본 연구는 계분의 바이오차 전환을 통해 새로운 처리 방안 및 전량 수입되는 주요 상토 원료의 대체 가능성을 확인하고 농업적으로 활용하기 위해 수행되었다. 계분 바이오차(CMB, chicken manure biochar)는 계분과 목질계 바이오매스를 이용하였으며, 100:0(CMB1), 95:5(CMB2), 90:10(CMB3), 85:15(CMB4), 80:20(CMB5), 75:25(CMB6) 및 70:30(CMB7)의 비율로 각각 혼합하여 혐기성 열분해를 통해 생산하였다. 생산된 계분 바이오차는 비료공정규격과 비교하였을 때 CMB4부터 염분함량이 1.93%로 조건을 충족하였으나 원료인 계분의 염분 변동성과 계분의 활용을 극대화하기 위해 염분함량이 1.80%인 CMB5를 최적 생산조건으로 선정하였다. 계분 바이오차를 이용한 상토(BS, bedsoil) 제조는 상토의 주요 원료인 코코피트 대신 계분 바이오차를 1~5%(CMB+BS 1~5%)의 부피 비율로 대체하여 생산하였다. 계분 바이오차 상토는 혼합 비율에 상관없이 비료공정규격을 준수하였고, 이를 이용하여 배추, 상추, 열무, 무, 완두를 대상으로 비해평가를 진행한 결과, 열무를 제외한 작물의 생육이 계분 바이오차가 1~2% 투입된 처리구에서 대조구와 비교하였을 때 초장은 –7~79.2%, 엽수의 경우 0~50.7% 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 제작된 계분 바이오차 상토가 상토 공정규격을 충족하였기 때문에 이상의 연구 결과를 통해서 최적 조건으로 생산된 계분 바이오차는 상토 원료로 활용이 가능하다는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나, 계분 바이오차의 투입 수준과 작물에 따른 생육차이가 있어 농업적 활용 가능성을 개선할 수 있는 후속 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

This study investigates the opening force required for shucking farmed oysters to support the development of automated oyster-shucking systems. Oysters sourced from Yeosu and Tongyeong were tested for shell length, width, height, total weight, meat weight, and opening force. Results showed an average opening force of 8.1 kgf for one-year-old Yeosu oysters, 7.4 kgf for one-year-old Tongyeong oysters, and 8.7 kgf for two-year-old Tongyeong oysters, with correlations to shell width, height, and meat weight depending on production sea area and growing age. These findings highlight production sea area and growing age-based differences in oyster characteristics, contributing foundational data to advancing automation in oyster shucking.

The leaves and stalks of sweet potato have attracted considerable interest as a health food due to numerous studies reporting the presence of functional compounds and various physiological activities. This study analyzed the functional components in the aerial parts of six domestically developed sweet potato cultivars and compared their antioxidant activities. The total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and total phenolic acid content ranged from 76.9 to 148.6 mg GAE/g, 3.98 to 11.90 mg CE/g, and 44.19 to 93.56 mg/100 g, respectively. Among the cultivars examined, 'Gogeonmi' and 'Tongchaeru' exhibited high levels of these compounds, and their DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were superior to those of the other cultivars. The GABA content ranged from 0.59 to 2.55 mg/g, with 'Tongchaeru' and 'Jinhongmi' showing the highest levels. Lutein content ranged from 0.10 to 0.24 mg/g, with 'Tongchaeru' reaching its maximum concentration 90 days post-cultivation. Extracts from 'Tongchaeru' significantly inhibited the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) inflammatory cytokines, with the water extract demonstrating a stronger effect than the pretanol extract. These findings suggest that the aerial parts of sweet potato could serve as excellent functional vegetables and bioactive ingredients for health food applications.

For centuries, humans have leveraged the health-promoting properties of plants for our well-being. While research has been conducted on numerous medicinal plants, the specific benefits of many species remain underexplored. Eupatorium Japonicum (EJ), a member of the Asteraceae family, has historically been consumed in Japan, South Korea, China, and Vietnam for its traditional use in soothing digestive issues. This study aimed to explore the radical scavenging and antiinflammatory efficacy of EJ extract using RAW 264.7 cells. The radical-scavenging effects were assessed using the DPPH and ABTS assays, where an anti-oxidative molecule in the test sample will react with a stable free radical in DPPH and ABTS causing discoloration. The anti-inflammatory efficacy was assessed using the nitric oxide (NO) assay in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, where the amount of NO produced in response to infection was measured using Griess reagent. Reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR were executed to confirm the anti-inflammatory activity by measuring the RNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The DPPH and ABTS assays revealed that EJ extract decreased oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner (7.8-1,000 μg/mL) compared to ascorbic acid and Trolox respectively. EJ extract significantly reduced NO production concentration independently. Furthermore, EJ extract showed no cytotoxic effects as determined through the MTT assay. RT-PCR and real-time PCR analyses revealed inhibition of mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6). Western blotting demonstrated EJ’s anti-inflammatory activity by reducing protein levels of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6. These findings suggest that EJ extract exhibits anti-inflammatory activities and can be further evaluated in the future.

Lactobacillus is a probiotics that improves various diseases and enhances immunity through the activation of cytokines involved in natural immunity. A variety of studies on immunoregulation have been conducted on various Lactobacillus, but few on Lactobacillus johnsonii (Lj) and especially on immune cells. In this study, we investigated how Lj affects the viability and function of RAW264.7 macrophages. The results indicated that Lj decreased the metabolic activity of RAW 264.7 cells and caused a decrease in the number of cells. In Annexin V and PI staining, the viable cells was significantly decreased at 107 cfu/mL Lj concentration. Measurement of cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that Lj increased the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Also, Lj increased the expression of CD40 and CD86, confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. Taken together, Lj caused decreased metabolic activity and cell viability, but simultaneously increased the expression of macrophage activation markers and TNF-alpha production. Therefore, when an appropriate dosage of Lj is administered, it is expected that the necessary immunomodulation can be increased while minimizing damage on cells. This study provided evidences for the immunomodulatory effects of Lj on RAW 264.7 cells in vitro and is expected to be a valuable information for Lj research.

Ganoderma lucidum, a fungus of significant scientific interest that encompasses a diverse array of bioactive compounds, has been extensively investigated for its potential health-promoting and disease-preventing properties. Ganodermanontriol, a triterpenoid, is the principal active component contributing to its biological activities. This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory properties of ganodermanontriol and to evaluate its potential as a functional ingredient. The expression of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO) production was significantly inhibited in ganodermanontriol (1.25–5 μg/mL)-treated compared to that of untreated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Additionally, the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), specifically p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), was markedly inhibited in ganodermanontriol (3–5 μg/mL)-treated cells. These findings indicate that ganodermanontriol possesses significant potential as both a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for immune-related disorders, owing to its ability to modulate inflammatory responses.

본 연구에서는 기존 율피 중에 존재하는 ellagic acid 정 량 할 수 있는 분석법을 확립하였다. 본 실험에서 사용된 밤과 율피, 율피 가루는 2023년 10월 서울 소재 전통 및 약령시장에서 구입하였다. 실험에서 사용된 밤 품종은 국 내에서 소비되는 품종으로 서산, 옥광, 이평, 석추, 중국산 을 구입하여 사용하였고, 가공된 율피와 율피가루의 원산 지는 공주, 아산지역의 제품을 구입하여 실험을 진행했다. 율피중에 존재하는 ellagic acid의 함량은 100% methanol 에서 0.077 mg/g으로 가장 높게 검출되었고, 50% methanol 과 ethanol에서 0.048 mg/g, 증류수에서는 0.011 mg/g로 확 인되었다. 유기용매에 비율이 낮을수록 ellagic acid의 함 량은 순차적으로 줄어듬을 확인하였다. Waters사의 HPLC 이용하였으며 분석용 컬럼은 Aegispak C18-L을 사용하였 고, 이동상은 A (1.2% phosphoric acid in DW)와 B (methanol)를 이용하여 gradient 를 사용하였다. 유속은 1.0 mL/min, 주입량은 10 μL, 컬럼 오븐은 35oC이였다. 검 량선 작성을 위해 1-50 g/mL 범위에서 상관계수(R2) 0.9999 이상의 직선성을 확인하였다. 검량선내 3개 농도를 이용 하여 정밀도와 정확성을 측정한 결과, 일내 정밀도는 0.09- 0.18%, 정확도는 99.9-105.8%, 일간 정밀도는 0.04-0.23%, 정확도는 99.8-105.9% 범위내로 확인되었다. 국내에 유통 되고 있는 시료 8가지 품종의 정보는 Table 10과 같이 정 리하였고, 확보된 시료를 분석한 결과 총 8개 시료에서 ellagic acid의 함량은 0.0002-0.0936 mg/g로 확인되었다. Ellagic acid의 검출 한계는 3개 시료에서 검출한계 0.016 μg/ mL, 정량한계 0.499 μg/mL로 확인되었다. Ellagic acid 측정 불확도 산출 결과 0.40±0.01 mg/kg (신뢰수준 95%, K=2)로 비교적 낮은 측정불확도 값을 산출하였다. 따라서 본 연 구에서는 율피 중 ellagic acid 정성 및 정량분석을 위해 유효성이 검증된 분석법 확립으로 인하여 율피 중 ellagic acid의 기준규격 설정 및 관리에 참고 자료가 될 수 있고, 향후 ellagic acid를 이용한 건강기능식품 개발에 있어 품종, 지역 및 추출용매에 따른 실험결과를 바탕으로 건강기능 식품 기준규격 관리와 활성 및 독성시험 연구의 근거 자 료가 될 수 있다고 판단된다.

As the number of households with pets has increased worldwide, there is a growing trend of accepting pets as family members. Consequently, the pet food market has seen the emergence of concepts such as “human-grade,” “raw (PMR and BARF),” and “no synthetic additives” pet food. These concepts not only fulfill essential nutrients but also consider the health and habits of pets, a crucial aspect that should be at the forefront of our work. However, these types of pet food are prone to microbial contamination and component alterations caused by heat. Current studies and products have recently been developed overseas to apply non-thermal sterilization technologies to pet food commonly used in the food industry. In contrast, the domestic standards for non-thermal sterilization in pet food are insufficient. Therefore, a comprehensive review of non-thermal sterilization technologies, such as high-pressure processing (HPP), radiation, and plasma predominantly applied in the international pet food market, is deemed necessary. This review is expected to provide guidelines for non-thermal sterilization standards in domestic pet food, thereby laying the foundation for the safe production of raw pet food.

Sprout products, such as broccoli, alfalfa, and cabbage, have positive health effects. Thus far, sprout foods have attracted attention owing to their good bioavailability. In particular, young broccoli sprouts exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects. They contain 100 times more chemoprotective substances than adult broccoli. This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of freeze-dried young sprout broccoli (FD-YB) in vitro using RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The FDYB powder antioxidant ability test showed that the radical-scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, FD-YB was not cytotoxic to RAW264.7 cells, and nitric oxide production decreased after the FD-YB treatment of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, FD-YB significantly decreased the expression of inflammation-related proteins (Cyclooxygenase-2, Inducible nitric oxide synthase, and Prostaglandin E Synthase 2) and cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor- and Interleukin-6). In conclusion, FD-YB can be a potential nutraceutical for preventing and regulating excessive immune responses during inflammation.

As environmental concerns escalate, the increase in recycling of aluminum scrap is notable within the aluminum alloy production sector. Precise control of essential components such as Al, Cu, and Si is crucial in aluminum alloy production. However, recycled metal products comprise various metal components, leading to inherent uncertainty in component concentrations. Thus, meticulous determination of input quantities of recycled metal products is necessary to adjust the composition ratio of components. This study proposes a stable input determination heuristic algorithm considering the uncertainty arising from utilizing recycled metal products. The objective is to minimize total costs while satisfying the desired component ratio in aluminum manufacturing processes. The proposed algorithm is designed to handle increased complexity due to introduced uncertainty. Validation of the proposed heuristic algorithm's effectiveness is conducted by comparing its performance with an algorithm mimicking the input determination method used in the field. The proposed heuristic algorithm demonstrates superior results compared to the field-mimicking algorithm and is anticipated to serve as a useful tool for decision-making in realistic scenarios.

본 연구에서는 식품 이외에 다른 용도로 사용이 가능한 농·임산물 중 천연유래 보존료의 함유량을 조사하기 위하 여 안식향산, 소브산 및 프로피온산의 함유량을 분석하였 다. 식품 이외에 다른 용도로 사용이 가능한 농·임산물 중 안식향산 및 소브산 함량을 정량, 정성 분석하기 위하여 액체크로마토그래프(HPLC-DAD) 및 액체크로마토그래프 질량분석기(LC-MS/MS)를 이용하였고, 프로피온산 함량 분석을 위하여 가스크로마토그래프(GC-FID) 및 가스크로 마토그래프 질량분석기(GC-MS)를 사용하였다. 에탄올을 사용하여 용매추출 후 원심분리 하여 상층액을 카트리지 를 이용하여 정제하는 방법으로 전처리 방법을 확립하였 고, 직선성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 회수율 측정으로 분석방 법을 검증하였다. 식품 이외에 다른 용도로 사용이 가능 한 농·임산물 497건을 수거하여 분석한 결과, 안식향산, 소 브산, 프로피온산의 검출 범위는 각각 불검출-27.3 mg/kg, 불검출-1,057 mg/kg, 불검출-175 mg/kg이었다. 안식향산, 소 브산, 프로피온산의 평균 검출량이 가장 높게 나타난 품목 은 각각 작약(337 mg/kg), 비자(12.1 mg/kg), 몰약(64.8 mg/ kg)이었다. 본 연구에서 확립된 분석 방법은 다양한 식품 이외에 다른 용도로 사용이 가능한 농·임산물을 대상으로 미량의 함량의 천연유래 안식향산, 소브산, 프로피온산을 분석할 수 있는 적합한 방법이며, 분석 결과는 식품 이외 에 다른 용도로 사용이 가능한 농·임산물 중 천연유래 안 식향산, 소브산, 프로피온산의 함유량을 알 수 있는 근거 자료로 향후 식품 검사 시 보존료 사용기준 위반 판정으 로 인한 민원제기나 국가간 무역 마찰 시 기초자료로 활 용될 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 경기도 내 유통 중인 간편조리세트 55건 내 농·축·수산물 원재료의 미생물 오염도를 조사하였다. 55 건의 간편조리세트 중 농산물이 원재료로 들어가는 제품 은 48건, 축산물이 원재료로 들어가는 제품은 43건, 수산 물이 원재료로 들어가는 제품은 16건이었다. 농·축·수산물 에서 일반세균은 100%의 검출률을 보였으며, 일반세균 평균 검출량은 농산물 6.57 log CFU/g, 축산물 4.60 log CFU/g, 수 산물 5.47 log CFU/g으로 나타났다. 농·축·수산물에서 대 장균군은 각각 81.25%, 69.77%, 43.75%의 검출률을 보였 고, 대장균군 평균 검출량은 농산물 2.83 log CFU/g, 축산 물 1.34 log CFU/g, 수산물 1.12 log CFU/g으로 나타났다. 대 장균은 13건(30.23%)의 축산물에서 0.70-2.36 log CFU/g 범위로 검출된 반면, 수산물에서는 1건(6.25%)만 검출되 었고, 농산물에서는 검출되지 않았다. 농·축·수산물에서 진 균은 각각 97.92%, 93.02%, 93.75%의 검출률을 보였고, 진균 평균 검출량은 농산물 3.82 log CFU/g, 축산물 2.92 log CFU/g, 수산물 2.82 log CFU/g으로 나타났다. 농·축· 수산물에서 식중독균은 각각 35.42%, 37.21%, 31.25%의 분리율을 보였고, 바실루스 세레우스, 살모넬라균 등 7종 의 45개 식중독균을 분리하였다. 간편조리세트로 인한 식 중독 사고 예방을 위하여 세척, 충분한 가열 섭취 및 조 리과정 중 교차오염에 대한 주의가 필요하다.

본 연구는 국내산 가시오가피의 건강기능식품 소재로서 의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 산지별 채취한 가시오가피의 유효물질 함량 및 면역 증강 효과을 평가하였다. 태백, 철 원, 삼척, 강원도 농업기술원에서 수확한 가시오가피의 지 표성분인 eleutheroside B 및 eleutheroside E의 분석을 수 행하였으며, 면역 증강에 대한 효과를 관찰하기 위하여 MTT 세포독성 평가, NO 생성량과 cytokine 생성량을 측 정하였다. 지표성분 eleutheroside B의 함량은 채취 지역별 로 70% 에탄올 추출물에서는 2.96±0.11-6.24±0.05 mg/g로 태백에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈으며, 열수 추출물에서 는 1.11±0.05-2.11±0.03 mg/g로 태백에서 가장 높은 함량 을 나타냈다. Eleutheroside E 함량은 채취 지역별로 70% 에탄올 추출물에서는 4.93±0.20-10.79±0.03 mg/g을 나타냈으 며 철원에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈고, 열수 추출물에서 는 1.75±0.14-3.64±0.05 mg/g로 철원과 농업기술원에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 또한, eleutheroside B 및 E 함량은 열수 추출물보다 70% 에탄올 추출물에서 더 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 채취 지역별 가시오가피의 70% 에탄올 추출물은 50-200 μg/mL 농도에서, 열수 추출물은 100-500 μg/mL 농도 에서 RAW 264.7 대식세포에 대한 세포독성을 나타내지 않 았으며, 대식세포의 활성화로 방출되는 NO 성성량을 측정 한 결과, 가시오가피 줄기 추출물에서 NO 생성량이 증가하 는 것을 확인하였으며, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β을 포함하는 cytokine의 방출을 측정한 결과 유의적인 증가를 나타냈다. 따라서 가시오가피 줄기는 면역 관련 질환의 개선을 위한 건강기능식품 소재로 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

The global pet market is continuously growing as the number of single-person households increases along with the preponderance of the nuclear family, so pet-related industries are steadily growing. In addition, the market related to the health of companion animals is also increasing significantly. Regarding the health of companion animals, it is reported that the incidence of adult diseases, like humans, is growing mainly due to activities in indoor environments and the lack of exercise due to the lack of time for companion animals. This paper studies the antioxidant properties of Jerusalem Artichoke extract, which can be used as a raw material for functional foods related to adult diseases in companion animals by using substances extracted from Jerusalem Artichokes grown by the first author. Samples to be tested were extracted from hot water extraction and ethanol extraction methods according to conditions. To confirm the antioxidant properties, absorbance analysis, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, polyphenol measurement, flavonoid measurement, and radical scavenging ability measurement by DPPH were performed to determine whether the raw materials applied in this paper could be used. It was confirmed that Jerusalem Artichoke extract is a suitable additive raw material for functional pet food.

We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of shiitake mushroom and kelp (SMK) mixture extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS significantly increased NO (nitric oxide) production, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β), and inflammation-related genes (COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)). In cytotoxicity testing using RAW 264.7 cells, SMK mixture extracts in the range of 1-16 μg/mL did not inhibit cell proliferation. However, SMK mixture extracts significantly inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). SMK treatment significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-1β levels compared to the LPS group, and similarly, pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels also decreased. SMK mixture extracts reduced the mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells compared to LPS (p<0.05). The above results show that SMK mixture extracts suppressed the inflammatory response induced by LPS. In particular, the extracts were shown to regulate the inflammatory response by suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related enzymes.

Owing to its diverse range of bioactive compounds, Ganoderma lucidumhas garnered significant research attention for health promotion and disease prevention. Ganodermanondiol, which has a triterpenoid structure, is one of the major active compounds of G. lucidum. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of ganodermanondiol were investigated to evaluate its usefulness as a functional ingredient. Ganodermanondiol (0.5–2 g/mL) significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), the expression of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)??and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage) cells. Ganodermanondiol (0.5–2 g/mL) also inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal molecules, including p38 and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) in RAW 264.7 cells. Ganodermanondiol significantly inhibited the essential factors involved in the inflammatory responses of RAW 264.7 cells and would, therefore, serve as a potential prophylactic and therapeutic agent for immune-related diseases.

Background: Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli), a rich source of antioxidants, can prevent various diseases and improve human health. In this study, we investigated the antioxidative effects of broccoli sprout extract on oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide and cisplatin in cell and organ tissue models. Methods: Antioxidative effect of BSE was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS in RAW 364.7 cells, and effects of BSE on testes were investigated using Cisplatin-induced testicular damage model with an in vitro organ culture system. Results: The DPPH assay showed that the antioxidant activity of the alcoholic broccoli sprout extract was higher than that of the water extract. Additionally, the expression levels of antioxidation-related genes, Nrf2 , Gsr , HO-1, and catalase , were significantly increased in broccoli sprout extract-treated RAW 264.7 cells, and the extract suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Based on the results in the RAW 264.7 cell culture, the antioxidative effects of the extracts were investigated in a mouse testis fragment culture. The expression of Nrf2 , HO-1 , and Ddx4 was clearly decreased in cisplatin-treated mouse testis fragments and not in both broccoli sprout extract- and cisplatin-treated mouse testis fragments. In addition, the oxidative marker O-HdG was strongly detected in cisplatin-treated mouse testis fragments, and these signals were reduced by broccoli sprout extract treatment. Conclusions: The results of this study show that broccoli sprout extracts could serve as potential nutraceutical agents as they possess antioxidant effects in the testes.

GC-MS/MS using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and C18 cartridges was used to identify and quantify levels of chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin in bulk raw milk. A calibration curve spanning 10 ng/mL to 200 ng/mL was obtained with a satisfactory correlation coefficient of 0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) for chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin in the matrix ranged from 0.06 to 1.81 ng/mL and 0.19 to 6.04 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of 5 pesticides from spiked samples at 37.5-125 ng/mL ranged from 86.1 to 102.1%. The measurement of uncertainty of the GC-MS/MS method for these five pesticides was developed based on the analytical process and quantification. An analysis method that is easier and faster than the method specified in the Korean food standards codes for analyzing these five pesticides in raw material milk was developed. Moreover, the analytical method for chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin in bulk raw milk by GC-MS/MS was established.

This research investigated the immunoenhancing effect through the intracellular MAPKs and NF-B signaling pathways in macrophages activated by crude polysaccharides (YBP) of barley sprouts. YBP extracted from barley sprouts is composed of xylose (25.8%), arabinose (24.1%), galactose (23.4%), and galacturonic acid (11.7%). YBP did not affect the cytotoxicity and showed superior secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- by RAW264.7 cells. Also, YBP dose dependently increased IL-6, TNF-, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA gene expression. In the western blot, YBP strongly induced the phosphorylation of the p38, JNK, ERK, and IB pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. In the anti-pattern recognition receptor (anti-PRRs) assay, the effect of YBP on NO secretion strongly decreased toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and Dectin1 antibodies, whereas IL-6 and TNF- secretion by YBP mainly decreased SR and CD14. Therefore, we concluded that YBPinduced NO, IL-6, and TNF- were secreted via the MAPKs, while NF-B pathways through TLR4, Dectin1, SR, and CD14 receptors existed in a macrophage surface and were involved in the immunoenhancing effect.