본 연구는 주요 배유전자원 43 accession을 대상으로 육종소재로 활용할 수 있는 배 유전자원 선발과 종내 또는 종간 5개 교배 집단 609 seedling에서 배 검은별무늬병 저항성 발현을 확인하고자 수행하였다. P. pyrifolia, P. bretschneideri, P. ussuriensis는 검은별무늬병 병든 과실률이 각각 59.5, 73.4, 63.0%, P. pyrifolia와 P. bretschneideri 종간 교잡으로 얻어진 품종은 77.7%로 병든 과실률이 비교적 높았으나 P. communis, P. pyrifolia × P. communis 종간교잡에 속하는 품종들은 15% 미만의 병든 과실률을 보였다. 검은별무늬병에 대한 저항성을 종별로 구분하여 Duncan 검정한 결과, P. bretschneideri, P. pyrifolia, P. ussuriensis, pyrifolia × P. bretschneideri 종이 P. communis, P. pyrifolia × P. communis 두 개 종 그룹보다 검은별무늬병 병든 과실률이 유의하게 높았고 이러한 경향은 교배집단에서도 동일하였다. P. pyrifolia 종내 교배집단은 80% 이상의 검은별무늬병 감염률을 보인 반면, P. pyrifolia × P. communis의 종간교배 집단은 2% 수준의 낮은 배 검은별무늬병 감염률을 보였다. P. pyrifolia 와 P. communis를 종간교배 하면 서양배의 저항성 인자가 우성으로 작용하여 그 후대에서 배 검은별무늬병에 강한 개체들이 대부분 얻어지기 때문에 P. communis는 배 검은별무늬병저항성 품종 육종소재로 적합하다.

Inflorescence, stem, and leaf samples of lettuce grown in a greenhouse in spring and autumn seasons were assayed for sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) content by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentrations of SLs were significantly higher in the inflorescences followed by upper leaf and stem compared to the other plant parts in most of the samples. SLs content (sum of lactucin and lactucopicrin) in various tissues of lettuce cultivated in spring season varied from 5.7 to 22.5 fold ranging from 27.4 ㎍/g dry weight (DW) in the upper stem (cultivar “PI 176588”) as the lowest to as high as 2,292.0 ㎍/g DW in the inflorescence (cultivar “709849-1”). During autumn cultivation, the concentration of SLs varied from 2.0 to 14.4 fold ranging from as low of 32.4 ㎍/g DW in the lower stem (cultivar “PI176588”) to as high of 838.0 ㎍/g DW in the upper leaf (cultivar “Dambaesangchu”). Higher lactucin (1.2 to 5.6 fold) and lactucopicrin (1.1 to 3.9 fold) concentration was observed during spring compared to autumn cultivation in most of the samples. SLs content in various organs of lettuce increases from the basal plant part going upwards. As lactucin and lactucopicrin are the major SLs which affects the sensory property of lettuce, their quantitative variation in the lettuce cultivars is useful for breeding new varieties with better consumer acceptance.

Background : Recently, there is an urgent demand for development of new varieties with enhanced resistance to various biotic/abiotic stresses. One generation of ginseng is four years, so it takes a long time to breed. To increase the efficiency of the ginseng breeding and save time and effort, it is necessary to build a ginseng core collection. This study examined the major growth characteristics of genetic sources for the establishment of core collection. Methods and Results : As plant materials, 187 ginseng lines collected in 2003 were used in this study. Ginseng Seeds were harvested at the end of July 2014, sown in mid-November, and cultivated in 2015 for one year in the field and then transplanted into the main field in 2016. All phenotypes including agronomic characteristics, seed yield, and physiological response to biotic/abiotic stresses were investigated according to the ginseng GAP and UPOV guidelines. The stem colors of the collected ginseng germplasm were classified as the five classes; light green, green, light purple, purple and dark purple, but most of them were purple or dark purple. The locations of distribution of anthocyanin coloration in stem were classified into the four classes; proximal end, proximal end and petiole part, the entire stem and the stem with purple not revealed, but most of them were petiole part or the entire stem. The shapes of leaflet were classified the four classes; the long elliptic, elliptic, slender type, and spatulate type. Most of surveyed lines were elliptic type. When the leaflet of ginseng was laterally cut, the shape was classified into the three types; concave type, plane type and convex type. Most of surveyed lines were red berry color. Conclusion : The genetic pool of ginseng is known to be narrow. The results of this study showed similar characteristics among the ginseng fields collected. In the future, we will carry out the survey about quantitative characteristics and correlations of ginseng genetic resources for establishment of Korean ginseng core collection.

Background : Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a perennial plant of the Gramineae, followed by rice, wheat, corn and barley, the fifth major food crop in the world. Sorghum is mostly used in Korea for cereals using seeds or for making food directly. However, sorghum is not directly used for food in foreign countries, but plays an important role in the development of cosmetic and pharmaceutical materials and as a bio-energy crop. Most of the sorghum cultivated in Korea does not use the remainder after harvesting seeds, so research on other uses is needed. Therefore, we carried out this experiment in order to identify the characteristics of domestic genetic resources and to select the genetic resources with excellent growth. Methods and Results : Samples were tested for their growth characteristics by the Agricultural Genetic Resources of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Growth characteristics of heading, total length, stem length, stem width, leaf length, leaf width, length of ears and width of ears were investigated. After 10 weeks of sowing, 45% of the outbreaks occurred and showed a quick heading. The total length of the sorghum ranged from 65.7 ㎝ to 341.0 ㎝, and the stem width ranged from 0.2 ㎝ to 2.6 ㎝. Leaf length ranged from 33.3 ㎝ to 92.4 ㎝ and leaf width ranged from 3.8 ㎝ to 12.2 ㎝. The length of the ears was in the range of 8.0 ㎝ - 52.7 ㎝, and the width of the ears was in the range of 5.2 ㎝ - 27.0 ㎝. K131301, K178840, K258654 and K255198, which are expected to bear a large number of seeds with high biomass content and large size of leaves and plants, were selected. Conclusion : Through this study, we can understand the growth characteristics of the sorghum in Korea and select excellent genetic resources.

Background : The study was conducted in response to climate change, to develop cultivation techniques by introducing a new crop income. Therefore, we want to collect the Coriander sativum genetic resources that are grown in different regions of the korea and other countries. The C. sativum were strengthens the stomach to say "housil" in Herbal and prosper digestion. Recently, several nations, including Vietnam and Thail and increased in Korea. C. sativum increased eating enjoy food. The people who like C. sativum in Korea is estimated to be 1.5 million. Methods and Result : First was C. sativum 93 species in National agrobiodiversity Center RDA lotting-out on May 12, 2016 for the study. C. sativum germplasm received lotting-out of over thousand grain 15g 28 kinds of seeds, 10∼15g was 23 species, 10g less than 42 species. 32 kinds of fruit color is white, black, 30 species, the gray was 31 species. Conclusion : C. sativum lotting-out was conducted by resource for two weeks from germination test from May 31 to June 13. The results were as follows: C. sativum port germination 86∼100% germination was 43 stocks, 40∼60% of 23 stocks, 5 stocks of 20∼ 40%. The 22 stocks were not germinate paper. C. sativum resources per port germination test was conducted 13 days from 29 days July until August 9th. As a result, more than 90% of the port germination is 62 stocks, not more than 80∼90%, 50∼80% 18 stocks of germination was 5 stocks. At this time, no germination was 8 stocks. Therefore, C. sativum germination test is a port germination test obtained a more than satisfactory result.

Thirty-eight Pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were screened to identify varieties to be suitable for sprout. Based on seed yield and sprout qualities such as whole length and sprout yield, five genotypes (PI269803, PI343278, PI343283, PI343300 and PI 343307) were primarily selected as candidates for pea sprouts. In order to determine optimal cultivation condition for pea sprouting, growth characteristics were investigated according to the change of germination temperature and days for sprouting. Whole length and hypocotyl length were observed to increase as a time dependent manner at each tested temperature (20, 23, and 25°C). However, whole length, hypocotyl length, and sprout yield were highly increased at 23°C compared to 20 and 25°C. Especially, PI269803 and PI343300 showed higher sprout yield than the others. In addition, the effect of the change of germination temperature on antioxidant properties was estimated by measuring total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABST activity). TPC and DPPH/ABST activities of PI269803 and PI343300 were higher at 23°C than at 20 and 25°C, while antioxidant properties of PI343278 and PI343283 were decreased in a temperaturedependent manner. The results show a high degree of correlation between TPC and antioxidant activities and suggest that the temperature change for pea sprouting could be responsible for antioxidant properties. Taken together, these results provide optimal cultivation conditions for pea sprouting and suggest that PI269803 and PI343300 with high sprout yield and antioxidant properties could be used for pea sprouts.

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) is a hardy perennial herbaceous plant of the Urticaceae family and has been grown as a fiber crop in several countries including Korea for many centuries. Ramie leaves also have been traditionally used as a major ingredient of a type of rice cake called ‘Song-pyun’ in the Southwest area of Korea, especially Yeong-Gwang province. Despite its economic importance, the molecular genetics of ramie have not been studied in detail yet. Genetic resources of ramie were widely collected from domestic local sites by Bioenergy Crop Research Center (RDA) and Yeong-Gwang Agricultural Technology Center. For the systematic and efficient management of the genetic resources, we developed SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers of ramie. To do this, we generated microsatellite-enriched genomic DNA libraries using magnetic bead hybridization selection method. 247 non-redundant contigs containing SSR motif were generated using nucleotide sequences of 376 clones from the libraries. Primer sets were designed from the flanking sequences of the repeat motif. Finally, we selected 10 SSR markers, possibly showing polymorphism among the genetic resources. Results on the genotype analysis of the ramie genetic resources using the SSR markers will be presented.

This study aimed to evaluate 105 tomato accessions conserved in National Agrobiodiversity Center regarding their resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum, a soil-borne vascular bacterium that causes lethal wilt diseases of a wide range of crops worldwide. All the accessions are Solanum lycopericum var. lycopersicum including cultivar or breeding lines. At the four leaf stage, the seedlings were inoculated by drenching the soil with the bacterial suspension concentrated of 108 CFU/ml. Plant roots were wounded before inoculation by cutting with the knife. Seven accessions including IT 32899 were rated as resistant, while other 98 accessions were rated as susceptible. IT 32899 scored 0.1 of disease rate and 0.7 of disease index. The selected accessions will be used as a material to reveal the mechanism of wilt tolerance and to identify the host gene involved in defense response.

The purpose of this study was to establish the optimal growth temperature and to select genetic resources for production of cowpea sprouts. Seowon was treated between 15°C and 30°C at intervals of 3°C to investigate growth temperature. Twelve resources, including Seowon, IT154149, IT154153, Tvu7426, and Tvu7778, were used for cultivating sprouts at a temperature of 27°C. The yield ratio of cowpea sprouts was highest at 27°C (657%), and was reduced when growth temperature was decreased. The hard seed rate was lower when the growth temperature was increased. Vitamin C content was highest at 24°C (2.85 mg/g), ranged between 2.15 and 2.29 mg/g at other growth temperatures, and increased with the length of the growth period. The inorganic component content of cowpea sprouts did not vary based on growth temperature, while the amino acid content increased with increasing growth temperature between 15°C and 24°C, and then subsequently decreased as growth temperature rose from 24°C to 30°C. IT154153 had the highest yield ratio of cowpea sprouts per genetic resource (647%), followed by Seowon (615%), and Tvu7426 (608%). Genetic resources with a higher yield ratio had smaller seeds, a thinner seed coat, and superior germinability. The inorganic components found at highest concentrations in the cowpea sprouts were potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, molybdenum, and zinc (in that order). In comparison to raw seeds, the protein, calcium, zinc, molybdenum, and iron content in the cowpea sprouts was higher, while the content of aluminum and boron was lower.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is important crop as a staple carbohydrate sources and was regarded as domesticated in Asia region. The seed dormancy is one of the domesticated traits, and this character allows that plants survive in various environment. The degree of dormancy have been targeted for controling in breeding program while weak dormancy cause pre-harvest sprouting contrary to the nonuniform seed germination by strong dormancy. In this study, we surveyed the variation of germiability in diverse rice genetic resources including japonica and indica ecotype. Overall, the degree of seed dormancy of rice germplasm was distinguished into four groups and admixed types; first group(G-1) included accessions revealing high germiability, the accessions of second group(G-2) acquired the high germiability by after-ripening process, third group(G-3)’s accessions showed high germiability after dormancy breaking process and the accessions of last group(G-4) maintained the low germiability in spite of the dormancy breaking process. Among the 51 japonica accessions G-1, G-2, G-3 and G-4 included 15, 15, 11 and 10 accessions, respectively, and among 40 indica accessions, G-1, G-2, G-3 and G-4 groups included 15, 15, 9 and 1 accessions, respectively. Based on these primary test, we plan to detail examine the seed germiability and survey the genetic factors affecting the degree of germiability in representative accessions of each group

Rice genetic resources are composed of various species and ecotypes, and each accession reveals different genetic and phenotypic characters. For the managenment of diverse rice genetic resources, seed integrity is important factor in that the individuals of one accession in self-pollinating crop might be homogeneous. To elevate the management efficiency of rice germplasm contrary to the phenotypic distinction, we focused on applicable microsatellite markers because this markers are widly used for genetic evaluation in diverse genetic resources with a character of high reproducibility and polymorphism. In this regard, we selected microsatellite markers based on genotypes; diversity set including 150 accessions using 249 SSR markers. As SSR loci with high PIC(polymorphism information content) values usually revealed multi bands in one accession, proper genotyping were difficult in these loci. Therefor, we checked the band clarity in addition to PIC values and chose 12 and 6 SSR markers finally. All accessions of rice diversity set were distinguished with the first marker set comprising 12 SSR markers, and only 3 combinations of tested accessions(0.03%, 3/11,175) showed same genotype with second marker set comprising 6 SSR markers. The tested 142 Korean bred varieties revealed 0.19%(19/10,011 combinations) and 0.69%(69/10,011 combinations) genotypic identity using first and second marker set, respectively. These newly selected markers might be useful for the analysis of genetic homogeneity and relationship in rice genetic resources.

Grain sorghum is the fifth most important crop grown in the world for either a major food crop or animal feed. It is important to identify the genetic diversity of sorghum genetic resources for cultivar development and evaluation of sorghum accessions in Korea. Two hundred thirty six SSR primer sets, which are evely distributed across the sorghum genome, were used to assess the genetic variation of 23 sorghum accessions with a US cultivar, BTx623. Results showed that SSR markers were highly polymorphic among the sorghum collections and the average alleles per locus were 3.15 with the average of 0.436 PIC (polymorphism information content) values. The sorghum accessions in this study were unequally separated and were clustered into 4 groups. The results showed that there was a sufficient SSR polymorphism with SSR primers used among Korean sorghum accessions, and the development of genetic map and marker-assisted selection for cultivated sorghum would be feasible with further studies.

농촌진흥청 농업유전자원센터의 식물유전자원 확보, 보존 및 활용과 관련하여 수요자가 요구하는 유전자원 확보 및 유전자원의 품질향상 방안을 도출하기 위하여 2010년도에 종자 유전자원을 분양받아 활용한 수요자를 대상으로 2011년에 우편설문 방법에 의하여 설문조사를 실시하고 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 분양된 유전자원에 대한 만족도는 종자의 순도, 발아율 및 기대 특성 발현도 등에서 '보통이상이다'고 답변한 비율이 각각 87.5%, 88.9%, 84.2%로 높게 나타났으며, 유전자원을 분양신청한 후 자원을 수령하기까지는 76.7%가 15일 이내에 수령한 것으로 만족도를 나타내었다. 2. 유전자원을 분양받은 후 자원을 활용하여 추진하고 있는 경과상황 및 예상 성과, 분양자원의 활용결과보고서 제출 여부 등에 관한 설문조사에서는 89.2%가 '분양받은 자원이 목적한대로 활용 중이다'는 답변을 나타내었다. 자원 활용 예상성과에 대해서는 자원정보 축적과 논문발표가 비교적 높은 비율이고 신품종 등록과 특허 출원이 상대적으로 낮은 비율을 나타내었는데 현시점에서의 유전자원 분양요청자의 성향을 나타낸 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 분양자원의 활용결과보고서 제출여부에 대한 답변결과는 자원분양 시 별도의 조치가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 3. 유전자원 분양과 관련한 개선사항에 대한 설문에서는 특성이 있는 유전자원의 확보 제공과 유전자원의 특성정보 제공에 대한 답변 합계가 75.0%로서 유전자원 분양업무 절차보다는 현실적으로 필요한 자원이나 정보가 보다 더 절실함을 나타내었다. 금후 필요한 유전자원에 대한 설문에서의 답변은 국내의 재래종이 23.8%로 가장 많았고, 국제농업연구기관 보유 유전자원 21.4%, 외국국가가 보유한 유전자원 21.4%로 외국의 유전자원에 대한 희망이 42.8%로 나타나고 있으며, 다음이 해당 작물의 야생종 또는 야생근연종 10.7%, 외국의 육성품종 또는 계통 9.5%, 국내의 육성품종 또는 계통 9.5%의 순이었다. 또한, 수요자 소속별로 희망하는 유전자원이 다르게 나타났다. 4. 설문조사 분석결과, 유전자원 관리 단계별로 반영하여 수요자가 요구하는 유전자원을 우선적으로 확보하고 보존자원의 품질향상 관리가 되도록 하는 것이 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 수요자 맞춤형 자원도입 및 우선순위에 의한 자원 확보가 요구되었고, 보유 자원의 품질향상을 위해서는 자원 도입 시부터 특성 있는 자원을 확보하고 보존자원의 특성평가가 조속히 추진될 필요가 있으며, 유전자원 정보의 확충 및 확대 제공 노력이 요구되었다.

The need to develop work on conservation of crop genetic diversity is emphasized in change of agricultural environment, such as climate change, turn of dietary habits, use of cereal to bioenergy production. To secure provide the germplasm and to derive improve quality, customers demands was surveyed in 2011 and the results are as follows. In the questionnaire on genetic resources necessary in the future, Korean landrace was the highest as 23.8%, followed by genetic resources of international agricultural research institutions as 21.4% and genetic resources of foreign countries of 21.4%. Followed by 42.8% for genetic resources from foreign countries, response ratio were 10.7%, 9.5% and 9.5% for wild or wild-relative species, advanced cultivar or breeders’ line from foreign countries, and advanced cultivar or breeders’ line from Korea, respectively. In addition, consumers desired different genetic resources according to their institutes. Satisfaction on seed purity, germination rate and expected characteristic expression with the genetic resources was higher than normal by 87.5%, 88.9%, 84.2% of respondents, respectively. In order to improve the quality of conserved resources, it is necessary to select the resources having useful characteristics from the time of introduction, and to facilitate the evaluation of the preserved accessions in the near future. Efforts for expansion and opening of information on genetic resources are required.

The world-wide capacity of genebanks for ex-situ conservation of crop genetic resources has increased greatly since the 1970s, improving the access of crop breeders to landraces, and wild relatives (Wright, 1997). In south Korea, systematic seed germplasm management was begun at the Rural Development Administration (RDA) in 1985 and consequently genebank system was established in 1988. The RDA genebank, National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAC) of south Korea, preserve 173,217 accessions of plant seed germplasm and 10.7% (18,509 accessions) of whole preserved germplasm is occupied by horticultral PGR by 2011. Horticultural PGR preserved in NAC is composed with 67 genera of crops including pepper (3,817 accessions), tomato (2,040 accessions), cabbages (1,690 accessions) and etc. According to horticultural plant sub-group, fruit-vegetable is the biggest group with 60% of accession share and leafy vegetable (19%), root vegetable (10%), bulb vegetable (8%), and ornamental (3%) follow subsequently. In aspect of PGR status, landrace is dominant part of conserved accession and then developed cultivar, wild relatives, cultivated material, wild, and weedy type follow subsequently. Recently characterization and evaluation of horticultural PGR have been activated for 3 years in NAC, which are useful for breeders and users focused on disease-resistance or active ingredient. It will promote utilization of horticultural PGR and development of horticultural crop breeding program for both human being and sustainable agriculture in near future.