This study performed the pre-treatments of the manufacturing of the pork skin snack with wet-salting (3% and 6%; 3W and 6W) and dry-salting (0.3% and 0.6%; 0.3D and 0.6D). Regarding the manufacturing yield, the 0.3D and 6W were significantly higher than the other samples (p<0.05). The water contents of the Con and 0.6D were significantly lower than the other samples (p<0.05). The fat contents of the Con and 6W were evidently higher than the 3W, 0.3D, and 0.6D (p<0.05). The lightness of the wet-salting group was markedly higher than the Con (p<0.05). The redness and yellowness of the 0.6D were noticeably higher than the Con (p<0.05). The crispness of the 0.6D was considerably higher than the other samples (p<0.05). The appearance and sensory crispness of the 3W and 0.6D were notably lower than the other samples (p<0.05). The taste score of the 0.6D was much lower than the 6W and 0.3D (p<0.05). The overall acceptability of the Con, 6W, and 0.3D was appreciably higher than the other samples (p<0.05). Overall, this study showed that wet-salting with 6% (6W) and dry-salting with 0.3% (0.3D) can improve pork skin snack quality properties.

In this study, we developed a healthy snack using dried shrimp powder which is rich in calcium to help prevent bone disease. Different types of yanggaeng were prepared with varying ratios of dried shrimp powder; 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. Moisture content, color value, texture properties, and mineral concentration were measured. The L, a, and b chromaticity values showed significant differences in the 5% addition group (p<0.001). The texture properties, hardness, and adhesion decreased significantly as the amount of shrimp powder increased (p<0.001), while chewiness and elasticity significantly increased as the amount increased (p<0.001). Calcium and potassium increased significantly as the amount of shrimp powder increased (p<0.001).

The number of vegans has increased rapidly due to religious and ethical beliefs, environmental concerns, health, etc. Also, as interest in healthy and safe food increases, the demand for organic products or nutrition-enhanced products is increasing. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the selection attributes and purchasing behavior for protein-fortified and vegan snacks. It is anticipated that the results would find use as basic data for developing protein-fortified snacks for vegans that can meet consumer needs and derive marketing strategies. A survey was conducted on 140 consumers. According to the analysis of their purchase behavior, the number of people who had purchased high-protein snacks and vegan snacks was higher than those who did not have prior experience. The reasons for the purchase of protein fortified snacks included ‘meal replacement’ at ‘offline-convenient store/supermarket’. Vegan snacks were purchased for ‘ethical beliefs, health, environment’ at ‘offline-vegan restaurant, bakery’. Both snacks showed above-normal preferences. However, it is necessary to improve taste and flavor when developing these products as these were the factors that negatively impacted the preferences. The attributes were factorized into the ‘showing off factor’, ‘sensory factor’, ‘credence factor’, and ‘functional factor’ and the ‘sensory factor’ was considered the most important.

This study was conducted to compare differences in dietary habits and snack consumption behaviors according to level of job stress among 20- to 30-year-old office workers. Subjects were 205 office workers working in companies located in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Self-administered questionnaires written by the subjects were statistically analyzed by the SPSS 20.0 program. Subjects were classified into a high-risk job stress group (n=102, High-RSG) or low-risk job stress group (n=103, Low-RSG) by level of job stress. For dietary habits, the duration of meal time before suffering from job stress in High-RSG was significantly faster compared to Low-RSG. Appetite after suffering from job stress in High-RSG was significantly higher compared to Low-RSG. For snack consumption behaviors, the reason for snack intake was ‘job stress’ for 42.2% in High-RSG and ‘hunger’ for 31.1% in Low-RSG (p<0.05). Energy intake in the form of chocolates, castellacakesmuffins, and flavored milk during working hours was significantly higher in High-RSG compared to Low-RSG (p<0.05). Therefore, this study suggests that dietary guidelines to ameliorate job stress should be developed in order to manage and improve dietary habits caused by suffering from job stress among young office workers at companies.

본 연구는 팽화스낵에 기능성 및 영양적으로 뛰어난 인삼의 활용도를 높이고자 각 조건별로 팽화스낵을 제조해 품질특성을 조사하였다. 수분함량(1, 4, 7, 10%)을 달리하여 pellet을 제조하고, 백미와 혼합한 뒤 팽화온도(180-220℃)를 달리하여 스낵을 제조하였다. 팽화스낵 제조 시, pellet의 수분함량과 팽화온도가 낮을수록 팽화가 잘 일어나지 않아 딱딱한 질감과 온전하지 않은 모양으로 제조되었다. 색도에서는 pellet의 수분함량과 팽화온도가 높을수록 명도, 적색도, 비체적은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었지만, 조직감에서는 감소하였다. 이에 따라 인삼을 이용한 팽화스낵 제조 시에는 적절한 수분함량과 팽화온도가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

The sensory characteristics of a rice processed snack for 6 to 12 month old infants were investigated. The microbiological safety of all samples was also tested. The moisture content of snack of the SW snack was 6.33 significantly higher than in the other snacks (p<0.05). The sensory intensities of RW were highest in glossiness brightness, uniformity, sweet aroma, savory flavor, sweet flavor, chewiness and crispiness. In the; consumer acceptance test, RW showed significantly higher glossiness, uniformity, sweet aroma, savory flavor, sweet flavor, rancid, chewiness, adhesiveness, crispiness and overall acceptance than the other snacks (p<0.05). The aerobic plate counts were negative in all the samples tested. E. coli and pathogenic microorganisms tests were also negative or not detected, showing that all the samples tested were microbiologically safe according to the food code which applies to food manufacturers. Overall, potentially high value products of rice processed snacks for 6 to 12 month old infants were developed and tested They are expected to be utilized and in the competitive and growing infant food industry.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidative and physical properties of finger food type rice snacks and pumpkin rice snacks for infants aged 6 to 12 months old. The addition of rice germ did not affect density or porosity, and there was no significant difference when compared with commercial products. The addition of rice germ to the rice snack group did not reduce the longitudinal expansion quality of the rice snack. The WAI of RW and SW values were 9.83 and 8.93, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other samples (p<0.05). The results of this study show that the addition of rice germ to rice snack resulted in reduced density and porosity of rice snacks and maintenance of a high water absorption index, which are more desirable characteristics for products. The products with rice germ showed significantly higher antioxidative activities among all samples (p<0.05).

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of combined drying conditions on the quality characteristics of lotus root chips. A combined drying was conducted using the superheated steam (SHS) at 220°C for 6 min, then subsequent contact drying at 150°C for specified times (2, 4 or 6 min) and finally hot air at specified temperatures (50, 60 or 70°C) for 1 hr. Changes in appearance of lotus root chips such as surface color, shrinkage and deformed shape were resulted from the extent of time and temperature of post-drying conditions. Moisture content of lotus root chips decreased with increasing the time and temperature of post-drying process. Surface color of lotus root chips was determined mainly by the contact drying step of a combined drying process. Polyphenol content was influenced by the temperature of hot air rather than the duration of contact drying. Meanwhile hardness of lotus root chips decreased significantly with increasing the duration of contact drying. These results suggested that a combined drying process with appropriate processing conditions could be applicable successfully for the manufacturing of un-fried lotus root chips.

Recently, additive-free sweet potato has been commercialized as a healthier snack food. However, these products are producing by semi-dried form to extend shelf-life, hence the products also possesses hard texture during chewing. To produce crispy sweet potato snack, this study was attempted to dry the semi-dried sweet potato instantly by a hot-press (HP) process. Mashed sweet potato was reformed and semi-dried at 65°C for varying time to provide various final moisture contents. The semi-dried samples were subjected to HP at the process temperature of 175-180°C for 2 seconds. As quality parameters, moisture content, brix, color, texture and sensorial test of the products were evaluated. Based on the results, optimal quality of the product was obtained by the semi-dried sample with 15~18% moisture at which the products exhibited good crispiness with bright yellow color. When the moisture content of the sample before HP was lower than 15%, the final products were normally broken during the HP process. In addition, extreme browning appearance was generated in this condition. Conversely, the sample with more than 18% of moisture was not completely dried by HP and the final product did not possess the crispy texture, although this product showed bright yellow appearance. Consequently, this study demonstrated the potential application of HP in sweet potato processing and the best condition was greatly affected by moisture content of sample prior to HP process.

This study was conducted to evaluate the risk of overweight and obesity in adolescents consuming snacks frequently from 2007~2009, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The subjects (12~14 years: n=523; 15~18 years: n=614) were presented with food frequency questionnaires, and they were classified according to their gender and frequency of snack consumption. In the age group of 12~14 years, boys and girls (boys OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.52~2.39, girls OR: 12.45, 95% CI: 2.26~68.51) who consumed yogurt frequently had a higher risk of overweight and obesity at the highest quartile frequency compared with the lowest quartile after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, physical activity, frequency of eating out and snack consumption, and energy intake. In the age group of 15~18 years, girls (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.34~2.99) consuming fried foods had a higher risk of overweight and obesity at the highest quartile frequency compared with the lowest quartile after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, physical activity, frequency of eating out and snack consumption, and energy intake. Thus, we conclude that frequent consumption of yogurt and fried foods increases the risk of overweight and obesity in adolescents. These findings suggest that the risk of overweight and obesity is associated with the frequency of snack consumption.

Effects of superheated steam (SHS) temperature (120, 150, 180, 220°C) and time (2, 5, 8, 10 min) on product quality attributes of snack-type ginseng chips were studied. Ginseng chips dried at faster rate under a higher SHS temperature. Higher SHS temperature resulted in ginseng chips with lower moisture content and water activity. After SHS treatment, lightness (L values) and redness (a values) of ginseng chips decreased significantly whereas yellowness (b values) of those increased. Although crude saponin content in ginseng chips reduced slightly after SHS treatment, chips treated at 150°C for 5 min had the highest saponin retention among samples. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that SHS treatment cause the shrinkage at the surface first, forming compressed cell layers. As treatment proceeded, pores and cavities were formed internally, resulting porous structure. These results suggested that SHS treatment shows great promise in production of snack-type ginseng chips by reducing drying time without any quality deterioratio

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is usually caused by foods such as wheat, egg, milk, and peanuts, leading to common health problems in early childhood with complications like urtication. The aim of this study was to evaluate ethanol extracts of rice and rice snacks concentrated until the ethanol was completely eliminated and hot-air dried. In vitro analyses were carried out using murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. We measured cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and inflammatory cytokine level. The NO level of the cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly reduced by rice and rice snack extracts. TNF-α level decreased in contrast to the LPS group, although a significant difference was not observed. On the other hand, IL-6 significantly decreased in both rice and rice snack extracts in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the present study suggest that rice and rice snack decreased NO and inflammatory cytokine levels. Therefore, rice could be useful as a raw material for relieving child atopic dermatitis caused by snacks made from wheat.

과열증기처리한 백미로 제조한 압출스낵의 물리화학적 특성과 미세구조를 조사하여 과열증기처리 및 과열증기온도(200, 250, 350oC)가 압출스낵의 품질특성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 압출스낵의 이화학적 특성 측정결과, 팽화도는 과열증기처리에 따라 증가하였으나 과열증기온도의 영향은 미미하였다. 압출스낵의 경도는 과열증기처리에 따라, 과열증기온도가 높을수록 감소하였다. 손상전분함량은 과열증기처리에 따라 78.1%에서 80-81%로 다소 증가하였으나 과열증기온도에 따른 손상전분함량의 유의 차는 없었으며, 이로써 과열증기처리가 전분호화에 미치는 영향은 크지 않은 것을 확인하였다. 과열증기처리에 따라 수분흡수지수(WAI)는 유사한 측정치를 나타낸 반면 수분용해지수(WSI)는 비교적 크게 증가하여 과열증기처리가 압출공정에서 전분분자의 저분자화를 증가시키는 것으로 판단되었다. 압출스낵의 수분흡수율은 과열증기처리에 따라 증가하였으며 과열증기온도가 높을수록 수분흡수율은 증가하였다. 압출스낵의 미세구조 관측결과, 압출스낵 내부의 기공 크기와 기공 막 두께는 과열증기처리에 따라 감소하며, 이와 같은 내부구조 변화로 인하여 과열증기처리 압출스낵의 팽화도, 경도 및 수분흡수율 측정결과는 대조구와 상이하였다. 한편 과열증기처리에 따른 압출스낵의 미세구조 변화는 과열증기처리가 쌀의 배유조직 내에 미세한 균열(stress crack)을 발생하고, 미세 균열 내의 공기가 압출과정에 유입되어 보다 많은 핵심이 생성되며, 이로 인하여 다공성이 높아지는 것으로 추정된다.