% 및 약 69%, IL-31은 약 36% 및 약 37% 유의하게 감소하였다. 이 결과는 ADD가 항가려움증을 위한 소재로써 가능성을 보여 소재 개발을 위한 기초자료로 제공될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 화장품 소재로서 우슬(Achyranthes japonica Nakai)의 가능성을 확인하기 위한 것이다. 우슬 추출물이 가지고 있는 항산화, 항염증, 항주름 효과를 측정하였다. 각각의 식물 재료는 70% 에탄올을 이용하여 우슬 뿌리(Achyranthes japonica Nakai roots, AJNR)와 우슬 줄기 (Achyranthes japonica Nakai stalks, AJNS)로부터 추출하였다. RAW 264.7 세포를 배양하여 추출물의 Nitric oxide assay를 진행하였고, 섬유아세포 CCD-986sk를 배양하여 추출물의 MMP-1 assay, Type I procollagen synthesis assay를 실시하였다. 이 연구의 결과, 항산화 활성은 우슬 뿌리와 우슬 줄기 모두 우수하였고, 뿌리는 함염증 효과가 월등하게 우수하였으며 줄기는 뿌리에 비해 MMP-1 저해 활성과 Type I procollagen 합성 효과가 조금 더 높았다. 이 연구의 결과, 우슬 뿌리와 우슬 줄기의 항산화 활성은 유사한 수준으로 우수하였고, 뿌리의 항염 활성은 줄기보다 월등하게 높았다. MMP-1 저해 활성과 Type I procollagen 합성 효과는 대체적으로 우수하였는데 줄기가 뿌리에 비해 가 조금 더 뛰어났다. 그러므로 우슬은 항산화, 항염증, 항주름의 활성을 갖는 기능성 화장품 소재로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The aim of study to investigate the phytochemicals and biological activities the bark of Betula schmidtii. The studies consisted of the solvent extraction, followed by the isolation of phenolic components 1~3 from ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of Betula schmidtii Bark. Their chemical structures were identified as arbutin (1), ρ-coumaric acid (2) and ferulic acid (3) using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometer, Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) (negative ion mode), 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), 13C-NMR, 1H-1H Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) and 1H-13C Hetero Nuclear Multiple Quantum Correlation (HMQC) spectral data. Compounds 1~3 shows the anti-oxidant effect with IC50 values of 29.74±1.52, 21.32±1.07 and 34.41±1.24 in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, respectively. Also, compounds 1~3 exhibited mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 31.14±1.07, 42.54±1.46 and 69.22±1.43 μM, respectively.

This study was conducted to investigate the anti-obesity effect of Discorea Japonica Thunb. fermented with Monascus After inducing obesity by feeding hight fat diet (diet induced obesity model: DIO) for four weeks, each 8 rats were assigned to normal (Nor), high fat diet (HF), high fat diet containing orlistat (PC), high fat diet containing different concentration of Discorea Japonica Thunb. fermented with Monascus (UPDM_L, UPDM_H) and Discorea Japonica Thunb. (UPD) extract. Although the UPD, UPDM_L (ultrafine pulverized Discorea Japonica Thunb. fermented with Monascus: 400 mg/kg) and UPDM_H (DIO oral administration ultrafine pulverized Discorea Japonica Thunb. fermented with Monascus: 800 mg/kg) showed weight gain inhibition effects, the results of poor obesity inhibition rather than PC were confirmed. However, it showed a more effective weight loss effect in UPDM_H than UPD, and significantly reduced the weight of epididymal fat and subcutaneous fat. Furthermore, the possibility of anti-obesity effects of Discorea Japonica Thunb. fermented with Monascus can be confirmed by observing the effects of reducing serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL concentrations, reducing ALT and AST levels, and inhibiting fat build-up in liver tissue. It is believed that Discorea Japonica Thunb. fermented with Monascus can be expected to utilize as a functional material that is important to improve anti-obesity and metabolic syndrome.

To investigate the industrial availability of liquid fermentation (PL-ferment) by Phellinus linteus mycelium as a postbiotics for the inhibition of inflammation, PL-ferment was fractionated into culture supernatant (CS), hot-water extract (HW) from PL-ferment, EtOH-precipitate (CP) fractionated from HW, and the dialysate (DCP) of CP. Compared to the other fractions, DCP which is expected to contain exopolysaccharide (EPS) as the major component, significantly decreased the production of NO, IL-6, and MCP-1 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, and IL-6 and IL-8 in TNF-α and IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells. The general component analysis results showed that no significant difference in components was observed between the fractions, whereas sugar composition analysis revealed that DCP had decreased glucose and increased mannose contents compared to the other fractions. This suggests that mannose played an important role in the anti-inflammatory activity of the active fraction, DCP. Molecular weight distribution analysis revealed that DCP was mainly composed of low-molecular-weight material-removed high-molecular-weight polysaccharides of 18–638 kDa, suggesting that EPS originated from P. linteus EPS. In conclusion, our results suggest that the DCP of P. linteus mycelium fermentation using the anti-inflammatory activity could be used industrially as postbiotic material.

The present study is designed to investigate the hypolipidemic effect of the hot-water extract from the leaves of Dendropanax morbifera L. (DMWE) in hyperlipidemic rats. Thirty male 5-week-old rats were grouped as follows: Normal control (NC) given distilled water; hyperlipidemic control (HC) administered with distilled water; drug treatment (DT) orally administered with atorvastatin (10 mg/kg body weight (BW)); DMWE-treated groups (DM-50, DM-100 and DM-200) treated with DMWE 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg BW, respectively. All groups (except for NC) were fed a high-fat diet during the experiment. After 4 weeks of administration, the BW of all groups treated with DMWEs significantly increased compared to that of HC (p<0.05) and showed no significant difference compared to that of NC. In addition, serum total cholesterol levels in all groups treated with DMWEs were meaningfully decreased, compared to that in HC (p<0.05). In serum triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, both DM-100 and DM-200 considerably decreased compared to HC (p<0.05), and no significant differences in TG levels were between DM-100 and DM-200. In high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, DM-200 was statistically different compared to HC, and there were no significant differences between DM-100, DM-200 and DT. Furthermore, aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations of DM-100 and DM-200 were significantly decreased compared to those of HC (p<0.05). From results portrayed above, DMWE at the concentration of 100 mg/kg BW has been identified to be effective in the treatment of hyperlipidemic rats.

Anti-expectation category is one of the important concepts in semantic-pragmatic interface research. It not only reflects the truth-value sematic relationship and conditions of the objective world, but also reflects the subjective understanding or attitude of both parties in communication. This article is mainly based on the theory of information structure to classify anti-expectation adverbs in Chinese and Korean. It is mainly divided into eight categories: unexpected surprise type, unexpected dissatisfaction type, fact awakening type, fact correction type, typical turning type and polarity turning type. The semantics of each type of Chinese and Korean are compared and analyzed, and the similarities and differences of anti-expectation adverbs in Chinese and Korean are understood through preliminary comparisons, and they are analyzed and explained by information structure theory. Through preliminary analysis, we can see that there is no one-to-one correspondence between Chinese and Korean anti-expectation adverbs, and there are differences in information intensity and subjectivity.