In this study, a energy recovery ventilation system was applied to the pig model, intake and exhaust duct were installed at a height of top(2.1 m), middle(1.25 m) and bottom(0.4 m). In each of the 9 test sites, one test was performed from 10:00 to 18:00, optimal temperature exchange efficiency and temperature distribution were analyzed. In order to analyze the effect of the energy recovery ventilation system, the temperature of 31 points(4 points of the ventilation system and 27 points in the pig house model) was measured from 10:00 to 18:00. The test that showed the highest heat exchange efficiency was the configuration of middle intake duct and top exhaust duct, which was 75.44%. The test that showed the most uniform distribution was the configuration of middle intake duct and bottom exhaust duct. These results will be utilized to optimally design feeding environment of actual pig houses and to reduce fuel cost.

본 연구는 영양부추의 미생물학적 안전성을 확보하기 위하여 이산화염소와 차아염소산나트륨을 이용하여 미생물의 저감효과를 분석하고, 최적의 영양부추와 소독제의 비율을 결정하기 위하여 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 영양부추에 E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus, B. cereus을 7.0 log CFU/g 정도로 접종 한 후 이산화염소는 3, 5, 10, 25, 100 ppm 차아염소산나트륨은 100, 150, 200 ppm에서 5, 10, 30, 60분간 처리하였으며, 또한 유기물이 이산화염소와 차아염소산나트륨의 효과에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 영양부추와 소독제를 1 : 2, 1 : 4, 1 : 9, 1 : 19 비율로 처리 하여 소독제의 효과를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 소독제의 농도에 따른 저감효과는 차아염소산나트륨 150 ppm, 이산화 염소 50 ppm으로 30분간 처리시 일반세균수는 2.0 log CFU/ g 정도 감소효과를 나타내었으며, 식중독세균은 차아염소 산나트륨 100 ppm, 이산화염소 3 ppm에서 약 2.0 log CFU/g 정도 감소효과를 보였다. 한편, 이산화염소의 경우 50 ppm 으로 30분간 영양부추를 처리할 경우 탈색 등 상품성이 저하되어 현장 적용이 어렵다고 판단되었다. 또한 영양부 추와 소독제 처리 비율에 따른 미생물 저감효과는 일반세 균의 경우 1 : 4에 비하여 1 : 9에서 유의적으로 높은 저감 효과를 보였다(p < 0.05). 확립된 기술을 영양부추 생산농 장에 적용한 결과 일반세균수의 경우 2.7 log CFU/g, 대장 균군의 경우 4.0 log CFU/g의 감소효과를 보였다. 따라서 영양부추를 세척이후 차아염소산나트륨 150 ppm에서 1 : 9 정도의 비율로 30분간 침지하면 미생물 안전성을 향상시 킬 수 있으며, 최종 소비자에게 보다 안전한 부추의 공급이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 다양한 농업 환경에서 채집된 파리의 분비물에서 E. coli을 분리하고 분리된 E. coli의 병원성유전자 및 항생제내성을 조사하기 위하여 수행되였다. 파리는 과일농장(n = 19), 장류생산농장(n = 9), 생활쓰레기 야적장(n = 46), 축사(n = 66), 도축장(n = 38), 퇴비장(n = 10)에서 총 188 마리를 채집하여 토사물과 배설물로부터 E. coli을 분리 및 동정하였다. 그 결과, 채집된 파리의 63%(119/188)에서 E. coli이 검출되었으며 특히 도축장에서 채집된 파리에서 E. coli의 검출률이 89%(34/38)로 가장 높았다. 또한 분리된 E. coli을 대상으로 병원성 유전자 8종(ST, LT, VT1, VT2, aggR, bfpA, eaeA, ipaH)을 조사한 결과, 도축장에서 채집 된 파리에서 분리된 E. coli 중 91%(31/34)가 장독소를 생산할 수 있는 ST유전자를 보유하고 있었다. 분리된 E. coli 의 16%(31/188)가 1종 이상의 항생제에 내성을 보였다. 특 히, 항생제사용빈도가 높은 축사에서 채집된 파리의 E. coli 경우에는 59%(23/39)가 항생제 내성을 나타내었다. 분 리된 항생제 내성 E. coli 균주 중 10%(12/119)는 2종 이 상의 항생제에 내성을 보였고, 모두 축사 채집 파리에서 분리된 균주였으며, 이 중 2개 균주는 다재내성의 지표인 ESBL (Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase)에 양성을 나타내었다. ESBL 양성균주 중 1 균주는 7종의 항생제에 내성 을 보였이는 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구의 결과, 축산환 경 서식 파리에서 분리된 E. coli은 병원성 유전자를 보유 하고 있을 가능성이 높을 뿐만 아니라 항생제에 내성을 나타낼 가능성도 높기 때문에 농식품을 생산하는 농장이나 식품공장은 가급적 축산환경으로부터 일정한 거리를 두거나 방충망 등의 차단조치가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

갈색거저리는 식용 및 사료용 곤충으로 중국을 비롯한 여러나라에서 활용되고 있으며, 일반식품 원료 등재로 본격적인 산업화가 이루어져 사육농가가 증가하면 다량의 유기성 부산물이 배출될 것으로 예상된다. 갈색거저리의 분변을 폐기물로 처리하지 않고 산업화에 응용할 수 있는 자원으로 활용하기 위해 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 갈색거저리 분변에 미강, 해조류를 혼합한 2종은 질소, 인산, 가리 합계량이 7% 이상으로 혼합유박공정규격에 적합하였으며 유해중금속은 공정규격 이하 수준이었다. 배추 생육은 분변토 혼합처리구 모두 관행보다는 떨어졌으며 유기질비료인 효진유박보다 좋았으나 유의성은 없었고 배추 수량은 효진유박에 비하여 12∼16% 증수되어 배추의 생육과 수량을 기준으로 판단할 때 거저리분변토의 혼합유기질 비료로서 비효가 인정되었다. 배추의 일반성분 함량은 모든 처리구에서 차이가 없었으며 단백질 함량은 기간이 경과될수록 점차 낮아졌다.

미선나무는 열매의 모양이 둥근 부채를 닮았다 하여 미선나무라고 부르는데 볕이 잘 드는 한반도 중부 산기슭에 자라는 낙엽활엽관목으로 미선나무 자생지는 천연기념물로 지정되어 보호 받고 있으나 아직 지정되지 않은 지역이 있으며 미선나무의 새로운 용도 개발 및 유용자원의 효율적인 관리와 우량개체 선발을 위한 기초 자료가 필요하다. 미선나무는 물푸레나무과(Oleaceae), 미선나무속(Abeliophyllum)에 속하며, 미선나무속은 1속 1종으로 우리나라에만 분포하고 있는 한국특산식물속이다. 높이가 2m에 달하고 가지는 끝이 처지며 자줏빛이 돌고 수는 계단모양이며, 어린 가지는 네모진다. 잎은 대생하여 2줄로 배열하며 난형 또는 타원형이고 예두 또는 점첨두이고 원저 또는 예저이며 가장자리가 밋밋하다. 꽃은 2년지에서 형성되었다가 3월에 잎보다 먼저 피며 총상화서는 자줏빛이 돌고, 화관은 종형이며, 꽃받침은 종 모양의 사각형이고 떨어지지 않고 꽃받침잎은 4개로 갈라지고, 갈라진 조각은 도란형 또는 난상 원형이고 꽃부리는 꽃받침보다 길고 꽃은 어긋나게 아래에서 위로 올라가며 백색 혹은 도홍색으로 피고 4개의 열편은 처음에 회선상으로 겹쳐지며 끝이 파진 타원형이다. 수술은 2개이고 화통기부에 달린다. 열매는 시과이고 난상타원형이며 끝이 오목하며 녋은 예저이고 둘레에 날개가 있고 2개의 종자가 들어 있다. 종자와 꺾꽂이로 번식한다. 미선나무의 종류는 베이지색 꽃이 피는 것이 기본종이다. 분홍색 꽃이 피는 것을 분홍미선(for. lilacinum), 상아색 꽃이 피는 것을 상아미선(for. eburneum), 꽃받침이 연한 녹색인 것을 푸른미선(for. viridicalycinum), 열매 끝이 패지 않고 둥글게 피는 것을 둥근미선(var. rotundicarpum)이라고 한다. 미선나무의 자생지는 1917년 정태현과 Nakai에 의해 충북 진천군 초평면 용정리(천연기념물 14호)에서 처음으로 발견되었으나 심각한 훼손에 의하여 자생지가 파괴되어 1969년 천연기념물에서 해제되었다. 이후 충북 괴산군 장연면 송덕리(천연기념물 147호), 충북 괴산군 장연면 추점리(천연기념물 220호), 충북 괴산군 칠성면 율지리(천연기념물 221호), 충북 영동군 영동읍 매천리(천연기념물 364호)가 자생지를 천연기념물로 지정 되어 있으며, 전북 부안군 상서면 청림리(천연기념물 370호)는 우리나라에서 미선나무가 자랄 수 있는 남쪽한계선이 되므로 천연기념물로 지정하여 보호하고 있다. 그러나 이 또한 매년 제초작업에 의해 상당부분 훼손되어 있는 실정이다. 미선나무의 자생지로 경기도 여주시, 북내면, 경기도 고양시, 충북 진천군 초평면 오갑리, 용정리, 충북 진천군 문백면 구곡리, 충북 영동읍 설계리, 경북 의성군 의성읍, 경북 안동시 도로리 등은 현재까지 밝혀져 있다. 현재까지 보고된 바 없는 지역으로 충북 충주 중앙탑면 봉황리, 충북 옥천군 옥천읍 삼양리 등은 보호 관리가 필요하며 특히 충북 옥천군 옥천읍 삼양리 자생지는 넓은 분포면적을 차지하고 있어 천연기념물로 지정하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다. 미선나무 자생지 충북 진천 구곡리, 오갑리, 충북 충주 봉황리, 충북 옥천 삼양리 A, 삼양리 B, 충북 영동 매천리, 설계리, 경북 안동 도로리, 경북 의성 팔성리의 식생을 살펴보면 교목층에 잣나무, 상수리나무, 느티나무, 갈참나무, 물푸레나무, 굴참나무, 아까시나무, 곰솔, 느릅나무, 떡갈나무 말채나무, 소나무 등이 나타났고, 아교목충에는 느릅나무, 갈참나무, 풀푸레나무, 생강나무, 산사나무, 신나무, 쪽동백나무, 고욤나무, 잣나무, 소태나무 등이 나타났다. 미선나무는 관목층에서 우점을 하였고, 생강나무, 누리장나무, 갈참나무, 개옻나무, 광대싸리, 고광나무, 국수나무, 물푸레나무, 덜꿩나무, 개암나무, 좀깨잎나무, 쥐똥나무, 분꽃나무 등이 혼생하였으며, 초본층에 미선나무가 우점하였고 담쟁이덩굴, 계요등, 그늘개고사리, 생강나무, 환삼덩굴, 으름덩굴, 오리방풀, 꼭두서니, 나도하수오, 남산제비꽃, 덩굴닭의장풀, 단풍박쥐나무, 좀깨잎나무, 주름조개풀, 청가시덩굴, 인동덩굴, 개머루, 쑥부쟁이, 거미고사리 등이 혼생하였다. 토양분석결과를 보면 영동 매천리는 pH, Mg 및 K가 다른지역보다 높게 나타났다. 유효인산(P2O5)은 충주 봉황리가 높게 나타났고 유기물은 진천 구곡리 지역에서 높은 값을 나타내었다. 이는 충북 진천 구곡리 미선나무 군락지는 천연기념물로 지정되지 않았으며, 자생지가 사유지로써 관목층 이상은 벌채를 해 놓은 상태로 칡, 환삼덩굴 등 덩굴식물이 초본층 상부를 덮고 있어 미선나무가 결실을 못하고 대부분 무성생식을 함으로써 유기물 값이 높은 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 미선나무 자생지의 상관 수관층 제거작업 및 하예작업의 유무가 미선나무 생육에 영향을 미치는 것에 대해 결론을 내리기는 어려움이 따르지만 무성생식 또는 유성생식의 차이가 보다 더 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다. 즉 숲이 우거져서 햇빛량이 적을 경우는 결실률이 낮은 반면 줄기에서 뿌리를 내려 무성생식을 하고, 하예작업을 하여 수관층이 없을 경우는 꽃을 많이 피워 수분이 활발이 일어나 결실률이 높아 유성생식을 하는 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 미선나무는 결실은 많이 되는 편이나 결실 후 종자에 병해충의 피해를 많이 받으며, 또한 종자 발아율이 현저히 떨어지는 것으로 판단된다.

In the era of mass leisure, tourism has become an important way for people to relax and pursue pleasure. But at the same time, tourists who leave their habitual residence and than unknown to the tourist destination，will generally have a sense of strangeness, insecurity. With fun and travel, tourism safety also exists in the journey. "Security" is the basic psychology of tourists traveling. Attach importance to the safety of tourism, especially the importance of the outbound tourism safety which is more strange, complex environment and culture，is increasingly important. Outbound tourism safety has many categories, the causes are different. But to strengthen the safety consciousness, forming national tourism safety climate initiative, strengthen prevention and supervision, both parties act calmly, and nip in the bud, these should be the lessons we learn from the disastrous events such as "Oriental Star" shipwreck event of the special major tourism safety. And we also summed up the pros and cons after advice, as a warning for the future.

PURPOSES:This study aimed to analyze the experimental and numerical behavior of warm mix asphalt pavement prepared using steel slag and RAP and to conduct economic analysis of pavement construction.METHODS :For developing high performance asphalt pavement, we performed three evaluations: fundamental analysis, experimental testing, and 3D finite element analysis. In particular, 3D finite element analysis was conducted on several pavement structures by adopting the results of experimental tests.RESULTS :Through the various evaluations, it was established that steel slag was effective for use as asphalt mixture aggregate. Moreover, asphalt mixture constituting steel slag and RAP demonstrated higher performance behavior compared with conventionally used asphalt mixture. Furthermore, based on the 3D FE modeling, we established that the developed asphalt pavement constituting steel slag and RAP can be utilized for thin layer pavement with comparable performance behavior.CONCLUSIONS:Warm mix asphalt pavement prepared using steel slag and RAP is more competitive and economic compared to hot-mix asphalt pavement. Moreover, it can be applied for preparing thin layer asphalt pavements with reasonable performance. The developed warm mix asphalt pavement prepared using steel slag and RAP can be an alternative pavement type with competitive performance based on the reasonable economic benefit it provides.

In this study, we changed the existing S45C steel shafts applied to the drive shaft for power train of automotive to Al7003-T6 aluminum material. For this purpose, the optimal inner diameter of the aluminium shaft is established. And, analysis of the stresses and vibration characteristics of shafts were analyzed through finite element analysis. The final aluminum drive shaft was evaluated through the static torsional torque test and the frequency test. The Al7003-T6 aluminum drive shaft's weight is 67% comparing from 100% of shaft with existing steel, and with the performance of 3,276 N-m and 236 Hz, it satisfies requirements of the torsional torque of 3,000 N-m and vibration characteristic over 150 Hz required for drive shaft.

The feeding habits of larval (5.0~27.0 mm SL) Clupea pallasii were examined and 1,523 individuals were collected from November 2010 to March 2011 in the coastal water of Eastern Jinhae Bay, Korea. Larval C. pallasii were fed mainly on copepods that constituted 55.2% in IRI. Monogeneans were the second largest prey component, another prey items tintinnids, cladocerans and ostracoda. The results of analysis in ontogenetic changes exhibit high during the daytime, two small size classes (≤10 mm, 10~15 mm) mainly fed copepods. while the percentage of coperpods decreased, monogeneans ratio increased in 15~20 mm size class. Feeding rate in diel difference of larval C. pallasii were high during the daytime.

The concern on the greenhouse gas emissions is increasing globally. Especially, the greenhouse gas emission from fisheries is an important issue due to Cancun Agreements Mexico in 1992 and the Kyoto protocol in 2005. Furthermore, the Korean government has a plan to reduce the GHG emissions as 5.2% compared to the BAU in fisheries until 2020. However, the investigation on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries has not been executed much. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from Korean fishery industry is needed as the first step to find a relevant way to reduce GHG emissions from fisheries. The purpose of this research is to investigate which degree of GHG emitted from the major coastal fisheries such as coastal gillnet fishery, coastal dual purpose fishery, coastal pots fishery and coastal small scale stow net fishery. Here, we calculated the GHG emission from the fisheries using the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level are defined for LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficients of the fisheries are also calculated according to the fuel type. The GHG emissions from sea activities by the fisheries will be dealt with. Furthermore, the GHG emissions for the unit weight of fishes are also calculated with consideration to the different consuming areas. The results will be helpful to understand the circumstances of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries.

This study investigated the effects of the mixing ratio of tofu paste and normal corn starch on the characteristics of gluten-free (GF) muffins. Soft wheat flour for wheat flour-based muffins (control) was replaced with the mixture of tofu paste and normal corn starch (NCS). The mixing ratios of tofu paste and NCS were 1:6.4 (S100), 1:5.1 (S80), 1:3.8 (S60), 1:2.6 (S40), 1:1.3 (S20), and 1:0 (S00), based on their total solid contents. GF muffins of S40- S100 developed the porous, sponge-like structure without crumb collapse. The weight and baking loss did not significantly differ in the control and GF muffins. By decreasing NCS in GF muffin batters, the moisture content, firmness, and crumb redness/yellowness of GF muffins increased, while their volume, specific volume, and crumb lightness decreased. Nevertheless, these characteristics (except for firmness) of S100 were much closer to those of the control. In the preference test, however, S60 (possessing lower attributes than S100 and S80) was most favored among GF muffins, and was very similar in all evaluations (except for appearance) to the control. Overall, the mixture of tofu paste and NCS would be a potential material to replace soft wheat flour in muffins.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the quality characteristics and antioxidant characteristics of commercially available mixed grains in Korea. The quality characteristics of mixed grain products studied were the mixing ratio, water binding capacity, water solubility, swelling power, and pasting characteristics. The antioxidant characteristics assessed the total polyphenol, flavonoid contents, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. The mixing ratio of commercially available mixed grain products consisted of 5~25 kinds of grains, with maximum products containing 15-grain products. The water binding capacity, water solubility, and swelling power in commercially available mixed grain products were 99.83~122.83%, 6.91~39.26% and 7.76~86.92%, respectively. The peak, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosity were 31.53±20.17 RVU, 25.24±13.22 RVU, 6.29±7.43 RVU, 50.27±25.84 RVU and 18.74±8.68 RVU, respectively. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 817.14~2,524.29 μg GAE/g and 06.36~1,099.09 μg CE/g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 31.91~151.70 mg TE/100 g and 28.09~119.92 mg TE/100 g, respectively. Products with high phenol content and radical scavenging activity were found to contain greater proportion of brown rice, colored rice, barley and soybean.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical and radiographic features of Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws(BRONJ). The clinical and radiographic features of 27 patients diagnosed with BRONJ from 2008 to 2012 were evaluated on the basis of the charts and panoramic radiographs and cone beam computed tomographs. As for clinical features, the following contents were evaluated; type of dental treatments before occurrence of BRONJ, the cause of taking bisphosphonate medicine, undergoing dental treatment, interval between dental treatments and symptom expression. As for radiological features, location of BRONJ, size of bone destructions and sclerosing of the surrounding bone, locational relationship between mandibular canal and inferior border of bone destruction, and effect on the maxillary sinus. In clinical features, extraction was done in 18 patients(66.7%), as the most common dental treatment before occurrence of BRONJ. The most common cause of taking bisphosphonate medicine was osteoporosis(20 pateints, 70.4%). The patients treated during bisphosphonate administration was 17(63.0%). The interval between dental treatments and symptom in the most patients(14 patients, 51.8%) was within 1 month. In radiological features, sequestrum was seen in 11 patients(40.7%) and bony sclerosing in 15(55.6%). The mean width of sclerosing was 32.9±12.4mm and mean height 17.5±4.4mm. Bone destruction invaded to inferior border of mandibular canal in 88.2%(15 among 17 mandibles),. Maxillary sinusitis was diagnosed in 57.1% among the evaluated maxillae(4 among 11 maxillae). In diagnosing BRONJ, clinicians should be cautious about medical history of patients and have well-knowledge of radiographic features.

The purpose of the study was to simplify standard HACCP manual for improving the on-site applicability and increasing the implementation rate of HACCP program for small- and medium-sized dairy farms (SMDF). A survey was carried out in 32 SMDFs using a structured questionnaire. The results indicated that the number of workers had a positive correlation with HACCP certifications (p < 0.05). Most of HACCP non-certified farms (66.7%) were run by two workers with 40-60 cows and milking yields of 1,000-1,500 L per day. Major drawbacks for dairy farmers to implement current HACCP system were the difficulties in daily recording and facility management (40%). On the basis of the survey results, it was suggested that the development of on-site standard HACCP manual and user-friendly record chart with O/X checklist were the most urgent factors to increase HACCP implementation rate. In addition, the alternative third party service for microbial and chemical tests could also be accompanied for small-sized dairy farms.

This study was conducted to develop an agent-based computing platform enabling simulation of on-farm produce contamination by enteric foodborne pathogens, which is herein called PPMCS (Preharvest Produce Microbial Contamination Simulator). Also, fecal contamination of preharvest produce was simulated using PPMCS. Although Agent-based Modeling and Simulation, the tool applied in this study, is rather popular in where socio-economical human behaviors or ecological fate of animals in their niche are to be predicted, the incidence of on-farm produce contamination which are thought to be sporadic has never been simulated using this tool. The agents in PPMCS including crop, animal as a source of fecal contamination, and fly as a vector spreading the fecal contamination are given their intrinsic behaviors that are set to be executed at certain probability. Once all these agents are on-set following the intrinsic behavioral rules, consequences as the sum of all the behaviors in the system can be monitored real-time. When fecal contamination of preharvest produce was simulated in PPMCS as numbers of animals, flies, and initially contaminated plants change, the number of animals intruding cropping area affected most on the number of contaminated plants at harvest. For further application, the behaviors and variables of the agents are adjustable depending on user’s own scenario of interest. This feature allows PPMCS to be utilized in where different simulating conditions are tested.

Surge pressure is created by rapid change of flow rate due to operation of hydraulic component or accident of pipeline. Proper control of surge pressure in distribution system is important because it can damage pipeline and may have the potential to degrade water quality by pipe leakage due to surge pressure. Surge relief valve(SRV) is one of the most widely used devices and it is important to determine proper parameters for SRV’s installation and operation. In this research, determining optimum parameters affecting performance of the SRV were investigated. We proposed the methodology for finding combination of parameters for best performance of the SRV. Therefore, the objective function for evaluate fitness of candidate parameters and surge pressure simulation software was developed to validate proposed parameters for SRV. The developed software was integrated into genetic algorithm(GA) to find best combination of parameters.