This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield and chemical compositions of whole crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) according to mixing ratio of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) in the paddy field cultivation. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with five treatments and three replications. The manure fertilizer ratio of five treatments were CF 100% (T1), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T2), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T3), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T4), and LSM 100% (T5) of whole crop barley. At this time, the application of liquid swine manure was based solely on the nitrogen. Plant length was higher at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). Fresh yield, dry matter yield and total digestive nutrients (TDN) yield were the highest in T1, whereas the lowest in T5 treatment (p<0.05). Chemical compositions (crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and TDN) did not show significant difference among treatments. Ca and Na contents were significantly lower at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). However, Mg and P contents were significantly higher at T1 as compared to other treatments(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in total free sugar content among T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, but the chemical fertilizer (T1) was significantly lower than the other treatments (p<0.01). Considering the above results, liquid swine manure application showed lower dry matter yield and TDN yield than chemical fertilizer, but higher free sugar content. Therefore, in order to increase the productivity of whole crop barley, it is considered desirable to mix liquid fertilizer with chemical fertilizer, taking into account the decomposition rate and insufficient components (P, K) of the liquid swine manure.

This research investigated the immunoenhancing effect through the intracellular MAPKs and NF-B signaling pathways in macrophages activated by crude polysaccharides (YBP) of barley sprouts. YBP extracted from barley sprouts is composed of xylose (25.8%), arabinose (24.1%), galactose (23.4%), and galacturonic acid (11.7%). YBP did not affect the cytotoxicity and showed superior secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- by RAW264.7 cells. Also, YBP dose dependently increased IL-6, TNF-, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA gene expression. In the western blot, YBP strongly induced the phosphorylation of the p38, JNK, ERK, and IB pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. In the anti-pattern recognition receptor (anti-PRRs) assay, the effect of YBP on NO secretion strongly decreased toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and Dectin1 antibodies, whereas IL-6 and TNF- secretion by YBP mainly decreased SR and CD14. Therefore, we concluded that YBPinduced NO, IL-6, and TNF- were secreted via the MAPKs, while NF-B pathways through TLR4, Dectin1, SR, and CD14 receptors existed in a macrophage surface and were involved in the immunoenhancing effect.

대표적인 짚공예 가운데 하나인 맥간공예(혹은 보릿대 조각공예)는 표면이 매끄럽고 광택이 나는 보릿대를 활용하고 있으며 최근에 국내뿐 아니라 해외로 전파되고 있다. 보릿대 표면의 줄기 방향과 나란한 미세 줄무늬는 맥간공예 작품에 입체감과 각도에 따른 색감을 갖게 한다. 하지만 아직까지 보릿대 표면의 형상과 물성이 체계적으로 분석되지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 고해상도 실체현미경과 고해상도 3차원 X-ray 현미경을 이용하여 보릿대의 미세구조를 이미징할 뿐만 아니라 보릿대의 물접촉각과 인장 강도를 측정하여 보릿대의 재질을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 보릿대 최외각에 존재하는 4-6 μm 너비의 미세요철에 의한 줄무늬, 소수성을 띈 겉면, 친수성을 띈 속면, 그리고 60 MPa 정도의 줄기 방향의 항복강도를 갖는 보릿대 특성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 분석 방법으로 볏짚을 비롯한 다른 짚공예에 사용되는 짚 재료의 특성을 파악한다면 짚의 재질을 최대로 활용한 새로운 짚공예로 이어질 것이다.

Consumer demand for imported and craft beer is increasing. Almost all the malt used by craft beer companies is imported. This study sought to develop a malting technology to expand the use of domestic barley, the main raw material for beer, and to examine its influence on the quality of domestic malt. The Hopum cultivar of beer barley was purchased and used at the Jeollanam-do Seed Management Center. A pilot-scale malting facility built by the National Institute of Crop Science was used. One sack (40 kg) of barley was sieved through screening sieves, and the barley was classified according to size (3.1, 2.8, 2.5, 2.2, and 2.2 mm), with the size-related composition being 18.1, 48.9, 23.3, 6.4, and 1.0%, respectively. The malt yields were 89.0, 87.6, 86.6, 82.2, and 76.1%, respectively. The coleoptiles elongation decreased as the barley size decreased. The protein content of malt tended to be high at small particle sizes of 2.2 mm. The soluble solid content of wort prepared from malt revealed good values of 17.4-17.5oBx, except for 15.3oBx for particles <2.2 mm in size. According to barley size in the malting process, these findings should be valuable quality indicators of malt.

Korea depends almost entirely on imports for malt, the main ingredient in beer. However, the consumer market for domestic malt has not developed in Korea because of the prejudice that the quality of domestic malt is inferior to that of imported malt. This study aimed to analyze the quality of malt from Gwangmaeg (GM) and Hopum (HP), representative domestic beer barley varieties cultivated under varying nitrogen fertilizer application rates (standard fertilizer application, 50% increase in application, and 50% decrease in application), and use the findings as primary data to promote domestic malt consumption. GM’s crude protein and starch contents were significantly (Ρ<0.05) higher and lower, respectively, than those in HP. With decreased fertilizer application (GM: 14.0±0.8% and HP: 11.4±0.4%), the protein content was significantly lower than that with increased fertilizer application (GM: 15.5± 0.3% and HP: 13.1±1.3%). Although there was no difference in -glucan content, starch content tended to increase, indicating quality improvement. Acrospire length, yield, and enzyme titer, quality indicators of malt, increased with further fertilizer application, whereas friability and Kolbach index increased with decreased fertilizer application. For wort qualities, filtration time decreased from 36 to 34 minutes in GM and 55 to 42 minutes in HP, with the wort extraction rate increasing with decreased fertilizer application. These findings showed that decreased nitrogen fertilizer application improves the qualities of malt and wort.

This study compared the physicochemical and gelatinization properties of naked barley, tetrastichum barley, and waxy barley. Compared to tetrastichum barley and waxy barley, naked barley had shorter and rounder grains with a 1.43 length/ width ratio. Tetrastichum barley had lower crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content and higher amylose content compared to naked barley and waxy barley. The L, a, b color values of waxy barley were significantly higher than those of naked barley and tetrastichum barley. The water absorption index (WAI) and the water soluble index (WSI) were highest in waxy barley. The X-ray diffraction pattern was type A in all samples, and the peak intensity was highest in waxy barley. The maximum viscosity, cooling viscosity, breakdown, and setback of amylogram properties were the highest in tetrastichum barley. The thermal properties through the differential scanning calorimeter showed that the waxy barley had higher values of the onset, peak, conclusion temperature and enthalpy (?H). In conclusion, the variety of barley influenced the physicochemical and gelatinization properties, which could be important factors in the manufacture of processed foods. These results would thus useful inputs for the manufacturing of these foods using barley.

This study investigated the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of sponge cakes made using different amounts (2 and 4%) of barley sprout powder (BSP) and green tea powder (GTP), respectively. The results showed that the baking loss rate of GS2 (2% green tea) and GS4 (4% green tea) was 12.39% and 11.96%, respectively in the green tea addition group, which was higher than that of the barley sprout group, but significantly lower than that of the control group at 13.34% (p<0.05). The specific volumes of the sponge cake containing barley sprout and green tea 2% and 4% were between 2.84- 2.95 mL/g, which was significantly higher compared to the control group at 2.69 mL/g (p<0.05). The sugar content was significantly higher in the control group and the barley sprout addition group at 2.30oBrix (p<0.05). As for the volume index, the control group with the lowest value at 13.43 showed a significant difference compared to the addition groups. The volume index significantly decreased as the addition amount increased, measuring 14.07 in BS4 (4% BSP) compared to 14.87 of BS2 (2% BSP) in the barley sprout group (p<0.05). In cross-sectional photography, the color became darker than that of the control group as the quantum of additives increased. In terms of the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, the total phenol content, and total flavonoid content, the groups with the addition of barley sprout and green tea showed higher antioxidant activity than the control group (p<0.05).

This study aimed to evaluate the changes in the content of functional components and antioxidant activity of rice and barley according to the milling process used. A considerable amount of γ-oryzanol was observed in unmilled rice and barley. However, γ-oryzanol was not detected in the rice and barley after the milling process. The highest content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was observed in the unmilled Keunalbori-1-ho barley. The contents of biotin in all samples also decreased in the milled grains compared to the unmilled grains. The highest content of total polyphenols and flavonoids was observed in the Heuksujeongchal barley, and the highest radical scavenging activity was also found in this grain. The milling process led to a decrease in the content of functional components, including γ-oryzanol, GABA, biotin, polyphenols, and flavonoids in both rice and barley. These results may be useful in the development of processed foods using cereal grains.

This study aimed to analyze causality of climatic factors that affecting the yield of whole crop barley (WCB) by constructing a network within the natural ecosystem via the structural equation model. The WCB dataset (n=316) consisted of data on the forage information and climatic information. The forage information was collected from numerous experimental reports from New Cultivars of Winter Crops (1993-2012) and included details of fresh and dry matter yield, and the year and location of cultivation. The climatic information included details of the daily mean temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration from the weather information system of the Korea Meteorological Administration. The variables were growing days, accumulated temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration in the season for the period of seeding to harvesting. The data was collected over 3 consecutive seasons—autumn, winter, and the following spring. We created a causality network depicting the effect of climatic factors on production by structural equation modeling. The results highlight: (i) the differences in the longitudinal effects between autumn and next spring, (ii) the factors that directly affect WCB production, and (iii) the indirect effects by certain factors, via two or more paths. For instance, the indirect effect of precipitation on WCB production in the following spring season via its effect on temperature was remarkable. Based on absolute values, the importance of WCB production in decreasing order was: the following spring temperature (0.45), autumn temperature (0.35), wintering (-0.16), and following spring precipitation (0.04). Therefore, we conclude that other climatic factors indirectly affect production through the final pathway, temperature and growing days in the next spring, in the climate-production network for WCB including temperature, growing days, precipitation and sunshine duration.

Barley’s nutritional value as a health food is increasing due to its excellent nutritional functionality. In this study, the levels of β-glucan, total polyphenols, and total flavonoids were analyzed in the ethanol extracts of different barley cultivars (Hinchalssal, Heuksoojeongchal, Betaone, Ganghochung, and Saechalssal). Also, the free radical scavenging abilities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzo-thiaxoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were measured to determine their antioxidant activity. The results confirmed that Betaone extract contained highly activefunctional components and exhibitedantioxidant activity. Next, we evaluated the hepatoprotective and inhibitory effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by barley ethanol extracts after inducing oxidative stress with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) in HepG2 cells. Hinchalssal and Saechalssal extracts showed the most significant cytoprotective effect and also reduced ROS production significantly. These results suggest that Hinchalssal, Saechalssal, and Betaone represent potential natural antioxidant and hepatoprotective agents.

This study was carried out to compare the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity by varying the barley sprout powder addition time, production temperature, and powder addition ratio (0, 2, 4, 6, 8%) on the prepared rice during the manufacturing process of Nurungji. When we manufactured for 2 min at 200oC, the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were the highest in Nurungji with 4% of barley sprout powder. In this way, we measured the weight, water content, water binding capacity, soluble solids content, reducing sugar, color, hardness, sensory evaluation experiments by varying the powder content. The weight, water binding capacity, soluble solids content, reducing sugar, and hardness increased with an increasing proportion of barley sprout powder, however the water content decreased. The L value and b value decreased and the a value increased with the influence of chlorophyll pigments in barley sprout. Sensory evaluation showed that Nurungji with 4% sprout barley powder was the highest. Therefore, we judged that it is desirable to add 4% of the powder when manufacture the barley sprout powder Nurungji.

The physicochemical and antioxidant properties of cookies prepared using powders of barley sprout (BS), lemon balm (LB), and green tea (GT) were studied. The same dough density was maintained in all the sample groups. The experimental group to which the natural ingredients containing antioxidants were added did not show any significant change in the appearance of cookies compared to the control. LB and GT cookies showed significantly lower hardness compared to the control (p<0.05). Control showed the lowest antioxidant effect when assessed with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. (DPPH) and this gradually increased in the order of BS, LB, and GT. The antioxidant activity of GT was 7 times higher as compared to the control (p<0.05). The antioxidant activity assessed using 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) also showed results similar to that seen with DPPH. GT showed a significantly higher total phenol content, about 2-3 times higher compared to the control (p<0.05). GT had significantly higher total flavonoid content than that of the control (p<0.05). Thus, the addition of natural antioxidant ingredients such as sprout barley, lemon balm and specifically green tea, in the preparation of cookies, resulted in excellent antioxidant activity with similar physicochemical quality characteristics. The study suggests that it is possible to develop cookies that are competitive in terms of nutritional and physiologically active functions.

Barley is an important cereal gain which is traditionally used in some nations of Asia and North Africa, and there has been growing interest in using barley as an ingredient in food due to their nutritional value and high content of phyto-constituents. However, no study report on comparative feed value between sprouted barley, cornflake and alfalfa hay. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, amino acid profile and mineral content of 6 day sprouted barley fodder (SBF) compared with cornflake and alfalfa hay using by AOAC method, as an alternative feed ingredient. Results showed that SBF had higher content of crude protein, acid detergent insoluble crude proteins and neutral detergent insoluble crude protein than alfalfa hay and cornflake; cornflake had higher crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber content than SBF and alfalfa hay; alfalfa hay had higher crude fiber, crude ash, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and lignin level than SBF and cornflake. Also, significant differences were found on amino acid content among them (p<0.01). The most abundant amino acid in SBF was glutamate (123 g/kg DM), which is higher than in alfalfa hay (1.27%) or cornflake (1.58%). However, methionine (1.33%) and cysteine (1.53%) were the least abundant amino acids in SBF compared with cornflake or alfalfa hay. Furthermore, our study results exhibited that SBE comprise a good sources of minerals including ferrous (90.01 mg/kg) followed by zinc (20.50 mg/kg), magnesium (0.20 mg/kg) and sodium (0.03 mg/kg) as compared to cornflake and alfalfa hay. The present research findings, confirmed that the nutritional values of SBF are comparable to those of cornflake and alfalfa hay. Hence, SBF can be a better alternative feed ingredient for cornflake or alfalfa hay. However, feeding trials will be required to determine acceptability of SBF for ruminant production.