Stream and river habitats are characterized by a uni-directional water flow. Organisms colonizing such habitats are faced with the constraint of continuous downstream flow. Some ecologists find it puzzling that upstream is colonized by insect communities although the insects are continuously faced with downstream flow. The obvious solution to the puzzle is that there exist compensatory strategies, three of which have gained some notoriety in recent years: 1) diffusive random movement and density-dependent regulation of population size; 2) daily directed movement during larvae stage; 3) the compensation of larval drift by adult upstream flight. We have adapted an eco-evolutionary individual-based model (IBM) to accommodate typical life events of aquatic insects, such as birth, death, diffusion, and drifting. The probabilities of these events, which occur on the individual level, depend on both biological (e.g., local competition, upstream flight by adult insects) and environmental (e.g., unidirectional flow) constraints. The evolution of selected traits, namely, adapted water velocity, drifting time and distance, and upward flight distance, was investigated through simulation. We find that, while the three strategies are generally able to sustain upstream populations, the exact compensation of drift loss allowed by upstream flight makes the third strategy less “asteful” a population of upstream flight strategists to outcompete diffusive movement strategists. We also report branching of adapted traits in drifting during the course of evolution. Individuals with high current velocity preferences either spend short (several seconds) or long (an hour) duration in water flow, while the individuals with low current-velocity preference only spend middle range (half an hour) of duration in water flow.

곤충의 생태학적 역할에 있어서 공생미생물은 대부분의 곤충그룹에서 나타나 는 상호간 절대적 이익관계에서부터 해로운 기생적 관계까지 여러 다양성을 가지 고 있다. 곤충의 장내에서나 표면에서 많은 다른 미생물들과 서로 다양한 방법으 로 공존하면서 생활하고 있는데, 넓은 범위에서 공생관계가 있는가 하면 기주의 생리에 아주 밀접하면서 필수적인 관계만을 나타내는 것도 있다. 공생자는 대부분 곤충의 소화기관 부근에서 발견되어지고, 이것은 생장과 발육에 필수적인 아미노 산이나 비타민 등을 합성하는 것으로 밝혀지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 포식성 곤충 인 무당벌레(Harmonia axyridis)의 령기별, 먹이별로 장내에 존재하고 있는 세균 의 분리 및 동정을 통해, 무당벌레 장내미생물의 종류를 알아보고 무당벌레의 생 물학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 보고자하였다. 충남 금산의 월동개체군을 채집하여 무테두리진딧물로 실내에서 누대사육을 통해 확보한 자손세대 무당벌레 유충(1령~4령)과 진딧물, 설탕물, 닭간을 먹인 성 충의 소화기관을 분리하고 장내세균을 분리 동정한 결과, 총 31균주가 분리 동정 되었다. 설탕물을 먹인 성충을 제외하고 모든 령기와 성충에서 Staphylococcus saprophyticus가 분리 동정되어, 이 세균을 실험균주로 선발하여 S. saprophyticus 의 존재여부에 따른 기주곤충의 발육특성 및 생식특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였 다. 대상균주의 부재로 인한 특성을 확인하기 위해 항생제인 ofloxacin을 처리한 처리구와, S. saprophyticus을 먹이인 진딧물에 처리하여 공급한 후, 무당벌레의 산란력, 부화율, 번데기 무게, 유충발육기간을 조사한 결과, 알의 부화율은 항생제 처리로 인한 실험 장내세균의 부재로 인해 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 유충의 발 육기간이나 번데기 무게와 같은 발육특성에 미치는 영향은 확인되지 않았다.

The pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster (Homoptera: Psyllidae), is a serious insect pest of commercial pear crops. The species, which resides on pear trees throughout its life cycle, is rapidly spreading in some regions of the world. Given the life cycle, it is unclear how such a rapid spread has been facilitated. Presently, the population genetic structure of the species including genetic diversity and gene flow was studied to understand the nature of dispersal and field ecology of the species. Pear psylla was collected from several pear orchards in Korea. The 658-bp region of mitochondrial COI gene and the 716-bp long complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced. Unlikely other previously studied insect pests, the COI-based genetic diversity of the pear psylla was extremely low (maximum sequence divergence of 0.15%). This finding allowed us to conclude that the species may have been introduced in Korea relatively recently, possibly with the phenomenon of genetic bottlenecks. ITS2 sequence-based analyses of phylogeny, population differentiation, gene flow, and hierarchical population structure all concordantly suggested that the pear psylla populations in Korea are neither genetically isolated nor hampered for gene flow. These genetic data are concordant with the dispersal of an overwintering winterform morph outside the non-pear habitat in the fall and the possibility of subsequently longer distant dispersal.

최근 전국적으로 블루베리 재배면적이 증가하면서 관련 병해충들이 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 2010년부터 블루베리에 발생하는 해충들을 조사하면서 일부 비가 림 재배지를 중심으로 블루베리 나무 순에 원인불명 피해가 확인되었고(80% 이 상), 일부 순끝 시드는 부위에서 1~2㎜전후의 혹파리 유충들이 발견되었다. 피해 발생농가에서 혹파리 유충을 다수 채집하여 성충으로 우화시킨 다음 국립식물검 역원에 동정을 의뢰결과한 국내 미기록종인 블루베리혹파리(D. oxycoccana)로 동 정되었다. 2011년 현재까지 조사 결과 이 해충은 겨우내 토양속 등에서 번데기로 월동하는 것으로 추정되고 있고, 재배 초기 블루베리에서 꽃눈과 신초부위에 알을 산란하여 가해하는 것으로 확인되었다. 2010년의 경우 경기 화성, 평택, 충북 청원, 경북 상주 등 대부분 포장의 블루베리에서 순 피해가 나타났는데, 특히 노지보다 시설내에서 피해가 심하였다. 블루베리혹파리 피해 증상은 새순이 흑변하며 말려 들어가므로 생리 장해와 유사하고 유충과 성충은 육안으로 관찰하기 힘들기 때문 에 농가에서 진단이 어렵다. 위 해충 발생 초기 적절한 방제 수단을 강구하지 않을 경우 비가림 재배지를 중심으로 많은 피해를 유발할 수 있으므로주의가 필요하다.

The developmental time and survival of overwintering larvae of Monochamus saltuarius were studied at 7 constant temperatures (16, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 34℃), and a photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D) h. The total mortality of overwintering M. saltuarius was lowest at 27℃ (7%) and highest at 34℃ (93%). The total developmental time decreased with increasing temperature between 16℃ (49.48 days) and 34℃ (13.00 days). The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by five nonlinear developmental rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2 and Briere 1, 2). The nonlinear shape of temperature development was best described by the Briere 1 model (r2=0.99). The developmental variation of overwintering larvae was well described by the three-parameter Weibull distribution model (r2=0.98). The temperature-dependent developmental models of M. saltuarius developed in this study could be used to predict emergence period of the adult, or to develop a population dynamics model of M. saltuarius.

Potato tuber moth (PTM) has been a destructive pest on potato in the fields and strores through tropical to subtropical area. According to global warming, PTM distribution limit in Korea is facing north gradually. Recently, potato fields damaged by PTM are reported intermittently in the midsection of a country and southward. To secure a sufficient number of insect with equal growth stage is a prerequisite for investigating bionomics and developing new agrochemicals to control pests. In 2009, we collected PTM larvae first from the potato fields in Miryang and Gimcheon, and then placed them into transparent hexagonal rearing cage (30×30×30cm) with providing potato tubers as a food till emergence. A transparent cylindrical rearing cage (Φ15×30cm) erected vertically before putting emerged adults, and covered upper opening with net (50 mesh). To get eggs, we placed a filter paper (Φ11cm, called ‘oviposition paper’) on the net and sprinkled sugar solution. The oviposition paper laid eggs was stored in 10℃ refrigerator and changed with new one every 1~2 day interval. The developmental period of eggs to hatch was 5.2±0.7 days at 23±2℃, L16/D8 condition. Although adults laid eggs continuously for two weeks, second to fifth days after emergence showed highest oviposition, which suggested the most efficient periods for collecting sufficient eggs. A hatchability of eggs laid within 10 days after emergence was over 90%.

Effectiveness of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to control Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was investigated in the commercial tomato greenhouse from January to June, 2010. Densities of T. vaporariorum were monitored using the yellow sticky trap for adult, and a lupe (x10) for 4th instar nymph and pupa at 1 week interval. Tomato seedlings were transplanted in mid-January and the nymph and adult of T. vaporariorum were first discovered in February 4th. E. formosa was applied as a mummy card at a recommended density (3 parasitoids per 1m2) at 2 weeks interval for 8 times. Mummy cards were collected 2 weeks later and the emergence and survival ratio of E. formosa were examined. Density of adult T. vaporariorum was significantly lower in the treatment plot (F=42.48, p=0.0001). The control efficiency ranged from 57.3% to 88.5%. The nymphal density was also significantly lower in the treatment plot (F=8.85, p=0.0053). The control efficiency was 84% on 25th March, 75% on 18th May and 95% on 25th May. Maximum 50% parasitism by E. formosa occurred in the treatment plot. The emergence and survival rates of E. formosa on mummy cardboards that were released in the greenhouse during February to March were only 53% and 41%, respectively. These rates increased to >70% as the temperature rises.

The dung beetle, Copris tripartitus, (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is one of the insect species listed as endangered wildlife in Korea. In order to establish conservation strategy an investigation on nation-wide genetic magnitude and nature of genetic diversity would be required. In this study, we sequenced each partial sequences of mitochondrial COI (658 bp) and CytB (433 bop) genes and complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (411~420 bp) from 70 individuals of C. tripartitus collected from five Korean localities. The sequence divergence of mitochondrial genes was unexpectedly substantial as 5.0% (33 bp) for COI and 4.6% (20 bp) for CytB, whereas that of ITS2 was only 1.9% (6 bp), revealing much higher variability in mitochondrial DNA. In phylogenetic analysis, each 57 and 47 haplotypes obtained from COI and CytB gene sequences was subdivided into two groups (groups A and B), but the node supports for each group was not strong enough to consider each group as independent monophyletic groups in both genes. This interpretation was further supported by the same analysis with ITS2, showing no subdivision at all. These findings reinforce importance for the inference of phylogenetic result using both mitochondrial and nuclear encoded sequences. The C. tripartitus occurring in Korean peninsula was genetically well connected to each other and no obvious population genetic structure was detectable.

Sedimentation of soil particles in water is perhaps the most significant pathway to contamination of aquatic ecosystems. In this scenario, the use of freshwater organisms for assessing sediment toxicity will be considered more ecologically relevant than tests that use aqueous soil extracts. To evaluate the toxicity of soils sampled in the vicinity of the abandoned mine located in the Gyeonggi province, Daphnia magna were exposed to a 1:4 of soil to water which soil samples were serially two-fold serially diluted with clean sand to concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 100 % % (w/w) for 24- and 48-h. Irrespective of exposure time, the survival of D. magna for reference soil was not decreased, while the survival of D. magna showed high sensitivity to the soils with moderate as well as high metal concentrations. Moreover, the heavy metal concentrations in the water samples increased with increasing the heavy metal concentrations in the soils, which indicates the increased sensitivity is the consequences of the bioavailable fraction of contaminants in soils. These results clearly showed that the freshwater organism D. magna can be used as test species to assess the potential impact of soil contaminants into aquatic ecosystems.

The seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has a broad ecological range, living almost anywhere there are aphids for feeding. In this study, we isolated and characterized a total of 10 microsatellite loci from the species. The loci were validated and characterized using 25 samples collected from five Korean localities. The number of alleles and heterozygosity observed at each locus ranged from 4 to 16 and from 0.37 to 0.89, respectively. None of the loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and there was no indication of significant linkage disequilibrium among pairs of loci. These microsatellite markers should be very valuable markers for population genetic studies of Coccinella septempunctata.

The seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), known also as the seven-spot ladybird, is natural enemy for aphids and has a broad ecological range, living almost anywhere there are aphids for it to eat. In order to understand the genetic diversity and geographic variation of the species we sequenced a portion of mitochondrial COI gene (658 bp) and complete nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) collected from nine Korean localities. A total of 21 haplotypes (CSCOI01 ~ CSCOI21), with the maximum sequence divergence of 4.56% (30 bp) were obtained from COI gene sequence (from 78 individuals), whereas 65 sequence types (CSITS201 ~ CSITS265), with the maximum sequence divergence of 2.06% (11 positions) were obtained from ITS2 (from 79 individuals), indicating substantially larger sequence divergence in mitochondrial gene sequence. Both COI gene and ITS2 shows the distribution pattern that only a few haplotypes or sequence types are widely distributed, whereas majority of them are highly restricted in one geographic location, even represented as a single individual. Unlikely the ITS2 sequence types the mitochondrial COI haplotypes evidenced the presence of two main phylogenetic groups, reciprocally monophyletic to each other. Geographically, these two groups are spread in all localities surveyed. Considering both COI gene and ITS2 sequence together, current our data may suggest the presence of ancestral polymorphism, rather than on-going speciation, but more scrutinized analysis will be performed soon. Due partially by the presence of both COI groups in all surveyed localities, the genetic diversity estimates of all localities are similar from the perspective of COI gene, but ITS data showed extremely lower genetic diversity of one islet locality, Anmyeon-do (locality 2; 0.002530 vs. 0.008054 ~ 0.012060). Analysis of gene flew estimates between localities indicates that most populations are highly interconnected to each other. However, one islet locality, Anmyeon-do (locality) has shown statistically significant distance from the remaining localities on the basis of only ITS2 data (FST = 0.19 ~ 0.34), requiring scrutinized phylogeographic inference on this population with expanded sampling. As more scrutinized analysis is performed, further fruitful inference on the geographic contour of the species might be available.

This study was carried out to investigate the inhabitation features of cockroaches in Jejusi, Korea. For sampling, fourteen sites were selected from every two sites of seven different habitat categories, including dwelling house, Korean restaurant, Japanese restaurant, Chinese restaurant, tea-room, hotel-inn and hospital. The cockroaches were weekly captured using sticky-traps from March, 2005 to February, 2006. Studies were focused on the temporal fluctuations of the total sample and two developmental stages (nymph and adult), the sex ratio, the positive trap percentage, and the comparative population sizes of the habitats. The positive trap percentage was 16.64%. Three species, Blatella germanica, Periplaneta americana, and Periplaneta fuliginosa, were confirmed to inhabit in Jejusi. The predominant species was P. fuliginosa (89.16%). Meanwhile, P. americana and B. germanica were shown to be much lower population size (6.44 and 4.40%, respectively). The mean sex ratio was 0.75% (males/females): B. germanica, 0.62%, P. americana, 0.29% and P. fuliginosa, 0.87%. The nymphs (82.19%) surpassed the adults (17.81%) in the individual number. Periplaneta fuliginosa also exceeded much more the other two species (P. americana and B. germanica, 5.37% and 1.67%, respectively) in the nymph number/the collected cockroaches. Both curves of the nymph and adult in the seasonal population change of P. fuliginosa made the peaks at September. This result suggested that the life cycle of this species is univoltine. The positive trap percentage and population size in the Japanese restaurant where was shown to be the most heavily polluted habitats by cockroaches were 20.67% and 0.79 (individuals/trap/week), respectively. Also, Chinese restaurant and dwelling house where were shown to be comparatively high polluted were 31.67% and 23.75% in positive trap percentage and 0.76 and 0.40 in population size, respectively. In contrast, hotel-inn, tea-room, hospital and korean restaurant were shown to be quite or very low numbers as 16.50%, 16.00%, 6.20%, and 6.00% in positive trap percentage, and 0.37, 0.18, 0.10, 0.06 in population size, respectively. It was concluded that there were differences in the species composition and the actual living conditions of the cockroach between Jejusi and other cities of Korea.

화살깍지벌레(Unapsis yanonensis Kuwana) 여름성충의 온도별 산란 및 발생 약충의 발육 특성을 구명하기 위하여 서귀포농업기술센터 시험포장에서 2010년 8 월 감귤 잎에 발생한 성충을 채집하였다. 야외 채집한 성충은 5개 항온기에서 각 온도(13℃, 17℃, 25℃, 29℃, 33℃, 16L8D, RH 30~60%) 처리하여 관찰하였다. 화살깍지벌레는 깍지 내에서 산란 및 부화하여 약충으로 발생하는 특성을 갖고 있 어 잎에 발생한 약충수를 산란수로 조사하였다. 여름성충의 산란기간은 29℃에서 53.1일로 가장 길었으며, 17℃에서는 31.9일, 13℃에서는 33.9일로 조사되었고, 고온조건인 33℃에서 29.0일로 가장 짧았다. 산란 수는 13℃에서 46.5개로 가장 적었으며 저온에서 고온으로 갈수록 증가하여 29℃에서 254.5개로 조사되었으나 33℃에서는 128.1개로 오히려 감소하였다. 한 성충의 산란수는 주기에 따라 증가 및 감소하여 그 경향이 저온인 13℃에서 2회, 그 외 온도에서는 3회 관찰되었다. 1회로부터 마지막 주기까지 각 구간 산란수는 점차 감소하여 29℃의 경우 1회째에 123.2개, 2회째에 84.9개, 3회 이상에서 46.4 개 산란하였다. 발생한 약충의 성비는 1:0.48(13℃), 1:4.85(17℃), 1:2.34(25℃), 1:1.85(29℃), 1:0.56(33℃)로 조사되었다. 온도별 발육실험 결과 약충은 13℃에서 1회 탈피 후 발육하지 못하였고 33℃에 서 2회 탈피하였으나 성충으로 완전히 신장하지 못하였다. 성충까지의 발육기간 은 17℃에서 108.1일, 29℃에서 46.4일, 25℃에서 44.4일이었다.

Soil contamination can be one path for stream and groundwater contamination. In this study, the toxicity of soils sampled in the vicinity of the abandoned mine located in the Gyeonggi province was evaluated using freshwater organisms Heterocypris incongruens. Two different exposure scenarios, one is in the aqueous only exposure, and the other is in the aqueous + soil exposure. The seven different soil samples were tested depending on the contamination level; reference (1 soil), moderately contaminated (4 soils) and highly contaminated (2 soils). In the toxicity tests, H. incongruens were exposed to water extracts (aqueous only exposure) and soils (aqueous + soil exposure) which were serially two-fold diluted with either EPA moderate hardwater or clean sand, respectively. After 6 days of exposure, no significant impact on the survival was found in the both systems for reference soil, while only significant impact was found in the aqueous + soil system for moderately contaminated soil. And the survival of H. incongruens was dramatically decreased with decreasing dilution series for highly contaminated soils. Interestingly, the toxicity of aqueous + soil system was higher than that of aqueous only system, implying the exposure of chemicals to H. incongruens may be a consequence of its foraging behavior onto the surface of sediment. From the results of this study, the freshwater organism H. incongruens can be used as surrogate test species to assess the soil contamination.

관행관리와 친환경관리를 하는 경북 상주시 공검면 일대 10개의 배과원에서 2005년부터~2010년까지 6년간 가루깍지벌레의 발생 생태를 모니터링하였다. 가 루깍지벌레는 난괴로 가지틈 등에서 월동을 하는 데 알부화성기는 4월중~5월상 순, 성충산란 최성기는 6월중~하순, 2세대 알 부화시기는 6월하순~7월상순으로 예측된다. 과원별 연간 누적발생량은 2마리/지점/년에서 49.8마리/지점/년으로 최 근 급격히 밀도가 높아지는 추세이며, 과원별 변이계수 역시 168%에서 48%로 꾸 준히 줄어드는 추세이다. 과원 관리 형태별로 보면 친환경재배농원, 무관리재배농 원, 일반관행재배관리농원, GAP 농원순으로 약제 관리가 적게 들어가는 과원에서 발생이 더 많아지는 것으로 보인다. 가루깍지벌레의 유충과 성충 모두 조사 시점 인 4월하순부터 6월상순사이에는 발생량이 증가하다가 7~8월에는 밀도 소강상태 를 보인다. 이후 9월 중순에서 10월 중순경에 가을 밀도 최성기를 보인 후 감소하 는 패턴이 반복되었다. 해충 조사 대상 과원을 포함한 공검면 일대 150개 배과원에 서 가루깍지벌레 주요 방제 시기는 1차 4월중~하순, 2차 6월 상~중순, 3차 7월상 순으로 파악 되었다. 방제약제는 amitraz∙buprofezin, clothiandin, dinotefuran, buprofezin･thicloprid, buprofezin･dinotefuran등이 주를 이루었다. 현재 후반기 해충 관리는 거의 이루어지지 않고 있는 데, 수확 후 또는 가을철 밀도 증가 이전에 관리의 필요성 제고가 필요하다.

Spatio-temporal distribution pattern of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis (Murayama) which is vector of Raffaeleaquerci-mongolicae K.H. Kim et al, a causative agent for Korean oak wilt (KOW) was examined in the stand level. Spatial distribution of P. koryoensiswas influenced by their density. Relationship between degree of aggregation and density was positively correlated when the density was extremely low or high whereas the relationship was reverse when the density was intermediate. Patch of P. koryoensis formed around or near dead trees or partial dead trees, suggesting these trees indicated epicenter of P. koryoensis. Fraction of trees attacked by less than 100 individual of P. koryoensis in the stand per year increased abruptly whereas fraction of trees attacked over 1,000 individuals of P. koryoensis increased gradually. Our results showed that the dead trees would be an epicenter of P. koryoensis and the number of trees killed by the ambrosia beetle would be reduced by lowering total population of the ambrosia beetle around the epicenter.

Cold hardiness is an important trait for insects, that enables them to survive during the winter and develop in the next season, and to extend their range. Lycorma delicatula (White), which became an important sporadic pest in grapevines and some other fruit trees, has spread rapidly to the most of regions in South Korea. This study was conducted to determine the cold hardiness of overwintered L. delicatula eggs according to geographical variation. We collected overwintering eggs in the five sites, Chuncheon, Suwon, Yeongdong, Gunsan, Daegu, on 22~25th Feb. in 2011. We treated eggs to combinations of different temperatures (-15℃, -20℃, -25℃) and exposure time (12hr, 24hr, 3days, 5days, 7days) after chilling them for 24~26 days at 5℃. And then, they were kept in the room temperature. We only analysed three sites of Suwon, Gunsan and Daegu, because of very low hatching rate at Chuncheon and Yeongdong. There were significant effects of time (F=36.97 d.f.=4 P<0.0001), sites (F=17.28 d.f.=2 P<0.0001), and the interaction of time and temperature (F=5.77 d.f.=5 P<0.0001) at -15℃. At -20℃, eggs hatched only at 12hr and 24hr of exposure treatment. All eggs treated at -25℃ failed to hatch. It appears that -25℃ is around the critical temperature.

신규소득작목인 오크라를 가해하는 나비목 유충으로 목화잎밤나방(Anomis flava Fabricius), 목화명나방(Haritalodes derogata Fabricius), 담배나방(Helicoverpa assulta Guenee) 및 왕담배나방(H. armigera Hubner)등이 관찰되었다. 이들에 의 한 피해는 7월 중순부터 발생하기 시작하여 전체 수확 기간중에 발생하여 지속적 으로 피해가 발생하였는데 8월 중하순에 풋꼬투리의 피해량이 가장 많아 45%의 풋꼬투리에서 피해가 발생하였다. 목화잎밤나방은 애벌레기에 오크라의 잎과 꼬 투리에 피해를 주며 오크라의 모든 개체에서 발생하였는데 잎의 뒷면에 붙어서 부 드러운 잎 조직을 갉아먹고 불규칙한 타원형의 구멍을 내거나 꼬투리의 껍질을 가 해하였다. 오크라 꼬투리에는 7월 중순부터 피해를 입히는 것으로 관찰되었으며 잎을 말아서 집을 짓는 특징이 있으며 그 안에서 번데기로 변한 다음 성충으로 부 화하고 줄기나 열매의 표면에 알을 한 개씩 흩어서 산란하였다. 목화명나방은 유 충이 오크라의 잎을 말아서 만든 집 안에서 잎의 뒷면 조직을 가해하여 피해를 주 며 가해를 받은 부위는 갈색으로 변하였다.

경북지역의 포도 주산지에서 2010년부터 2011년 2년간 꽃매미 월동실태를 조 사한 결과 영천 등 14개 지역에서 월동난괴가 발견되었고 이들 지역 중 영천, 경산, 군위 3지역은 난괴수가 포도나무 1그루에 5개 이상으로 다른지역보다 월동밀도가 높았다. 꽃매미 주요 산란처는 가죽나무, 쉬나무, 두릅나무 등이었다. 지역별 부화 시기는 경북 남부지역인 경산, 영천, 경주 3지역의 경우 5월 상순부터 부화되기 시 작하여 부화최성기가 5월 중순이었고, 중북부지역은 5월 중순부터 부화되어 최성 기는 5월 하순이었다. 지역별 최종 부화율은 평균 71%로 나타났고 봉화지역은 월 동하지 못하는 것으로 조사되었다.

메뚜기목 땅강아지과에 속하는 땅강아지 Gryllotalpa orientalis (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)의 생물학적 특징 구명 및 인공사육을 위해 야외에서 300여 개체를 채집하여 25±2℃, 65±10%RH, 16:8LD에서 실험을 진행하였다. 월동을 마친 암 컷의 산란전 포란 기간은 평균 35.5일이 소요되었으며, 월동개체의 수명은 평균 85.0일로 조사되었다. 땅강아지의 산란수는 평균 55.2개, 산실당 평균 35.7개로 조 사되었다. 사망률은 부화 직후 20.3%이며, 2령 10%, 3령 18%, 4령 20%, 5령 12% 로 조사되었다. 산란된 알의 크기는 평균 1.5×1.2mm이었고 부화기간은 평균 18.5 일이 소요되었다. 약충의 평균 발육기간은 1령 12.9±1.3, 2령 9.3±0.6, 3령 8.5±2.9, 4령 15.8±1.9, 5령 19.3±5.7, 6령 16.8±2.2, 7령 21.4±2.7, 8령 23.6±4.8일 이었고, 합계 116.9±11.5일로 조사되었다. 부화 후 100일까지 각각의 온도에서 발 육한 땅강아지의 체장 및 령기(Instar)는 21℃에서 1.7±0.1cm(6령), 25℃에서 1.9±0.1cm(6.7령), 27℃에서 2.4±0.4cm(7.8령)으로 조사되었다. 인공사료는 밀배 아(66.1%)를 주성분으로 카제인(18.4%), 염류(5.9%), 소르빈산(1.5%), 메틸파라 벤(0.7%), 비타민(7.3%)등을 혼합하여 제작하였다. 인공사료에 파리번데기 체액 을 0～20%로 다르게 첨가하여 사육한 결과 발육기간과 사망률에 차이가 없었다. 그러나 인공사료의 생존률은 평균 89.2%로 자연사료만 섭식한경우인 36.1%보다 높았다.