This study was conducted to investigate the selected chemical properties of soils in Saururus chinensis Baill (Chinese lizard’s tail) cultivation fields to provide optimal fertilizer application rates and to examine the growth and pharmaco-consitituents of Saururus chinensis Baill as influenced by different amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications. Based on the results of selected soil chemical properties in 37 cultivation sites of the plant, soil pH, organic matter content, and exchangeable K+ concentration were lower than optimal values for cultivating general medicinal crops even though relatively high standard deviations were found in some of the values. At the harvesting stage of the plant aerial parts, soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), available P2O5, and exchangeable Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ decreased as comparing with those before transplanting the plant, whereas the concentration of exchangeable K+ increased in the plot treated with N 100% and compost. Fresh weight of the plant aerial parts were highest, 492.5㎏/10, in the N 100% treatment plot. Correlation equation between N levels treated (X) and yield of the plant aerial parts (Y) presented as Y = −2.1609X2 + 30.082X + 344.12 (R2 = 0.7113) and the optimal rate of N fertilizer application for the plant was 6.6㎏/10a. Carbon concentrations in the plant were not different among the different N levels applied. N and K concentrations in the plant were highest in the plot of N 100% with compost applications, the highest P concentration was in N 100% plot, and the highest Ca and S concentrations were in N 200% plot. Quercetin and quercitrin were highest in the N 150% plot and tannin was highest in N 100% or N 100% with compost application plot.

국내 자생식물인 꿀풀(Prunella vulgaris)과 섬초롱꽃(Campanula takesimana)을 이용하여 질소비료의 형태에 따라 생육반응, 항산화 물질 함량 및 항산화 활성을 조사하였다. 질소비료처리는 NO3-N 처리구와 NH4-N 처리구 및 이들의 혼용구로 구분하여 수경재배를 실시하였다. 꿀풀과 섬초롱꽃의 생육은 NO3-N과 NH4-N 혼합처리구에서 좋았다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 꿀풀의 경우 NO3-N과 NH4-N 혼합처리구가 좋았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 및 NO 소거 활성 등의 항산화 활성은 NH4-N 처리구에서 높게 나타났다. NO3-N 처리구의 경우 총 플라보노이드 및 총 폴리페놀 함량이 낮고, 항산화 활성도 낮은 경향이었다.

‘소다미’는 소비료 재배 적응 중만생 고품질 내도복 복합내 병성 품종육성을 목적으로 2003년 하계에 단간 다수성인 ‘익 산469호’(‘온누리’)를 모본으로 하고 도열병에 강하고 초형이 양호한 조생종 운봉31호를 부본으로 인공교배하였다. 보통기 보비 재배에서 ‘소다미’의 출수기는 8월 16일로 ‘남평’과 같 고 간장, 수수 및 수당립수는 각각 81 cm, 12개 및 134개이며 등숙률은 86.8%였다. ‘소다미’는 내냉성 검정에서 냉수구 임 실률은 52%로 소비와 비슷하나 ‘남평’보다 높았다. ‘소다미’ 는 흰잎마름병(K1 ～K3), 줄무늬잎마름병에 강하고 잎도열병, 및 멸구류 등의 해충에 약한 품종이다. ‘소다미’의 쌀 외관은 심복백이 없이 맑고 투명하며, 단백질 및 아밀로스 함량은 각 각 6.0% 및 19.0% 로 ‘남평’ 및 ‘소비’보다 낮았다. ‘소다미’ 의 지역적응시험 3개년간 평균 쌀 수량성은 보통기 소비료 재 배에서 평균 5.2 MT/ha로 ‘소비’보다 3% 높은 경향을 보였 고, 보통기 보비재배에서 6.0 MT/ha로 ‘남평’보다 9% 증수하 는 품종이며 적응지역은 충남이남 평야지 및 남서해안지이다.

본 연구는 질소 추비 시용수준을 달리한 비배관리가 수발아에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 금강밀과 조경밀을 공시하여 질소 추비 처리 수준별로 출수기, 생육, 종실특성 및 수발아 관련 형질을 비교하였다. 질수수준 증가에 따라 간장,수장, 경수 및 영화수가 증가했으나, 임실율은 2010년에는질소 50% 증비(108 kg N/ha)에서 가장 높은 수치를 나타냈고, 2011년에는 100% 증비(144 kg N/ha)에서 가장 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 밀 종실 특성 중 천립중, 리터중 및 수분함량은 질소수준에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 종실 수량은 질소 수준이 증가함에 따라 계속 증가하여 50% 증비에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 그 이후부터는 감소하였다. 종실의 단백질 함량을 살펴보면 질소수준이 증가함에 따라 점차 증가는 경향을 보였으며 100% 증비에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈고, 금강이 조경보다 높은 단백질 함량을 보였다.밀 종자의 수발아 관련 형질간 비교에서는 질수수준이 증가함에 따라 발아율, Germination index 및 ABA sensitivity가점차 감소했는데, 이는 종자의 수발아율을 낮추는 결과를가져왔다. 밀 종자의 Germination index는 금강의 경우 무비(추비)에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 그 이후에는 조경의 경우와 마찬가지로 질소 수준이 증가함에 따라 점차 감소하였다. 밀 종자의 수발아율은 조경의 경우 50% 감비에서24.7%, 금강의 경우 무비(추비)에서 19.6%로 가장 높게 나타났으나, 질소 처리 수준이 증가함에 따라 수발아율은 점차 감소하였다. ABA sensitivity와 수발아율 간에는 정의상관을 나타내어 ABA sensitivity를 간이 수발아 검정법으로 활용 가능할 것으로 보였다.

‘청해진미’는 질소 소비료 적응 고품질 품종을 육성할 목적으로 1995년 하계에 국립식량과학원 답작과 벼품종개발연구팀에서 소비료 적응 특성을 가진 삼지연을 모본으로 병해충저항성 계통 SR14694-57-4-2-1-3-2-2와 양조특성이 우수한 이리 402호를 부본으로 3원 교잡하여 계통육종법에 따라 우량계통을 육성하였다. 선발된 우량계통에 대해 2005~2006년 2년간 생산력 검정시험 결과, 중만생이고 도정 특성과 쌀 외관 및 밥맛이 양호한 SR216

Cultural practices of Asparagus cochinchinensis in highland area were performed for a potential medicinal crop. These studies were examined to propagation methods, planting densities, nitrogen treatments, and cropping years. The results are summarized as follows. The adequate number of buds per tuberous root was 4 for vegetative propagation because the number of tuberous root harvested was 16.8 and the yield was also the highest, exhibiting 1,060 kg/10a. The suitable planting time for vegetative propagation was later than early April. If the earlier tuberous roots were planted, the less they emerged. The highest emergence rate was obtained from the planting density of 30×20cm as 97.2% while the yield was highest in the 30×15cm density, exhibiting 1,883 kg/10a with emergence rate at 94.9. It seemed that the higher planting density promoted plant height growth and yield in Asparagus cochinchinensis. The highest fresh weight was recorded at 6 kg/10a of nitrogen fertilizer into the sandy loam soil compared to the level of 0, 3, 9 kg/10a. The yield was increased with cropping years. However, the proper harvesting time was the second year of cultivation because the rate of weight increase was maximized in the 2-year-old tuberous root. The yield in the third year was decreased as compared to that of the second year.

Plant leaf color is an important indicator for diagnosing the plant nutrient status. A software was developed by Crop Environment and Production Technology Lab. of Seoul National University to analyze the color image of rice canopy taken at panicle initiation stage (PIS) with digital camera and to recommend nitrogen fertilizer rate for target yield or protein content of rice. The software was coded in Visual Basic Ver. 6.0 and includes subroutine to calculate color indices from the digital image and several model equations relating the color indices to biomass and nitrogen accumulation of rice canopy at PIS, the grain yield to nitrogen density at PIS (PNup) and nitrogen accumulation from PIS to maturity (PHNup), and the PHNup to PNup and nitrogen fertilization rate at PIS. The objective of this study were to test the performance of the Software. Using the Software, nitrogen fertilization rate at PIS was recommended targeting the rice protein content of 6.3% for the 12 plots subjected to different amount of basal and tillering N fertilizer. N recommendation using the software reduced the coefficient of variation (CV, %) of rice yield and protein content among plots compared to the conventional N treatment plots. However, the actual protein content of rice was lower than the predicted value. This discrepancy would be attributable to the much better weather condition during grain filling period in 2009 compared to the normal year that assume in the Software for N recommendation. Additional calibration process is needed to improve the accuracy of this Software.

자운영 지속재배시 벼 생육, 수량 및 미질과 질소비료 절감 효과를 구명하고자 3년간 실시한 시험결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 자운영 지속재배시 m2 당 자운영 입모수는 565~804개로 안정적이었고 식물체의 질소 및 칼리함량은 관행보다 높았으나 인산함량은 추천시비량보다 약간 낮았다. 2. 자운영 지속재배 답 벼 생육은 분얼기때는 환원장애를 받아 벼 단작보다 초장이 짧고 주당 경수 및 건물중이 적었으나 유수형성기 이후에는 서서히 회복이 되어 벼 단작과 비슷하였다. 3. 엽색도 변화도 분얼초기부터 출수기까지 벼 단작과 비슷하였으나 출수기 이후 성숙기까지 엽색도는 벼 단작보다 3.7이나 높았다. 이러한 경향은 자운영구에서는 질소성분이 벼 생육후기 늦게까지 공급이 되는 것을 의미한다. 4. 자운영 지속재배논에 무비로 벼를 재배한 결과 m2 당 수수가 벼단작보다 평균 14개정도가 많고 현미천립중이 약간 무거웠고 수당입수는 비슷하였으나 등숙비율은 벼 단작보다 0.6~7.8% 낮았다. 5. 자운영 지속재배논에 무비로 벼 재배시 3년간 쌀수량은 518 kg/10a으로 벼단작 501 kg/10a과 비슷하여 자운영 지속재배시 화학비료 100% 절감이 가능하였다. 6. 자운영 답 벼 재배시 쌀 품질은 벼 단작에 비해 등숙 비율이 낮은 결과 백미 완전미율이 낮았는데 이러한 결과는 벼 성숙기 늦게까지 질소공급에 의한 분상질립 및 청미 등의 미성숙립 비율이 높았기 때문이다.

청청진미는 중부평야지 및 중서부해안지 적응 소비료적성 고품질 벼품종을 육성할 목적으로 1993년 하계에 국립식량과학원 벼품종개발연구팀에서 이리401호와 일품벼를 인공교배하여 SR19633의 교배번호를 부여하고, 1993/1994년 동계에 수원에서 F1 수식 이미지 18개체를 양성하였다. 1995년 하계에 F2 수식 이미지 936개체를 포장에 전개하여 우량개체를 선발하여 집단으로 F3 수식 이미지 및 FF4 수식 이미지 세대를 진

This study evaluated the effect of organic fertilizer on the yield of sesame and the movement of nitrogen and carbon in soil under mulching cultivation. The seven fertilizer treatments investigated are as follows: 1) 8-4-9 kg N-P2O5-K2O 10a-1-control, 2) 80% of control treatment N from mixed expeller cake (MEC)-MEC 80%, 3) 100% of control treatment N from MEC-MEC 100%, 4) 80% of control treatment N from mixed organic fertilizer (MOF)MOF 80%, 5) 100% of control treatment N from MOF-MOF 100%, 6) 80% of control treatment N from latex coated urea complex fertilizer (LCU)-LCU 80%, and 7) no nitrogen. The soil mineral N available in the applied organic MEC and MOF fertilizers was less than the available N in the applied urea fertilizer during the early growth stage of sesame but the amount was observed to increase with time. The concentration of nitrate-N in leached solution 35 days after application was highest at 75 mg l-1 in the control, followed in descending order by MEC 100%, MOF 100%, LCU 80%, MOF 80% and MEC 80%. The concentration of nitrate-N in the leachate in all treatments was observed to rapidly decrease 45 days after fertilizer application and recorded at less than 20 mg l-1 65 days after application. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the leached solution and organic carbon in the soil of the organic fertilizer plots was higher than in the urea- and LCU-fertilized plots during the whole growing period. The yields of sesame applied with MEC and MOF organic fertilizers were 2 to 7% higher than those fertilized with urea. The amount of retained mineral N or organic carbon in the soil is higher in the LCU and organic fertilizer plots than in the urea-fertilized treatments, which resulted in the reduction of nitrate leaching, increasing N efficiency and sesame yield.

This study was carried out to investigate the proper interval of water exchange according to nitrogen fertilizer level at medium saline soil which are 0.3 or more soil salinity in southwestern reclaimed saline land. The nitrogen fertilizer level were 14, 17, 20kg per 10a, and the interval of water exchange were every 3, 6, 9 days after transplanting. The summarized experimental results are as follows. The salinity were maintained as low when the interval of water exchange were every 3 or 6 days after transplanting, but salinity was highest at rooting stage, and decreased from that, so salinity were about 0.3 at panicle initiation stage or ripening stage when the interval of water exchange was every 9 days after transplanting. The rice yield were 537-552kg/10a when the interval of water exchange was every 3 days with 17-20kg/10a nitrogen fertilizer level, and 519-533kg/10a when the interval of water exchange was every 6 days with 17-20kg/10a nitrogen fertilizer level, but decreased outstandingly in the other treatments. Considering the yield and salt injury at medium saline soil at southwestern reclaimed saline land, proper nitrogen fertilizer level was 17-20kg/10a when the interval of water exchange were every 3 or 6 days after transplanting.

Nitrogen (N) impact directly to growth and yield of plants. N loss has occurred every where in the world, it is not only serious problem in agriculture but also in environment. N loss can be caused by erosion, runoff, leaching or by many other factors. This experiment was conducted in green house as modeling with pots. The pot is 50 cm of height, 30 cm of diameter and with a tap at near the bottom for drainage. All pots were fill up of soil as natural horizontal. We use 3 types of soil as paddy soil, upland soil and sandy upland soil. The plant materials were used such as: hot Pepper, Soybean and Rye. We conducted 3 treatments of fertilizer in this experiment with N: 5; 10; 20kg/10a. Every treatment was recycling with 3 times of all drained water. The uptakes of plant nutrients at the first cycle were low and with small amount, almost nutrient were kept in soil and leaching by drained water. Every recycled nutrients was reduced in content of drained water but plant increasing absorbability, it means nutrient use efficiency has been improved. In this experiment the total N reduction after the first cycle was 50% and decreased to 10% after the third recycle. Nutrient loss by leaching depends on the soil type and recycling time. In this experiment, leaching capacity of sandy upland soil was higher than paddy soil and lowest was upland soil. The nutrient contents of drained water of sandy upland soil were more than 25mg at the 3rd recycle, it is still high compare with paddy soil and upland soil. If only use fertilizer for 1st cycle almost fertilizer would be leached to underground water or by the path way as a cause of environmental pollution and furthermore we could save application amount of N fertilizer.

본 시험은 질소 용출 속도가 다른 3가지 피복요소가 포함된 완효성 복합비료를 관행 요소시비량의 80 및 100% 수준으로 시용하여 벼 건답직파 및 이앙재배에서 벼 생육, 수량 및 질소이용율을 알아보고 쌀의 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 1. LCU의 제형별 20℃ 및 30℃ 에서 수중 용출 속도는 LCU40 > LCU80 > LCU혼합 > LCU100 순으로 빨랐다. 2. 벼 생육 및 수량은 건답직파 및 이앙재배 모두에서 LCU-복비100% > LCU-복비80% > 관행 순으로 높았다. 3. LCU-복비 시용에 의한 질소이용율은 요소시용에 비해 건답직파재배에서는 4~7% , 이앙재배에서는 11~13% 향상되었으며, 표준시비량의 20%를 감비한 LCU-복비 80% 시용이 단위시비질소의 생산성이 가장 높았다. 4. 단백질 함량은 건답직파 및 이앙재배의 무질소구에서 6.3 및 6.6%로 가장 낮았고, 비료 처리간에는 LCU-복비 80% 시용구에서 각각 6.5 및 6.7%로 관행 요소시용 7.3 및 7.4%에 비해 낮았다. 5. 아밀로즈 함량 및 Mg/K 비는 모든 처리간에 유의성이 없었다. 또한 쌀의 호화특성 중 최고점도 및 강하점도는 LCU-복비 시용에 의해 다소 높았지만 통계적인 유의성은 없었다.

The nitrogen (N) absorption and partition of the rice plants are important indicators that can be used to improve the N use efficiency (NUE) of the plants. Improving the plant NUE can help to avoid nutrient waste that may cause environmental pollution. To investigate the N absorption and partition of the rice plants, Hwaseongbyeo (Japonica) and Dasanbyeo (indica/japonica) were applied with N fertilizers at the rates of 60, 120, and 180 kg N per ha in paddy field. Also micro plots of 0.81m2 were established inside each plot for application of 15N-labeled fertilizer. The differences in N utilization of the rice plants were associated with the total N absorption and partitioning after the heading stage. In the grain filling period, the increase of nitrogen content in the total and leaf blades of Dasanbyeo was higher than that of Hwaseongbyeo. Soil N was the main contributor for the increase of total N of Dasanbyeo during the grain filling period. The N fertilizer uptake rate of Hwaseongbyeo rapidly increased with the increment of N fertilization rate. In Dasanbyeo, N fertilizer uptakes were similar under all rates and times of N application. From heading stage to harvest, Dasanbyeo continued accumulating nitrogen, whereas Hwaseongbyeo had small changes. In conclusion, the difference in nitrogen absorption and partition after heading of the two cultivars was caused by the ability of Dasanbyeo to accumulate and remobilize soil nitrogen to the grains during the grain filling period.

서남부 간척지에서 고품질 쌀 생산을 위한 생태형별 적정 질소시비량을 구명하고자 2003년과 2004년에 호남농업연구소 계화도출장소 시험포장 문포통(세사양토, 토양 염농도 0.1~% )에서 삼천벼, 화성벼, 남평벼를 공시하여 질소시비량에 따른 벼 생육, 수량구성요소, 수량 및 품질 관련형질을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 단위면적당 수수와 영화수는 질소시비량이 증가할수록 많았으나 등숙비율이 낮았으며 현미천립중도 가벼웠다. 2. 백미의 완전립비율은 질소시비량이 많을수록 낮아졌고, 단백질 함량은 질소시비량이 증가됨에 따라 다소 높아지는 경향이었으나 아밀로스함량은 질소시비량간에 별 차이가 없었다. 3. 완전미 수량은 삼천벼가 질소 12/10a수준까지, 화성벼와 남평벼는 11/10a 수준까지는 증수되었으나 그 이상의 질소시비량에서는 수량차이가 인정되지 않았다. 4. 따라서 서남부간척지에서 벼 기계이앙재배시 완전미 수량, 등숙비율 및 미질 등을 고려한 10a당 적정 질소시비량은 11~~12 으로 판단된다.

중산간지에서의 질소 시비량(0, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17kg/10a)이 쌀의 품질에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여, 3가지 품종(상미벼, 화영벼, 주남벼)을 대상으로 하여, 2개년간의 시험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 식미치는 질소시비량과 품종과의 상호작용 효과가 있었다. 즉 주남벼의 경우는 질소시비량에 따른 식미치의 차이는 없었으나, 화영벼의 경우는 질소 무비구가 5, 7, 17kg/10a 시비구보다 식미치가 높았으며, 상미벼의 경우는 7kg 시비구가 9, 11, 14, 17kg 시비구보다, 0, 5kg 시비구가 14, 17kg/10a 시비구보다 식미치가 높았다. 결과적으로 식미치는 품종에 따라 질소시비량에 대해 다르게 반응하는 것으로 나타났다. 2. Amylose 함량은 질소시비량간의 유의차는 인정되지 않았으나, 품종간의 Amylose 함량은 차이가 있어 상미벼<화영벼<주남벼 순으로 그 함량이 낮았다. 3. 단백질의 함량에서는 질소시비량과 품종간의 상호작용 효과가 인정된바, 주남벼와 화영벼의 경우는 질소시비량에 따른 차이가 없었고, 상미벼는 질소시비량이 적을수록 단백질의 함량이 낮았다. 4. 완전미와 백미의 수량은 질소시비량이 증가할수록 높았고, 품종간의 차이는 없었다. 5. 종전의 표준시비량인 질소 11kg/10a 시비구와 고품질 쌀 생산을 위해 새롭게 추천된 9kg시비구간의 쌀의 품질에 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 6. 본 시험의 결과를 종합하면, 질소시비량에 따른 쌀의 품질은 품종에 따라 그 반응의 차이가 있어, 상미벼는 7kg/10a, 화영벼는 11kg, 주남벼는 14kg의 질소시비 수준에서 품질이 우수하고 수량이 높았다.

Rice yield and protein content have been shown to be highly variable across paddy fields. In order to characterize this spatial variability of rice within a field, two-year experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in a large-scale rice field of 6,600m2 In year 2004, an experiment was conducted to know if variable rate treatment (VRT) of N fertilizer, that was prescribed for site-specific management at panicle initiation stage, could reduce spatial variation in yield and protein content of rice while increasing yield compared to conventional uniform N topdressing (UN, 33kg N/ha at PIS) method. VRT nitrogen prescription for each grid was calculated based on the nitrogen (N) uptake (from panicle initiation to harvest) required for target rice protein content of 6.8~% , natural soil N supply, and recovery of top-dressed N fertilizer. The required N uptake for target rice protein content was calculated from the equations to predict rice yield and protein content from plant growth parameters at panicle initiation stage (PIS) and N uptake from PIS to harvest. This model· equations were developed from the data obtained from the previous two-year experiments. The plant growth parameters for the calculation of the required N were predicted non-destructively by canopy reflectance measurement. Soil N supply for each grid was obtained from the experiment of year 2003, and N recovery was assumed to be 60~% according to the previous reports. The prescribed VRT N ranged from 0 to 110kg N/ha with an average of 57kg/ha that was higher than 33 kg/ha of UN. The results showed that VRT application successfully worked not only to reduce spatial variability of rice yield and protein content but also to increase rough rice yield by 960kg/ha. The coefficient of variation (CV) for rice yield and protein content was reduced significantly to 8.1~% and 7.1~% in VRT from 14.6~% and 13.0~% in UN, respectively. And also the average protein content of milled rice in VRT showed very similar value of target protein content of 6.8~% . In conclusion the procedure used in this paper was believed to be reliable and promising method for reducing within-field spatial variability of rice yield and protein content. However, inexpensive, reliable, and fast estimation methods of natural N supply and plant growth and nutrition status should be prepared before this method could be practically used for site-specific crop management in large-scale rice field.