This study investigated the operating principles of colorimetric freshness indicators, particularly those for relative humidity (RH) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and evaluated the applicability of commercially available indicators for food use. The findings not only provide a deeper understanding of how these indicators respond to substances, such as carbon dioxide, volatile basic nitrogen, sulfides, water activity, and ethylene gas, which are produced during quality changes in food, but also pave the way for the development of new food safety technologies. The RH indicator functions by utilizing a dye that undergoes a chemical structural change when reacting with moisture. The H2S indicator uses a dye that changes color upon detecting H2S or volatile basic nitrogen produced when food spoils. Commercial RH indicators effectively indicated changes in the water activity of almonds, pastries, and red pepper powder; however, their ability to predict them diminished during storage. Commercial H2S indicators exhibited a stronger correlation between color change and volatile basic nitrogen levels in exposure to light than without light, as demonstrated when applied to mackerel and clam. Additionally, at the point of spoilage, the degree of color change in the H2S indicators was more distinct in clam than mackerel. Although commercial RH and H2S indicators are available, they must be sensitive, accurate, and irreversibly developed in response to changes in the target food for effective application.

This study introduces and experimentally validates a novel approach that combines Instruction fine-tuning and Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) fine-tuning to optimize the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). These models have become revolutionary tools in natural language processing, showing remarkable performance across diverse application areas. However, optimizing their performance for specific domains necessitates fine-tuning of the base models (FMs), which is often limited by challenges such as data complexity and resource costs. The proposed approach aims to overcome these limitations by enhancing the performance of LLMs, particularly in the analysis precision and efficiency of national Research and Development (R&D) data. The study provides theoretical foundations and technical implementations of Instruction fine-tuning and LoRA fine-tuning. Through rigorous experimental validation, it is demonstrated that the proposed method significantly improves the precision and efficiency of data analysis, outperforming traditional fine-tuning methods. This enhancement is not only beneficial for national R&D data but also suggests potential applicability in various other data-centric domains, such as medical data analysis, financial forecasting, and educational assessments. The findings highlight the method's broad utility and significant contribution to advancing data analysis techniques in specialized knowledge domains, offering new possibilities for leveraging LLMs in complex and resource- intensive tasks. This research underscores the transformative potential of combining Instruction fine-tuning with LoRA fine-tuning to achieve superior performance in diverse applications, paving the way for more efficient and effective utilization of LLMs in both academic and industrial settings.

지시 화행은 체면 위협의 정도가 높은 화행 중 하나이다. 지시 화행에 관한 연구 는 대부분 예의를 강조한 공손 표현, 교육에서 활용할 수 있는 모범적인 표현에 집 중되어 있으며 불손 표현에 관한 연구는 상대적으로 외면받아왔다. 본 연구는 지시 화행의 불손 표현을 단순히 화용적 실수에 의한 공손의 실패가 아니라 의도적으로 공손 원리를 위배하여 효과적으로 지시를 전달하는 동시에 감정 표현 등 화용적 효 과를 성취하기 위한 전략으로 본다. 본 연구의 목적은 중국어 지시 화행 중 불손 표 현의 유형과 기능을 고찰하고, 화용 전략으로써의 불손 표현이 이상적인 의사소통을 넘어 다양한 담화 속에서 교제 성공에 미치는 효과를 알아보는 것이다.

Background: Backward walking exercise may offer some unique and potentially beneficial differences compared with forward walking exercise. There is still a lack of research on backward walking exercises and forward head posture. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of backward walking exercise on college students forward head posture in their 20s. Methods: Twenty-one subjects participated in the experiment. The subjects were those with a craniovertebral angle (CVA) of 55 degrees or less who understood the purpose and method of this study and voluntarily agreed. A camera capable of taking pictures of the lateral plane was installed at a distance of 1.5 meters before exercising. Pictures were taken before walking backward, and after walking for 15 minutes on the treadmill, the images were taken in the same way. The composition of the backward walking exercise was walking at a rate of 1.0 for 5 minutes, and the remaining 10 minutes were walking at a rate of 1.5. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare CVA and craniorotational angle (CRA) before and after exercise. Results: As a result of this study, there was a significant difference in CVA before and after exercise (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in CRA before and after exercise (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The backward walking exercise and verbal command seems to have positively influenced the changes in CVA and CRA among college students in their 20s. It seems that studies to confirm balance or muscle activity as well as changes in forward head posture through the long-term intervention of the backward walking exercise should be conducted.

The modern Chinese copula, 是 shì, had not yet appeared in the oracle bone period. It began to emerge in Zuozhuan (左傳 ), and appeared only when expressing the judgment of complex topics. Based on the observation as such, this paper looks into the demonstrative of 是 shì, and examines its evolution before it becomes a copula. The task takes three steps: first, usages of 是 shì are investigated throughout various time periods; second, characteristics of sentences containing 是 shì are explained according to how it is used; and last, a comparison is made of sentences containing 是 shì in excavated Chu manuscripts in order to determine their properties. What can be, in fact, explained through the analysis of Chu bamboo literature in the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) are the characteristics of the transitional sentence before the development of 是 shì into the copula. First, in the bamboo slips “Sande” from the fifth volumes of “Chu bamboo slips collected in Shanghai Museum”, the object prepositional phrase appears, indicating the transitional phase in which the 是 shì phrase in the first stage advances toward the second one. “Sande” is the literature of the late Warring States Period, and has a V writing section in which the object has been transposed and no '也' has appeared at the same time. Second, apart from the situation in which the first stage is used as a subject, the situation in which the explanation part leads to NP/N fixation can be considered through the object transposition leading to the NP/N fixation of the topic part. Last, given that “邾公華鍾 (哉(載)公眉壽 ，邾邦是保 : Tsp, NP是 V)” is an article of the Spring and Autumn Period, it is estimated that 是 shì had been initially regarded as the object, and the phrase “TNP, NP＋是＋VP/V” was gradually used as a fixture through the process of the analogy and re-analysis. However, it is critical that this view be examined more closely, and therefore, further research is also needed.

도로이용자 사이의 의사소통이 법이나 제도를 따르는 것이든 사회적 규범에 따르는 것이든 그 의미가 명확히 전달되고 상호 간에 문제의 소지가 발생하지 않는다면 교통안전에 큰 문제가 없을 것이나 현실은 기대에 미치지 못하고 있다. 형사정책연구원(2016)의 보복운전 피해사례 분석 결과에 따르면 보복운전이 발생하기 전 ‘방향지시등을 켜지 않고 다른 차량 앞으로 끼어들었다’는 응답이 15.53%에 이르러 부적절한 방향지시등의 사용 (또는 미사용)이 사고 뿐 아니라 보복운전과 같은 위험 한 교통상황을 야기할 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 운전 중 방향지시등 사용의 실태 및 지시등 점등에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보고 관련 제도와 교육의 개선방안을 제언하고자 했다.

The purposes of this study are to develop a chitosan suspension for the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration indication of packaged food and to investigate the changes in the CO2 indication corresponding to 2-amino-2-methylpropan- 1-ol (AMP) or 2-aminoethanol (monoethanolamine, MEA) addition. Chitosan suspension was prepared by adding chitosan (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4%) to distilled water and subsequently the pH of the suspension was adjusted to 7.0 after the addition of AMP or MEA. Changes in the pH and the turbidity of the chitosan suspension were measured over time under exposure in a normal atmosphere or 100% carbon dioxide environment. The pH of the chitosan suspension exposed at 100% carbon dioxide environment decreased rapidly up to approximately 6.3 in the initial CO2 exposure. The transmittance values of 0.1 and 0.2% chitosan suspensions with 5% AMP increased from 32 to 99% and from 19 to 86%, respectively. The addition of 5% AMP improved the visual indication performance of the chitosan suspension since it increased significantly the width of the transmittance value before and after CO2 exposure. The chitosan suspension with AMP has a potential to be used as a quality indicator of the packaged foods which produce carbon dioxide during storage and distribution.

목이류는 고온성 버섯으로 원균은 냉장보관하며 종균은 저온에 보관하는 것이 일반적인 저장방법이다. 그러나 보관중인 원균의 활력정도를 육안 또는 간편하게 판별하는 방법이 없는 실정이다. 따라서 보관 또는 저장중이던 원균의 활력정도를 간편하게 판단할 수 있는 방법을 개발하였다. 본 연구는 활력이 우수한 털목이 3계통과 흑목이 1계통을 시험재료로 사용하였다. 맥아배지와 PDB배지에 BTB (Bromothymol Blue)를 농도별로 첨가한 시험관에 시험재료인 원균을 직경 0.5㎠/10㎖ 크기 1조각을 넣고 23℃ 항온기에 배양하면서 24시간 간격으로 3일간 흡광도를 측정하여 배지의 색변화를 관찰하였다. 그 결과 PDA에 BTB 100ppm을 넣고 23℃에서 3일간 배양한 후 배지의 색변화를 관찰하는 방법을 개발하였다. 배지의 색은 초기 청녹색이며 활력이 우수한 균주의 배지색은 황색으로 변색하였다. PDA 배지에 BTB 100ppm을 넣었을 때 흡광도 값의 변화가 가장 잘 나타나 관찰하기에 가장 적합하였으며 배양기간별로는 배양 2일째 배지의 흡광도 값이 급격하게 변화하였으며 배양 3일째부터는 흡광도 값이 일정하게 유지되는 경향이었다. 흡광도 값 측정과 아울러 육안으로 배지의 색변화를 관찰하였는데 초기 청녹색이었던 배지의 색이 황색으로 변색해 가는 과정과 부의 상관이 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 배양초기 배지색은 청녹색을 띄었다가 배양이 진행됨에 따라 시험관내 균주의 활력이 되살아나면서 배양 3일째 활력이 우수한 균주의 배지색은 빠르게 황색으로 변색하고 활력이 약한 균주의 배지색은 그 변색정도가 미약하거나 서서히 변색하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 3개월간 저장온도, 보존재료, 품종 등 조건별로 저장한 목이 균주의 균사활력을 측정하였으며 그 결과도 균사활력이 우수한 균주는 균체량이 많고 효소활성(Laccase activity)이 높았으며 탈색율이 높은 경향으로 조사되어 위의 방법이 균사의 활력측정에 적합한 판별법임을 확인할 수 있었다.

We present a non-photorealistic rendering technique to create focus-directed stylization using RGBD video data. Our method consists of three parts, line drawing, image abstraction, and focus point tracking. In the first part, our approach tries to extract more lines from depth as well as RGB color information. For the second part, we develop an adaptive trilateral filter method to produce detail preserving stylized images that show clear depth cue. For line drawing and image abstraction, a focus-directed framework is designed to produce a DOF-like effect based on a focus point which is selected by a user. Finally, we move the focus point coherently frame-to-frame for coherent video stylization.