Jeolpyon rice cake was made using buckwheat flour and measured its texture, color and sensory properties as follows. According to the amylograph guage test, rice flour was the highest in its initial pasting temperature 82.5℃. With 5% addition of buckwheat flour, it came to be 81.0℃ and became 79.5℃ at 10%, and 78.0℃ at 15%, which was lower than the control. And its maximum temperature at peak viscosity showed at 87℃ and it showed no difference in temperature according to the amount of buckwheat flour. The maximum value (peak point) was 690 BU in control and it increased following to the added amount of buckwheat flour, 710 BU in adding buckwheat flour 10% and 740 BU in 15% of buckwheat flour. In relating to the changes of texture, it became hard by the added amount of buckwheat flour because of decreasing cohesiveness and springiness, but increasing gumminess and brittleness. The hardness increased by adding with buckwheat flour through the freeze preserving period. But adding buckwheat flour of 10% decreased the hardness. Regarding the color value, lightness decreased by the adding buckwheat flour, but a and b value increased. As a result of the sensory analysis about Jeolpyon prepared with buckwheat flour, the most favoured ratio of buckwheat flour for color and preference was at 10%. In case of 15%, it was a little dark so it was not desirable. Based on the above test, the best combination ratio of buckwheat for Jeolpyon was 10%. And Jeolpyon can be easily made at home as well as mass production due to relatively simple making procedure.

흰쥐의 체중은 실험기간 동안 증가하였으며, 식이별로는 대조군이 가장 높은 체중 증가를 보였다. 콜레스테롤의 첨가는 흰쥐의 정상적인 성장을 억제하였으며, 콜레스테롤 첨가군에서는 콜레스터롤 대조군의 체중증가량이 유의하게 가장 낮았다. Rutin과 메밀채소를 식이에 첨가하였을 때 흰쥐의 콜레스테롤에 의한 성장억제 작용을 효과적으로 감소시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 첨가량의 증가에 따라 헐청에 총콜레스테롤 함량과 과산화지질 함량은 낮아진 반면에 HDL-cholesterol 함량은 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 고콜레스테롤 식이를 급여시킨 흰쥐의 장기에서는 칼슘침착이 나타나는 병리조직학적 변화를 보였으며, 메밀채소 섭취에 의하여 칼슘침착의 정도는 완화되었다.

본 연구에서는 쓴메밀 74개 유전자원의 종자 표현형 및 화학 형과 관련된 8개 주요형질을 평가하였으며, 그 결과를 바탕으로 주성분분석 및 군집분석을 수행하였다. 또한 rutin 고함유 자원 등 기능성 쓴메밀 육성재료로 활용가능한 유망 유전자원을 선발하였다. 쓴메밀 유전자원의 종자크기는 일반메밀보다 작은 평균 5.2 × 3.4 ㎜였으며, 종피색은 흑갈색이 45.9%로 가장 많았다. 종자모양은 달갈형과 타원형이 주를 이루었다. 쓴메밀 종자의 유용성분 평균 함량은 rutin이 1,393 ㎎/100 g DW였다. Flavonoid 함량 범위는 253-2,669 ㎎/100 g이었으며, polyphenol 함량 범위는 209-1,823 ㎎/100 g 으로 나타냈다. 쓴메밀 유전자원의 주성분 분석 결과, 제3주성분까지 적용하였을 때 전체 분산의 68.55%를 설명할 수 있었다. 제1주성분에는 rutin, flavonoid 및 polyphenol, 제2주성분에서는 종자길이, 제3주성분에서는 종자폭의 비중이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이를 바탕으로 5개의 군집으로 구분할 수 있었으며, 유전자원을 구분하는 가장 중요한 형질로는 rutin, flavonoid 및 polyphenol이었다. 쓴메밀 유전 자원 중 5개 자원(HLB1004, HLB1005, HLB1007, HLB1009, HLB1013)이 높은 rutin 함량을 보였으며, 이러한 유용자원들은 향후 기능성 육종소재 개발에 효과적으로 활용가능할 것으로 기대된다.

In Korea, common and Tartary buckwheat are cultivated mainly in spring and fall, however the available buckwheat varieties are still very limited. In this study, we have evaluated buckwheat germplasm for agronomic traits and compared flavonoids contents in different cultivation period and collection area. In common buckwheat, the number of days from sowing to flowering was 40 and 31 days and from sowing to maturity took 90 and 69 days in spring and fall cultivation, respectively. The number of nodes and branches were higher in spring cultivation while the hundred seed weight was higher in fall cultivation. The average flavonoids contents in common buckwheat were 0.20 ㎎/g dry weight (DW) and 0.40 ㎎/g DW in spring and fall cultivation, respectively. The highest flavonoids content was detected in Jeonnam accessions with 0.29 ㎎/g DW and 0.43 ㎎/g DW during spring and fall cultivation, respectively. The flavonoids contents were varied from 1.5 to 2.5 times according to the collection area. These results suggest that the agronomic traits and flavonoids contents were vary depending on the cultivation environment and germplasm collection area. Therefore, it is necessary to select the material by considering the characteristics of the germplasm for breeding of new varieties.

Background : Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (common buckwheat) is an important pseudocereal due to high agricultural and medicinal values. It contains various minerals, fiber, and flavonoids. Additionally, flavonoids in buckwheat have various health effects. Thus, this study is aim to optimize the concentration of chitosan, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA), for the production of phenolics in germinated buckwheat using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods and Results : The treatment with 0.1% chitosan increased the accumulation of all 7 phenolic compounds compared with the control, 0.01 and 0.5% chitosan treatments (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the germinated buckwheat treated with JA at the specific concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 μM increased the accumulation of total phenolic compounds. The germinated buckwheat grown in 150 μM of JA showed the highest amount of total phenolics which was approximately 2.47 times higher than that of control. Particularly, the accumulation of gallic acid, rutin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, and (-)-epicatechin were approximately 2.00, 2.38, 1.76, 2.81, and 7.95 times higher in JA-treated buckwheat than in the control buckwheat samples. A total of seven phenolics, including gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, (-)-epicatechin, benzoic acid, and rutin, were detected in germinated buckwheat. Apparently, JA and chitosan treatment enhanced the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the germinated buckwheat. Particularly, the treatments with 0.1 % chitosan and 150 μM JA were the most effective on the accumulation of phenolic compounds. According to the time-course analysis, a 72 h chitosan treatment enhanced the production of phenolics. Similarly, the germinated buckwheat treated with 48 and 72 h showed the accumulation of higher levels of phenolic compounds than the control buckwheat. Conclusion : This study aimed to optimize the concentrations and treatment period of elicitors, chitosan and JA, for the enhanced production of phenolic compounds in germinated buckwheat. Thus, these results might help build sturdy strategies to enhance the production of phenolics in germinated buckwheat as a good nutritional source for human consumption.

Background : Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary air pollutant that negatively affects numerous agricultural crop and forest. The tropospheric ozone is constantly increasing due to fossil fuel air pollutants. Here, we study the response of tartary buckwheat to ozone gas includes physiological and biochemical changes such as change in gene expression and metabolism. Methods and Results : Tartary buckwheat plants have green stems and leaves under normal conditions, while the plants exposed to the ozone have red stems and reddish green leaves. The expression of most flavonoid biosynthetic genes were significantly upregulated in ozone-treated buckwheat plants, exceting the expression of FtF3’H2. The contents of two anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, were significantly increased by ozone treatment. From the metabolic profiling based on the GC-TOF-MS analysis, we identified the effect of ozone on thirty-five metabolites, including sugars, amino acids, and organic acids. Most of the metabolites result in significantly decreased or nearly remain unchanged in the ozone-treated plants compared with untreated plants, excepting alanine, proline, tryptophan, sucrose, and raffinose. To identify the effect of ozone on the leaf, we analyzed the epidermal cells on the leaf surface by scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, amount of epidermal cells were partially destructed in ozone-treated plants. Conclusion : By analyzing both primary and secondary metabolites of tartary buchwheat without or with ozone, we identified that ozone affects the modulation of the metabolites as well as gene expression in tartary buchwheat.

sources of flavonoid, including quercetin, rutin and catechin. The flavonoid content of Tartary buckwheat is 9 - 300 times higher than the common buckwheat. The objective of this study was to compare phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity of tatary buckwheat and common buckwheat in different plant parts. Methods and Results : Total polyphenol, flavonoid contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity was measured in seed, stem and leaf of tatary buckwheat followed by cultivation period. Total polyphenol content was higher in tatary buckwheat compared to common buckwheat. Total polyphenol contents was 347.33 ㎍/㎖ in tatary buckwheat seed extract and 57.24 ㎍/㎖ in common buckwheat stem (2 month). Total flavonoid content was also higher in tatary buckwheat than common buckwheat. Total flavonoid contents of tatary buckwheat seed extract was 45.68 ㎍/㎖, where as common buckwheat seed content 21.29 ㎍/㎖. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in tatary buckwheat than common buckwheat. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 85.76% in tatary buckwheat leaf (2 month) and 54.44% was in common buckwheat stem (2 month). Conclusion : This study indicates that polyphenol contents of tatary buckwheat extract depend on their part and the chronology is the seed> leaf > stem. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of leaf and stem is in inverse proportion to cultivation period. But, DPPH free radical scavenging activity make no difference according to plant cultivation age.

The aim of this study was to determine the suitability of surfactant to extract higher phenolic compound, flavonoid and antioxidant activity from Tartary buckwheat and evaluate the potentiality of surfactant as a screening agent for breeding purpose. Primarily, we employed two types of surfactant (Hydrophilic: Tween 20 and Lipophilic: Span 80) to select the suitable surfactant agent for the extraction of optimum bioactive compounds. Between two surfactants, Tween 20 showed highest efficiency at 4 mM concentration to extract total phenolic content (TP), total flavonoid (TF) and antioxidant activity (AA). Tween 20 at 4 mM concentration was fixed for further analysis along with hot water (90℃) treatment as a control. In our findings, highest TP (118 ㎎/g), TF (38 ㎎/g) and AA (76%) was achieved in KW21 and KW22 among the fifteen accessions of Tartary buckwheat. In other way, TP, TF and AA was 200%, 120% and 110% higher in surfactant formulation compared with control treatment, respectively.

Background : Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) is an annual crop belonging to the polygonaceae family and cultivated in most of Asian and European countries. Nowadays, many people take interest in the utilization of buckwheat seed because of its high nutritional and pharmaceutical values. Especially, tartary buckwheat is drawing attention for its high rutin content, which is beneficial to health. Methods and Results :　Tartary buckwheat sprout (TBS) was powdered and two grams of powder was mixed with 4 ㎖ H2O in a glass petri disc (100 x 20 ㎜) and exposed to far infrared irradiation (FIR) at different temperature (80, 100, 120, 140, 160℃) for an hour each. Further, the FIR treated powdered sprout samples were suspended in 200 ㎖ of 80% ethanol (v/v) and kept overnight in a shaker at room temperature. The extracts were filtered through Advantec 5B Tokyo Roshi Kaisha Ltd., Japan and dried using a vacuum rotatory evaporator (EYLA N-1000, Tokyo, Japan) in a 40℃ water bath. Dried samples were weighed and kept at 4℃ for further analysis. Conclusion : Total polyphenol was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteau assay and total flavonoid by aluminum nitrate colorimetric assay, while antioxidant properties were evaluated based on DPPH free radical scavenging activity, metal chelating property and total antioxidant capacity. This study showed that FIR treatment to TBS caused a decrease in total antioxidant capacity and metal chelation property. However, there was a slight increase in total polyphenol and total flavonoid content from 80 to 120℃. Similarly, DPPH free radical scavenging activity also increased in the same way as TP and TF in TBS. The HPLC result revealed that quercetin production was directly proportional to temperature, and the production (average 14.87 ㎎/g dw) of quercetin was highest at 120℃ (an hour’s treatment), which was 13.54 times higher than the control in TBS.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the endophytic bacterium Herbaspirillum spp effect on seed germination and sprout growth of tartary buckwheat. Inoculant concentration (%v/v) and seed soaking time were applied 10, 20 and 40% and 0, 4, 8, 12 hour, respectively. The experiment was carried out in a growth chamber maintained temperature at 20, 25 and 30ºC without light for 7 days. Results showed that, 10 to 20% (v/v) inoculant concentration by 4 to 8 h seed soaking time at 20°C temperature increased seed vigor rate and total seed germination rate 80-95% and 90-100%, respectively. On the other and, seed inoculation with Herbaspirillum spp. increased hypocotyl length (13-15 ㎝), root length (8-11 ㎝), total fresh weight (135-296 g) and total dry weight (7-10 g), compared to control. It is indicated that sprouts growth and yield depends on inoculation concentrations, seed soaking time and temperature. Therefore, it would be suggested that seed inoculation with Herbaspirillum spp. at concentration of 10 to 20% (v/v), soaking time 4 to 8 h and temperature 20°C promote seed germinations and sprout growth rate of tartary buckwheat.

Background : Plants live in restricted spaces that are constantly exposed to various environmental stresses. Under these stressful conditions, plants lead to biosynthesize specialized metabolites to adapt to environmental stresses. Here we investigate the effects of cold on the metabolome of tartaty buckwheat, focusing the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Methods and Results : From the metabolic profiling based on the GC-TOF-MS analysis, we identified the effect of cold on forty-four metabolites, including sugars, amino acids, and organic acids. Most of sugars and sugar derivatives remain nearly unchanged or slightly decreased in the plants grown at 25 ºC, whereas sugar and sugar derivative contents of cold-treated plants significantly increased, excepting galactose. Some of amino acid and amino acid derivatives contents decrease in cold-treated plants, whereas organic acid derived from tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were increased the cold-treated plants compared with the plants grown at 25 ºC. Particularly, the contents of two anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, were significantly increased by cold treatment. Proanthocyanidins such as epicatechin and catechin were also significantly affected by cold. The expression of most flavonoid biosynthetic genes were significantly upregulated in cold-treated buckwheat seedling. Among the flavonoid biosynthetic genes, the expression of FtANS was notably upregulated in response to cold. Conclusion : By analyzing both primary metabolites and secondary metabolites of tartary buchwheat without or with cold, we showed that cold play a critical role in the modulation of the primary metabolites and flavonoid synthesis pathway in tartary buchwheat. Particularly, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathways are strongly up-regulated in response to cold.

Buckwheat sprouts are a vegetable; a functional food should provide health benefit and enhance performance as high nutritionally important substances. Buckwheat noodles are the major buckwheat food in Japan, Korea and China. In addition, Buckwheat as preventive medicine has undergone a great advancement in the last decade. Comparison of the functional properties distribution and utilization in tatary buckwheat is required of understanding the metabolites. The study was conducted to identify the sorts of phenolic compounds and metabolites in tatary buckwheat seedling at 4, 7, and 10 days seedling under the different combinations of lightemitting diode (LED) such as blue, red, mix (red, blue, and white), dark, and natural lights in stem and leaves. After breaking the dormancy, buckwheat seeds were grown in culture room under lights for 14 hrs and the dark condition for 10 hrs, at 25ºC for 10 days. Length of buckwheat was gradually increased under all of the conditions. Using HPLC, rutin was highest at 7 days under mix and natural light in stem and leaf, respectively. Quercetin was highest at 4 and 7 days under natural light in both. Chlorogenic acid was highest at 7 days under mix and natural in stem and leaf, respectively. Taken Together, this study indicates that phenolic compounds and metabolites present in those plants could be helpful for the human health and nutritional additive.