Background: Recently, the single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) method, which incorporates not only genomic information but also phenotypic information of pedigree, is under study. In this study, we performed a ssGBLUP analysis on a commercial Hanwoo population using phenotypic, genotypic, and pedigree data. Methods: The test population comprised Hanwoo 1,740 heads raised in four regions of Korea, while the reference population used Hanwoo 18,499 heads raised across the country and two-generation pedigree data. Analysis was performed using genotype data generated by the Hanwoo 50 K SNP beadchip. Results: The mean Genome estimated breeding values (GEBVs) estimated using the ssGBLUP methods for carcass weight (CWT), eye muscle area (EMA), back fat thickness (BFT), and marbling score (MS) were 7.348, 1.515, -0.355, and 0.040, respectively, while the accuracy of each trait was 0.749, 0.733, 0.769, and 0.768, respectively. When the correlation analysis between the GEBVs as a result of this study and the actual slaughter performance was confirmed, CWT, EMA, BFT, and MS were reported to be 0.519, 0.435, 0.444, and 0.543, respectively. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the ssGBLUP method enables a more accurate evaluation because it conducts a genetic evaluation of an individual using not only genotype information but also phenotypic information of the pedigree. Individual evaluation using the ssGBLUP method is considered effective for enhancing the genetic ability of farms and enabling accurate and rapid improvements. It is considered that if more pedigree information of reference population is collected for analysis, genetic ability can be evaluated more accurately.

This experiment investigated the effects of feed additives of Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai (SQN) extract on Landrace pigs on economic traits such as the quality, physiological characteristics, and productivity. Sixteen pigs with an average age of 154 days were selected as experimental subjects. The experiment was conducted by dividing the group into eight pigs for the supplementation group, feeding with SQN extract, and another eight for the control group feeding without SQN extract. Water was fed ad libitum. On the 30th day, there was no significant difference between meat quality and productivity. However, the glucose and thyroxine were statistically lower with the supplementation group than with the control group (p<0.05). Also, the levels of creatinine difference between 1.18 ± 0.12 ㎎/㎗ with the supplementation group and 0.70 ± 0.06 ㎎/㎗ with the control group (p<0.05). However, all serum biochemistry values were within a normal range, with no health problems. The present study will help solve the problem of reducing the diversity of plant species in Halla Mountain by increasing the availability of the SQN as a pig feed additive.

Meat and carcass quality attributes are important factors influencing consumer preference and profitability in the pork industry. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are essential for livestock breeding and improvement. In the present study, the pig Perilipin 2 (PLIN2 ) gene was characterized with the aim of detecting genetic variation at these loci in relation to economic traits in Berkshire pigs. Four SNPs (G6714C, G6813A, G10340A, and G10632A) were detected in this studied. Statistical analysis indicated that G6714C was significantly associated with the National Pork Producers Council (NPPC) color score, G6813A, and G10340A significantly affected NPPC color score and NPPC marbling score, and G10632A significantly affected backfat thickness (BF) (p < 0.05). Therefore, the molecular markers used in the present study might provide a useful basis for identification and improvement of traits in the Berkshire pigs.

The fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) gene plays an important role in lipid metabolism and homeostasis in adipocytes. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), g.7516G>C, in the FABP4 gene and economic traits of Korean native cattle, Hanwoo. Primers were designed to target a region of the FABP4 gene between nucleotides 7417 and 7868 (AAFC01136716). The SNP, which was detected by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method using restriction enzyme MspA1I, was genotyped in 319 animals of Hanwoo steer population. Statistical analysis showed that the SNP genotype of the FABP4 gene significantly affected carcass weight (CW, p<0.01), longissimus muscle area (LMA, p<0.001), and marbling score (MS, p<0.001). GG allele of the SNP on 246 animals in a Wagyu × Limousin F2 reference population showed a higher MS (p<0.05) and subcutaneous fat depth (p<0.05) in previous report. But CC allele of the SNP showed greater values for MS, LMA, and CW in Hanwoo steers. These results suggest that the g.7516G>C SNP located in the FABP4 gene may affected differently depending on the cattle breed and can be used as a genetic selection marker in Korean native cattle.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented spent mushroom substrates (F-SMS) of Flammulina velutipes on growth performance, carcass traits, and economic characteristics of Hanwoo steers. A yeast strain (Saccharomyces sp. UJ14) and Bacillus strain (Bacillus sp. UJ03) isolated from fresh spent mushroom substrates of Flammulina velutipes were used as probiotics to prepare F-SMS. Twenty-four Hanwoo steers (14 months old) were allocated to three dietary treatments via a randomized block design and were slaughtered at 30 months of age. These treatment groups included Control (TMR), T1 (TMR containing 10% of F-SMS) group, and T2 (TMR containing 30% of F-SMS). Body weight gain was not influenced by the experimental diets. DM and TDN intakes in the finishing period were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in group T1 than in other groups. CP intake was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in group T2 than in other groups during the whole experimental period. Among carcass traits, rib-eye area and back fat thickness tended to increase with F-SMS supplementation. The appearance rate (%) of a meat yield more than grade A was the highest in group T1. The net profits increased by 1.2% and 13.3% in groups T1 and T2, respectively. In conclusion, if a proper feeding program (including feed safety) can be ensured, spent mushroom substrates of Flammulina velutipes can prove to be a highly profitable feed source for Hanwoo steers.

The KLF(Kruppel-like factors) are transcriptional regulators that including the C2H2 zinc-finger motif and regulation of cell growth, cell differentiation, and development. In this study, mRNA and total DNA was extracted from the meat around the backbone of 130 cattle that has economic traits score. The KLF11 gene was act on the center of the main pathway in associated with the development and growth of cells and the fat metabolism. Genetic polymorphism was detected by DNA sequencing. A total of four SNPs(G9047A, C9104G, G9131A, C9170T) were identified in exon 4 regions, statistical association analysis revealed that the G9131A polymorphism were significantly associated with marbling score. The real time quantitative PCR to investigated gene and miRNA expression patterns and identify the relation of economic trait in Korean Native Beef Cattle. Gene expression level linked to KLF11 genes was investigated by determining its association and variation with the economic traits in Korean Native Beef Cattle. The increment of KLF11 gene expresstion level is resulted in increasing marbling score(MS). We found that expression profile of KLF gene and mir-494 was contrast tendency because the lower expression ratio of gene was the higher marbling score rating was when we analyzed expression profile ofKLF gene and mir-494. Therefore, this result has useful in improvement of livestock in Korean cattle.

The ANK1 (Ankyrin-1) gene, located on the bovine chromosome 27, encodes a structural protein which forms an important component of the cytoskeleton. Ankyrin belongs to a protein family that links membrane proteins to the underlying spectrin-actin cytoskeleton. Many studies on gene expression regulation have revealed that RNA polymerase binds to the ANK1 gene promoter region. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the SNP of the ANK1 promoter region and economic traits in Hanwoo cattle. A total of seven SNPs (C-944T, C-733T, C-687G, A-672G, C-307T, A-104G, C-24T), found in 119 animals, were correlated to economic traits. One of these SNPs, A-104G, was reported for the first time in the present study. Three newly discovered haplotypes were not associated with economic traits. Significant (p<0.05) relationships were found between C-944T and carcass weight, backfat thickeness, loin muscle area and between C-733T, A-672G and intramuscular fat. These results suggest that the SNPs of ANK1 gene may be useful molecular markers for selection of meat yield and quality traits in Hanwoo

소의 14번 염색체에 위치한 2,4-Dienoyl CoA reductase1(DECR1) 유전자는 polyunsaturated fatty enoyl-CoA의 β-oxidation과 연관된 호르몬으로 지질대사조절에 영향을 미치는 유전자로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 한우의 경제형질 관련 DNA 마커 개발을 목적으로 DECR1 유전자 내의 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)를 탐색하고, 경제형질간의 연관성을 분석하고자 수행하였다. 먼저 부모가 서로 다른 한우 종모우에서 DECR1 유전자 내의 SNP를 탐색한 결과 총 13개의 SNPs를 확인하였고, 이 중 G20788A는 valine(Val)에서 methionine(Met)으로, A23262G는 isoleucine(Ile)에서 valine(Val)으로 바뀌는 missense mutation으로 확인되었다. 그리고 도체 성적을 보유한 200두의 한우를 대상으로 missense mutation으로 확인된 G20788A와 A23262G의 유전자형과 경제형질간의 연관성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 G20788A는 근내지방도와 도체중에서 A23262G는 등지방두께, 배최장근단면적, 근내지방도와 도체중에서 통계적 유의성을 확인 할 수 있었고(P<0.05), 이를 통해 missence mutation인 G20788A와 A23262G는 각 경제형질에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 탐색된 한우 DECR1 유전자의 SNP 유전자형은 한우 선발 및 개량을 위한 DNA 마커로 활용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

MYC (v-myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homologue) is a regulator gene that encodes for a nuclear phosphoprotein. Porcine MYC gene was mapped on chromosome SSC 4p13 and is associated with a variety of functions such as cell proliferation and cell growth. MYC expression is coupled to a multitude of physiological processes and is regulated by hormones, growth factors, cytokines, lymphokines, nutritional status, development and differentiation. MYC is also involved in myogenesis, muscle hyperplasia and adipogenesis. In this study, we investigated SNPs in MYC gene and their association with economic traits in Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire populations. We detected a single point mutation in exon 3 of porcine MYC gene as a change of T to C at 906 base (amino acid position 302, nonsynomous mutation of alanine) in MYC-N domain. MYC mutation (T906C) was significantly associated with age at 90 kg in these breeds, signifying that this mutation can serve as a selection marker for growth traits in pigs.

닭의 7번 염색체에 위치하고 있는 NRAMP-1(Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein1) 유전자는 면역 반응에서 작용하는 유전자로서 대식세포의 초기 활성화 과정에 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 유전자의 변이에 따라 살모넬라균에 감염되었을 시에 비장의 변화에 영향을 주는 것으로 보고되어져 있다. 본 연구는 3개의 품종(로드아일랜드 레드, 코니쉬, 재래닭)을 대상으로 유전자 변이 지역 중 하나인 C3229T 지역의 유전자형을 확인하고, 경제형질간의 연관성을 분석하기 위하여 실시하였다. 분석결과 C3229T 지역은 변이에 의해 Serine에서 phenyl-alanine으로 변하는 missence mutation으로 확인 되었으며, 로드아일랜드 레드에서 변이지역과 경제형질간의 연관성 분석 결과 150일령 체중에서 유의적인 연관성이 확인 되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 확인된 C3229T 지역의 SNP를 활용하여 추후 닭의 선발 및 육종을 위한 기초자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of the livestock industry is to pursuit economic profits by increasing the economic productivity of livestock. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that is characterized by one variation out of every 1000 polymorphisms, to increase economical benefits in stock breeding has been extensively studied. Particularly, replete number of investigations have been put forward that has associated SNPs of candidate genes with economically important traits such as carcass weight (CW), longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat thickness (BFT) and marbling score (MS) in beef cattle. Bovine genome sequencing and HapMap projects have provided, millions of SNPs in the cattle genome. However, till date studies related to the association of the SNPs with economic traits in beef cattles are meager. Discovering of SNPs bovine whole genome would certainly be useful genetic assets for the development of SNP marker for economically important traits in beef cattle.

The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic interrelationships between economic or meat quality traits (birth weight, weaning weight, average daily gain, market weight, carcass weight, backfat thickness, water, ash, fat, protein, water holding capacity and pH) and 6 SNPs located on six selected candidate genes (MC4R, PGK2, TNNI1, TNNI2, PIK3C3, and CTSK) in Korean native pigs. The genotypes were identified in the 6 SNPs by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) procedure, and association of the genotype on economically important traits was analyzed by general liner model. According to the analyzed results, the MC4R c.1426A>G was correlated with birth weight (p=0.032) and the PGK2 g.122T>G was associated with pH (p=0.026). These findings obtained in the present revealed that the each SNPs of MC4R and PGK2 could be useful as potential genetic markers for birth weight and pH in Korean native pigs, respectively.

The melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R) gene is expressed in the hypothalamus and regulates energy intake and body weight. Recently, it has been reported that obesity and energy balance in human were also regulated by the MC4R gene. Therefore the objective of this study was to identify the polymorphism on the MC4R gene SNP C1786T and its association with economic traits in Korean native cattle (brindle and black cattle) by PCR-RFLP. A total of 125 cattle from the two breeds were tested for economic traits (meat quality index, backfat, thickness, carcass weight, longissimus muscle area and marbling score) and data was analyzed using SAS program. In the results, C allele had highest frequency than G allele frequency in the both breeds and the gene was significantly associated with meat quantity index and backfat thickness in brindle cattle breed. However, in black cattle, the gene was significantly associated with longissimus muscle area (p<0.05). These results suggest that C1786T SNP of the MC4R gene may be useful as a genetic marker for economic traits in the brindle and black cattle.

본 연구는 양돈농가의 사료비 절감을 위해 국내 대표 사료작물인 청보리(유연보리)를 이용하여 양돈용 일반배합사료에 첨가 가능성을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 실험에 사용된 청보리 발효사료는 총체보리를 밀 봉하여 사일리지 형태로 제조하여 보관하였고, 3mm 이하로 분쇄하여 시험사료로 이용하였다. 공시동물은 평균체중 77.71 kg인 3원교잡종 비육돈 72두를 공시하여 돈방 당 6두씩 3반복으로 실시하였다. 처리구는 일반배합사료(대조구)에 청보리 발효사료를 1%, 2% 및 3% 첨가하였고, 42일간 급여하여 종료하였다. 청보리 발효사료 급여는 성장 및 일당증체량에는 영향을 주지 않았지만, 청보리 발효사료 3% 첨가구에서 일일 두당 사료섭취량은 유의적으로 감소하였고(p<0.05), 도체등급에서는 상위등급 출현율이 높았다(p<0.05). 경제성 조사에서 청보리 발효사료 첨가는 일일 두당 사료비를 약 0.55~8.65% 절감하였고, 특히 3% 첨가구에서 사료비 절감 효과가 가장 높았으며, 청보리 발효사료 2% 및 3% 급여구에서 도체가격이 각각 1.53% 및 6.25% 정도 높았다. 따라서 청보리 발효사료 첨가급여는 사료비 절감과 도체등급을 개선하는 것으로 나타났다.

The objective of this study was to identify the effects of various environmental effects associated with performance testing results in pig population of domestic pig breeding farms. Performance test data collected from 2,000 to 2,010 were a total of 265,901 heads. By breeds, data consisted of Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire. Environmental factors considered in models were breed, sex, farm, year of test, season of test, and parity. Broad range of age at testing day averaged at 155 days of age were grouped as A (up to 140 days) B (141~150 days), C (151~160 days), D (161~170 days), and E (greater than 170 days). Traits analyzed were ADG, days to 90 ㎏, end weight (body weight at the test day), rib eye area, back fat thickness. Age group effects were all significant for all the traits studied (p<0.05). As ages at test day get greater, ADG, days to 90 ㎏ and end weight tended to be greater while ultrasound measures of rib eye area and back fat thickness tended to be less. This would be the results of linear age adjustments on ultrasound measures, that caused overestimation in younger age groups and underestimation in older age groups than in average age group (C). This was evidenced by looking at ultrasound measures before linear age adjustments were applied. We conclude that, for more accurate performance testing, testing within guided age interval should be abided. And further researches should be made on biologically justifiable methods of age adjustments especially for ultrasound measures.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) gene plays important role in fatty acid composition. In order to find marker-assisted selection (MAS) for improving the economic trait, this study was performed to identify the 878T>C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on SCD1 gene. Three genotypes (CC, CT, and TT) were detected in 878T>C SNP of SCD1 gene from 103 Hanwoo population by polymorphism chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and economic traits were analyzed by general linear model. The frequency of allele C and T was 0.534 and 0.466, also the genotype frequency of CC, CT and TT was 0.252, 0.563, and 0.184, respectively in the Hanwoo population. The TT genotype of SCD1 gene showed a significantly higher measures (p<0.05) of carcass weight (CW) than CT, CC genotype. No significant association was detected between genotype and other economic trait (marbling, backfat thickness, and longissimus muscle area) in this study. The results revealed that SCD1 gene 878T>C SNP could be useful for effective MAS to increase the economic quality in Hanwoo population.

본 연구에서는 2000년부터 2008년 사이에 출생한 Duroc종, Landrace종 및 Yorkshire종 종돈의 총 31,455 두의 농장검정 자료를 이용하여 다형질 동물 모형과 다변량 모체효과 모형에 의한 돼지 경제형질의 유 전적 분산성분을 추정하였다. 품종별 조사된 각 형질에 있어서 다변량 모체효과 모형을 이용하여 추정된 상가적 효과에 의한 유전력이 모체효과에 의한 유전력보다 모두 높게 나타났으며, 다형질 동물 모형에서 상가적 효과만 고려했을 때의 유전력이 다변량 모체효과 모형에서 추정된 상가적 효과의 의한 유전력보 다 대부분 높게 추정되었다. 다변량 모체효과 모형을 이용하여 추정된 모체효과에 의한 육종가와 표현형 가와의 상관관계에 있어서 대부분 낮은 정(+)의 상관이거나 강한 부(-)의 상관관계를 보여 품종별 각 형 질에 있어서 모체효과를 적절히 고려하여 육종가와 표현형의 상관관계를 높인다면 보다 나은 개량을 도 모 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 2000년부터 2008년 사이에 출생한 Duroc종, Landrace종 및 Yorkshire종의 GGP (Great Grand Parents) 종돈 31,455두의 농장검정자료를 이용하여 단변량 모체효과 모형에 의한 돼지의 경제형질에 대한 유전모수 및 유전력 추정을 통해 모체효과가 돼지의 경제형질에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보았다. 조사된 모든 형질에서 각 요인에 대한 유의성을 검정한 결과 모든 형질에 있어서 품종, 성, 출생년도, 출 생계절 및 산차의 효과는 고도의 유의성이 인정되었고 (p<0.01), 모체효과 모형을 이용하였을 때 각 품종 별 형질에 대해 추정된 상가적 유전 분산과 모체 유전 분산사이에 부 (-)의 공분산이 존재하고, 이들의 유 전 상관도 대부분 강한 부 (-)의 상관관계를 보여 품종, 형질 및 개량 방향에 따라 모체 효과뿐만 아니라 상가적 효과와 모체 효과간의 상관관계도 적절히 고려한다면 좀 더 효율적인 개량효과를 거둘 수 있을 것 으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 후보 유전자의 경제형질에 미치는 염기 변이 효과를 검증하기 위해 국내에서 사육된 듀록 품종 96두와 한국 재래 돼지 86두를 활용하였다. 검증에 활용된 4개의 후보 유전자는 MC4R, PA-KAG3, FABP3 그리고 ESR 유전자였다. 각 후보 유전자들의 유전자형 분석 결과 두 집단 간에 유전적 특성의 차이가 분명히 나타나고 있음을 확인하였다. MC4R 유전자의 A 대립 유전자는 두 집단 모두에서 성장 형질과의 유의한 연관성이 검출되었고,