본 연구는 2016년 SM엔터테인먼트가 론칭한 다국적 보이그룹 NCT(Neo Culture Technology)의 유닛 시스템이 가진 차별화된 특성이 K-Pop 산 업에 미친 영향과 확산 과정을 분석하였다. 연구 방법은 질적 내용분석을 선택하였고, 로저스의 혁신 확산 이론의 네 가지 핵심 요소(혁신, 커뮤니케 이션 채널, 시간, 사회 시스템)를 분석 프레임워크로 활용하였다. 분석 결 과, NCT 유닛 시스템은 콘텐츠 다양화, 시장 확장성, 리스크 분산, 아티스 트 개발 측면에서 상대적 이점을 가진 혁신으로, SM의 전략적 커뮤니케이 션과 팬 커뮤니티의 정보 공유가 확산에 중요한 역할을 했음을 발견하였 다. 시간적 측면에서는 2016년부터 현재까지 초기 도입기, 확산 성장기, 급속 확산기, 안정화 단계로 이어지는 S자형 확산 곡선이 관찰되었다. 또 한 NCT 유닛 시스템은 K-Pop 산업의 기존 규범에 도전하며 아이돌 그룹 의 정체성 형성, 경력 관리, 글로벌 확장 전략, 인재 개발 방식에 변화를 가져왔다. 본 연구는 NCT 유닛 시스템이 K-Pop 그룹의 지속 가능한 성장 모델, 글로벌 시장 접근 전략, 유연한 인재 관리, 다층적 팬덤 참여, 미디 어 기술 적응, 비즈니스 모델 다각화 측면에서 K-Pop 산업의 미래 발전 방향에 중요한 시사점을 제공함을 확인하였다.

본 연구는 걸밴드 QWER의 사례를 중심으로 K-Pop 걸그룹의 차별화 전 략을 ERRC(Eliminate-Reduce-Raise-Create) 모델을 활용하여 분석하였 다. QWER은 유튜버와 스트리머 출신의 온라인 콘텐츠 크리에이터들로 구 성된 4인조 걸밴드로, 기존과는 차별화된 접근법으로 주목받은 K-Pop 그 룹이다. 질적 연구방법인 내용분석을 통해 QWER의 결성 과정부터 2025년 2월까지의 활동을 분석한 결과, QWER은 ‘제거 전략’으로 전통적인 연습생 시스템, 통일된 이미지와 콘셉트, 기획사 주도의 철저한 관리 시스템에서 탈피했으며, 외모 중심주의, 과밀한 활동량, 과도한 변신에 대한 ‘감소 전 략’을 구사했다. ‘증가 전략’으로는 음악 제작 참여도, 라이브 연주 능력, 맞춤형 팬 소통을 강화했고, ‘창조 전략’으로는 온라인 콘텐츠 크리에이터 기반 발굴 시스템, 하이브리드 계약 모델, 이원화된 기획사 운영 시스템 등 새로운 요소들을 도입했다. 이러한 전략은 K-Pop 산업의 인재 발굴 패러 다임, 계약 및 조직 구조에 변화를 가져옴은 물론, 포화 상태에 이른 K-Pop 시장에서 가치 혁신을 통한 차별화의 중요성을 시사한다.

The Japanese government's longstanding policy on Taiwan and the continuous promotio n of Japanese education, coupled with the economic and cultural exchanges with Japan aft er the restoration of Taiwan, have resulted in a considerable amount of Japanese vocabula ry remaining in Taiwan, which has first entered the Taiwanese vocabulary system.However, as far as these words are concerned, instead of focusing on the writing of words, it is bet ter to present them in the form of sounds, which are naturally present in the language of daily life. These words have not disappeared with the breakup of Taiwan from Japanese ru le, and they are still used regularly, especially for native speakers (73.3% of the population of Taiwan speaks Taiwanese), and the use of Taiwanese interspersed with Japanese vocabul ary is a natural thing to do. Chinese language borrows words from Taiwanese, not only be cause of the lack of Taiwanese culture and daily life words, but also because of the lack o f Chinese vocabulary, as there are still words with similar meanings or synonyms, but to e xpress the lively and vivid character of the Chinese language. In any case, with the freque nt exchanges between Taiwan and Japan, and the increasing use of Chinese in the Taiwan ese society, many Japanese words originally belonging to Taiwanese usage are gradually b eing used as Chinese, with Chinese pronunciations. These loanwords from Japanese, whether they still exist in Taiwanese, or have been intro duced into Chinese from Taiwanese, or have even been introduced directly into the Chines e language system in recent years, can all indicate that the Taiwanese language is a very i mportant part of the Chinese language system. These loanwords from Japanese, whether t hey still exist in Taiwanese, or have been imported from Taiwanese into Chinese, or have even been directly introduced into the Chinese language system in recent years, all illustrat e the fact that Taiwanese culture has been deeply influenced by Japanese culture. The reas on why a large number of Japanese loanwords can be commonly used in daily life is due to the inclusiveness of other cultures and the acceptance of words, and the use of many of these loanwords will be partially changed in the process of cultural exchange, whether i t is an increase in meaning, a change in meaning, or an increase in the number of words in a particular language. Many borrowed words are more or less partially changed in the process of cultural exchanges, no matter whether the meaning of the word is increased, d ecreased or modified, but they can still be used, which shows that the use of language is very flexible. From the exchange of vocabulary, we can also see the sense of identification with the culture of a certain country. In the case of Taiwan, there has always been a deep affection for Japan, and this affection has not diminished over time, as evidenced by the l arge number of loanwords used in daily life in recent years

본 연구는 레드오션화된 K-Pop 걸그룹 시장에서 새로운 차별화 전략의 방향성을 모색하고자 했다. 이를 위해 2023년 10월 데뷔한 영파씨 (YOUNG POSSE)의 사례를 ERRC 모델을 통해 분석했다. 연구 방법으로는 내용분석과 심층 인터뷰를 실시했다. 분석 결과, 영파씨는 '제거' 측면에서 걸그룹의 전통적 이미지와 대중적 음악 문법을 과감히 제거했다. '청순함', '귀여움', '섹시함'과 같은 정형화된 콘셉트 대신 '악동 같은', '장난기 넘치 는' 이미지를 구축했으며, 이지 리스닝(Easy-Listening)이나 후크송(Hook Song) 위주의 음악 대신 정통 힙합의 다양한 하위 장르를 실험했다. '감소 ' 측면에서는 음악방송 활동 기간을 6~8주에서 3~4주로 축소하고, SNS 활 동과 이미지 보정을 최소화하는 전략적 선택을 했다. '증가' 측면에서는 멤 버들의 음악 제작 참여도를 획기적으로 높여 데뷔 앨범부터 전원이 작사에 참여했으며, 힙합 문화에 대한 깊이 있는 이해를 바탕으로 한국과 미국의 힙합을 자연스럽게 융합했다. '창조' 측면에서는 '역사적 오마주'라는 독창 적인 음악적 접근법을 개발하고, '스트릿 크레딧(Street Credit)'을 평가 기 준으로 도입했다. 본 연구는 레드오션화 되고 있는 K-Pop 걸그룹 시장에 서 장르적 전문성과 문화적 진정성을 통한 차별화 가능성을 제시했다는 점 에서 의의가 있다.

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic pathogen that affects the nervous systems of humans, pigs, and horses. It has been classified into five genotypes (G1-G5) based on molecular analysis of the pre-membrane or envelope gene. In the Republic of Korea, the predominant JEV genotype has recently shifted from G3 to G1 and G5, highlighting the need for a rapid and accurate diagnostic method. In this study, we designed specific common and differential primer sets for JEV G1, G3, and G5 to detect the JEV gene. Four specific primer sets for JEV G1, G3, and G5 were used to selectively amplify the target gene. The detection limits of the common primer set for JEV G1, G3, and G5 were 100, 0.1, and 10 TCID50/reaction, respectively. The detection limits of the three differential primer sets were 1, 0.1, and 1 TCID50/reaction, respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed with non-JEV reference viruses. We successfully developed a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to distinguish the three JEV genotypes. Our multiplex RT-PCR assay is highly sensitive and specific, providing a reliable tool for confirming JEV infection in suspected samples. Additionally, our assay can be applied to suspected mosquito samples and commercial veterinary biological products.

The present study was conducted to investigate effects of rabbit meat extract on energy metabolism and muscle differentiation in C2C12 myotubes. Water extract of rabbit meat (10, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml) was used to treat differentiated C2C12 cells. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis were used to determine mRNA or protein levels of energy metabolism-related genes. Total adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content was also measured. Treatment with rabbit meat extract significantly increased expression levels of muscle differentiation markers (myogenin and myosin heavy chain) and mitochondrial biogenesis regulators (PGC1α, NRF1, and TFAM) in C2C12 myotubes compared to non-treated control. Additionally, rabbit meat extract activated phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC). Rabbit meat extract significantly increased ATP contents in myotubes. These results suggest that rabbit meat extract has the potential to improve energy metabolism in skeletal muscles.

Sestrin 2 (SESN2) is a member of the sestrin family of stress-induced proteins that negatively regulate agingassociated biological processes. This study aims to investigate the role of SESN2 in regulating the differentiation potential and senescence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from young and elderly donors. Bulk RNA sequencing revealed a common decline in the SESN2 mRNA levels in MSCs from elderly individuals, which was confirmed via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. SESN2 knockdown in MSCs from young donors resulted in phenotypic changes similar to those in MSCs from elderly donors, including an enhanced expression of senescence and adipogenic markers and diminished expression of osteogenic markers. To confirm the effect of decreased SESN2 expression on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, we induced Sesn2 knockdown in mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs. Sesn2 knockdown suppressed the mRNA expression of osteogenic marker genes, alkaline phosphatase activity, and matrix mineralization. Furthermore, Sesn2 knockdown enhanced mRNA expression of the adipogenic marker genes and intracellular lipid accumulation. These results suggest that a decline in SESN2 expression during aging contributes to the shift of MSC differentiation from osteogenic to adipogenic lineage.

The character Qian (䙴) first appeared in oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, it meant relocation or migration. During the Warring States period, its meaning extended and its written form differentiated. The original character Qian (䙴) often represented QianXing, a form of punishment by exile, and the differentiated character Qian (遷) took on the meaning of relocation or migration originally carried by Qian (䙴). In Qin and Han legal documents, Qian (䙴) and Qian (遷) had clearly defined functions, but in other Qin and Han texts, there was a phenomenon of functional overlap between them. In the later Western Han period, these two characters underwent functional merger, with Qian (遷) assuming all functions and Qian (䙴) gradually disappearing. The reasons for the function changes can be attributed to the frequent migration activities during the Qin Dynasty, the culture and psychology of seeking auspiciousness and avoiding misfortune, the pursuit of clear semantic representation in writing, and the dynamic adjustment of the Chinese character functional system.

Background: In healthy dentin conditions, odontoblasts have an important role such as protection from invasion of pathogens. In mammalian teeth, progenitors such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can migrate and differentiate into odontoblast-like cells, leading to the formation of reparative dentin. For differentiation using stem cells, it is crucial to provide conditions similar to the complex and intricate in vivo environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of differentiation into odonto/ osteoblasts, and compare co-culture with/without epithelial cells. Methods: MSCs and epithelial cells were successfully isolated from dental tissues. We investigated the influences of epithelial cells on the differentiation process of dental pulp stem cells into odonto/osteoblasts using co-culture systems. The differentiation potential with/without epithelial cells was analyzed for the expression of specific markers and calcium contents. Results: Differentiated odonto/osteoblast derived from dental pulp tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells with/without epithelial cells were evaluated by qRT-PCR, immunostaining, calcium content, and ALP staining. The expression of odonto/ osteoblast-specific markers, calcium content, and ALP staining intensity were significantly increased in differentiated cells. Moreover, the odonto/osteogenic differentiation capacity with epithelial cells co-culture was significantly higher than without epithelial cells co-culture. Conclusions: These results suggest that odonto/osteogenic differentiation co-cultured with epithelial cells has a more efficient application.

서양 실내악의 쟝르인 예술가곡(藝術歌曲)은 성악작품으로 18세기말에서 19세기 초 유럽에서 탄생되었다. 음악과 시, 반주 가 고도로 결합되어 구성된 것이다. 독일과 오스트리아 (German and Austria)파 작곡가들인 슈베르트, 슈만, 브람스 (Johann Jakob Brahms, 1806–1872) 등이 이들의 발전에 크게 기여하였다. 사회의 발전과 더불어 부동한 나라와 지역에서 예 술가곡이 전파발전함에 따라 각자의 문화적 차이와 음악적 특 색을 나타내고 있다. 본문에서는 음악 창작의 차원에서 한국의 <마중>과 중국의 <친문타타하(親吻沱沱河)>에서 나타난 곡조 구조와 리듬 등에 대하여 분석과 연구하였다. 여기 한·중 예술 가곡은 각기 한 지역의 문화 특색과 예술을 내포하고 있어 양 국의 예술가곡 창작과 발전을 위한 일정한 계시와 공헌을 하였 음을 알 수 있었다.

작물을 재배하는 데 필요한 여러 가지 환경 조건 중 광은 개 화와 밀접한 연관이 있다. 본 연구는 식용화, 매리골드 화아분 화에 영향을 주는 최적의 광주기를 구명하여 완전제어형 식물 공장에서 효율적으로 재배하기 위해 진행되었다. 실험에 사 용된 광주기는 4, 8, 12, 16시간, 총 4가지로 설정하였다. 매리 골드 ‘듀란고 레드’ 종자를 우레탄 스펀지에 파종한 직후부터 광주기를 처리하였다. 화아분화는 꽃봉오리가 약 2mm 이상 일 때 화아분화가 되었다고 정의하였고, 2－3일 간격으로 조 사하였다. 생육 조사는 지상부의 생체중, 건물중, 초장, 엽면 적을 조사하였다. 최적의 광주기는 식물체의 50%가 화아분 화 된 날을 기준으로 정의하였다. 4시간 처리구에서는 식물체 가 제대로 자라지 못하며 화아도 형성되지 않았다. 8시간 이상 의 처리구에서부터 식물체가 정상적으로 생장하고 화아분화 가 이루어졌지만, 8시간 처리구는 12시간 이상의 처리구에 비 해 화아분화가 더디게 일어났다. 반면에 12시간 처리구와 16 시간 처리구는 서로 유의하지 않은 결과를 보였다. 모든 생육 조사 항목에서 16시간 광주기 처리구가 가장 높은 값을 나타 냈으나 지상부의 건물중과 엽면적을 제외한 나머지 항목에서 12시간 처리구와 유의하지 않았다. 실험 결과에 따르면, 8시간 광주기에서도 화아분화가 일어났지만, 화아형성까지의 시 간이 12시간 이상의 광주기일 때보다 더 많이 소요되었으며, 식물체의 생육 또한 12시간 이상의 광주기를 조사받은 식물 체보다 낮게 나타났다. 본 실험에서 에너지 소비량을 고려한 최적의 매리골드 ‘듀란고 레드’의 광주기는 12시간으로 판단 된다.

This study aims to distinguish between various Ethiopian durum wheat varieties based on their genetic identity using chemical and morphological characterization of seeds. Combinatorial employment of five chemical tests on seeds showed marked qualitative variation among the test varieties, with high discriminatory potential noted for the standard phenol test, followed by the modified phenol and iodide tests. The modified phenol test was instrumental in further discriminating between the varieties that were not identified using the standard phenol test. Unlike the iodide and phenol tests, the NaOH and KOH tests did not show significant variation among the varieties. These results underscore the efficacy of phenol and iodide tests in differentiating between durum wheat varieties. Although the morphological traits were advantageous in seed characterization, they lacked discriminatory power compared with that of the chemical tests. This study concludes that a single test is inadequate for varietal discrimination; rather, a combination of chemical tests can augment the discriminatory potential.

In this review, the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy were described, and its interaction with apoptosis was identified. The role of autophagy in embryogenesis, tooth development, and cell differentiation were also investigated. Autophagy is regulated by various autophagy-related genes and those related to stress response. Highly active autophagy occurrences have been reported during cell differentiation before implantation after fertilization. Autophagy is involved in energy generation and supplies nutrients during early birth, essential to compensate for their deficient supply from the placenta. The contribution of autophagy during tooth development, such as the shape of the crown and root formation, ivory, and homeostasis in cells, was also observed. Genes control autophagy, and studying the role of autophagy in cell differentiation and development was useful for understanding human aging, illness, and health. In the future, the role of specific mechanisms in the development and differentiation of autophagy may increase the understanding of the pathological mechanisms of disease and development processes and is expected to reduce the treatment of various diseases by modulating the autophagic phenomenon.

Extensive research and testing continue to be conducted for the development of vaccines targeting zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis. In this study, the potential of the DapB as a recombinant protein vaccine to effectively combat Brucella abortus 544 infection in BALB/c mice was evaluated. Western blotting assay results showed that recombinant protein DapB reacted with Brucella-positive serum, indicating its potential immunoreactivity. In vivo results showed that the peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cell population significantly increased in the DapB-immunized mice group after the first, second and third blood collection, compared to the control group that received PBS. Additionally, at the fourth blood collection, an increase in CD4+ T cell activation was observed in three vaccination groups compared to PBS negative control group. These results indicate the potential of DapB in stimulating cellular immunity. Fourteen days after infection, the bacterial load in the spleen was evaluated. The reduction in bacterial replication in the spleen by both DapB and RB51 highlights their protective efficacy against Brucella infection. These findings contribute to the ongoing efforts in developing effective vaccines against brucellosis and provide valuable insights for further research in this field.