Development of T. urticae was studied on the leaves of eggplant grown in hydroponics with potash contents of 0 mM, 2 mM, 6 mM, and 12 mM. As the levels of potash increased, that of nitrogen decreased and that of P, K, Mg increased in the plant. While contents of crude protein and fiber decreased, those of ash and sugar increased. Carbohydrate content was the highest at 2 mM. Water contents increased as those of potash increased with the exception at 0 mM. Biomass was the heaviest as 552.7 g at 6 mM and the lightest at 0 mM. Leaf thickness and the content of chlorophyll increased as the content of potash increased. Laboratory leaf disc tests provided with various potash levels revealed that feeding and oviposition preferences of T. urticae were high at 6 mM and 12 mM, respectively. Ratio of damaged leaf by naturally occurring T. urticae on eggplants of 99 days post-transplant in the greenhouse was the highest at 6 mM. Development of immature stages of T. urticae shortened as the levels of potash increased with a less tendancy in male than in female. No differences were detected in adult longevity and oviposition period but the number of eggs laid was the most as 84.7 at 6 mM and the least as 40.6 at 0 mM. There were no differences in the rate of egg hatch and the ratio of sex. R<SUB>o</SUB>, r<SUB>m</SUB>, and were the highest at 6 mM and the lowest at 0 mM. T and Dt were the λ lowest at 6 mM and the highest at 0 mM. There was a descending trand of T. urticae developmet when levels of potash either gets high or low in the hydroponics.

본 연구는 돼지 B-casein 유전자 위치에서 EGFP가 발현될 수 있는 knock-in 벡터를 구축하기 위하여 실시되었다. 돼지의 B-casein 유전자를 이용하여 knock-in 벡터를 구축하기 위해 돼지의 태아 섬유아세포로부터 B-casein 유전자를 동정하였고 EGFP, SV4O polyA signal을 동정하였다. Knock-in 벡터는 5' 상동 영역 약 5 kb와 3' 상동 영역 약 2.7 kb로 구성되어있으며, positive selection marker로 neor 유전자를, negative selection marker로 DT-A 유전자를 사용하였다. 구축된 knock-in 벡터로부터 EGFP의 발현을 확인하기 위하여 생쥐 유선 세포인 HC11 세포에 knock-in 벡터를 도입하였다. 그 결과 EGFP의 발현을 HC11 세포에서 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과로서 이 block-in 벡터는 knock-in 형질전환 돼지를 생산하는데 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 1-2W형 온실의 구조를 개조하여 착색단 고추 재배온실로 이용하고 있는 온실의 구조의 안정성을 검토하였다. SAP-2000에 의한 구조해석 결과 1-2W기본형 온실의 기둥을 1.2m높였을 경우, 구조물이 견딜 수 있는 한계적설심은 변화는 거의 없으나 한계풍속은 약 26.0~41.0m/s정도로서 기본형에 비하여 약 3~18% 정도 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 풍하중 작용시 변형도를 비롯하여 축방향력, 전단력, 휨모멘트 등의 최대단면력은 기본형이나 개조형에 관계없이 거의 유사한 경향으로 나타났으며, 최대단면력은 풍상측의 처마높이 부위에서 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 설하중 작용시 변형도를 비롯하여 축방향력, 전단력, 휨모멘트 등의 최대단면력은 기본형이나 개조형에 관계없이 거의 유사한 경향으로 나타났으며, 축방향력을 제외한 최대단면력은 처마높이 부위에서 발생하였으며, 최대축방향력은 내측기둥에서 발생하였다. 한계적설심에 대한 내측기둥의 좌굴은 모두 안전한 것으로 나타났으며 세장비 또한 제한값 범위내에 들어 기본형 및 개조형 모두 만족하였다. 기초의 인발저항력과 지내력은 기본형과 개조형에 관계없이 모두 안전한 것으로 나타났다.

"Sick car syndrome" is known as a syndrome having latent health damage caused by complex smell of the assorted chemicals such as PVC and ABS which was components of new car interior trim (sheet, dashboard, audio case, cable, safety glass, synthetic rubber, and adhesive). The impact of interior trim on VOC levels was evaluated by testing with leather or fabric trims. Concentrations of VOCs and formaldehyde (HCHO) discharged from the car interior trims (2 sheet covers and 1 headliner) fixed in the sample holder of the small chamber were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Concentrations of TVOC and HCHO emitted from 3 samples increased with increasing temperature and time. Concentration of TVOC emitted from PVC foam leather was highest under experimental conditions.

스타크래프트는 1998년도에 미국 ‘블리자드’ 사에서 제작한 실시간 전략 시뮬레이션 게임이다. 이 게임의 등장 이후로, 게임을 즐기는 사용자들의 수준은 본 게임이 등장한 이후로 월등히 향상되었으나, 본 게임의 컴퓨터 인공지능의 수준에는 변화가 없었다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해, 몇 가지 연구 노력이 진행되어왔다. 그러나 기존의 인공지능 성능 향상 기법들은 치트 (cheat) 등을 사용하거나, 상당히 획일화된 전략 전술로 인해, 컴퓨터 인공지능의 한계가 쉽게 드러나는 단점이 있었다. 본 논문에서는 보다 적응성 있고 비용 효율적인 빌드 오더 선택 기법을 제안한다. 제안한 기법은 상대적인 전략 전술의 차이를 바탕으로, 현 상황에서 발생할 수 있는 적의 공격에 대하여 비용 효율적인 대응 방안을 선택한다. 이를 사용하면 컴퓨터 인공지능의 질과 성능의 측면에서 향상을 이룰 수 있다. 제안한 기법과 기존 스타크래프트 인공지능의 상대적 성능 평가를 통해, 제안한 기법을 사용한 인공지능이 월등히 뛰어난 성능을 보임을 확인한다.

Nuclear factor I-C (NFI-C) null mice demonstrated aberrant odontoblast differentiation, abnormal dentin formation, and thus molar lacking roots. However, the mechanism by which the disruption of NFI-C gene affect the expression of other genes in dental pulp cells remains unknown. In this study, in order to understand this mechanism, the gene expression of pulp cells in NFI-C deficient mice were compared to those of wild-type mice by cDNA microarray analysis. According to the cDNA microarray profile comparison, the disruption of NFI-C gene increased the expression of TGF-β and TGF-β receptor, whereas it decreased the expression of Smad proteins. Interestingly, most of the FGF-related genes were down-regulated in pulp cells by NFI-C gene disruption. Among the cell cycle-related genes, the expression of p16 and p18 were increased by NFI-C disruption, but the expression of cy clin E1 and cy clin D1 were decreased by NFI-C disruption. These results indicate that the disturbance of NFI-C gene suppressed the proliferation of pulp cells and up-regulated the expression of TGF-β and its downstream signaling molecules during root formation, contributing to the formation of short root containing abnormal dentin.

비사실적 렌더링 기술은 게임에서 렌더링 기법으로 가장 흔하게 사용되고 있다. 이는 게임에서 가장 중요한 특성인실시간 성능이라는 점에서 기인했다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 게임에 적용할 수 있는 비사실적 렌더링 기법에 대해 살펴보고, 현재 적용사례 및 이를 바탕으로 앞으로의 기술 발전 방향에 대해 살펴보고자 한다.

농업․농촌 정보화 사업은 인적․물적 인프라 구축을 위해 다각적인 사업을 추진해 왔음에도 불구하고 농업․농촌과 비농업․도시간, 지역간 정보격차가 크게 발생하고 있다. 이러한 정보격차는 소득과 지역발전, 삶의 질 등의 격차로 계층간 갈등으로 표출되는 등 사회문제화 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 정보화 사회로의 진전과 정보격차 해소를 위하여 정보화의 취약계층인 농업인의 정보화 수준을 살펴보고, 농업인의 정보활용 및 수용태도를 조사․분석하여 정보화 수용태도가 농가경제 향상에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다.

According to statistics released by the Ministry of Labor for the past 6 years, work-related accidents in the construction industry have been on the continued increase, resulting in social and economic losses that are difficult to determine at an exact amount. However, the number will likely get much bigger if unreported cases are included, considering the fact that the aforementioned statistics are based soley on the applications filed with Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service. The practice of businesses choosing not to report and dealing with industrial accidents in an unauthorized manner is defined as "concealment of industrial accident". The reason the employers tend to engage in the concealment practice even at their huge cost is a "pre-qualification" scheme for the applicants in the government procurement process. Under the pre-qualification scheme, the applicants with a high rate of industrial accidents receive a low grade and become less attractive candidates in the procurement process, thus losing an opportunity to win a contract. Such failure relates directly to the fate of business organizations, to survive or not. That is why they are making all-out efforts to obtain a high grade in the pre-qualification evaluation. With regard to the accident-concealment problem, the following can be mentioned as preventive measures: (1) To exclude a rate of industrial accidents from the pre-qualification scheme; (2) To strengthen the institution of imposing penalties on the occurrence of industrial accidents; (3) To introduce private insurance system to the current industrial accident compensation insurance; and (4) To give non-recognition treatment to industrial accidents that were not reported upon occurrence. In conclusion, the concealment problem can be resolved if the aforementioned measures are to be taken continuously along with corrective measures against institutional deficiencies.

본 연구는 현재 성장 가능성이 높은 모바일 콘텐츠 산업 중 모바일게임에 대해 고찰해 보고, 모바일게임의 충성도에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소로 몰입에 대해 연구하였다. 게임에 있어서의 몰입은 게임을 지속적으로 플레이하게 만드는 중요한 요소이다. 게임 몰입에 영향을 미치는 요소를 기존 몰입의 선행연구를 통해 도출된 숙련도, 도전감, 보상, 동기 외에 모바일의 특성상 몰입에 영향을 미칠 것이라 고려되는 모바일 기기와 콘텐츠의 요소인 모바일기기 화면과 게임속도, 사운드, 그래픽을 포괄적으로 고려하여 실증적으로 검증하였다. 그 결과 몰입의 개인적요소라 고려한 숙련도, 도전감, 동기는 모두 채택되었고, 기기요소인 화면과 속도는 기각되었다. 콘텐츠 특성 중에는 그래픽과 보상만이 채택되었다. 이를 통하여 모바일게임 디자인에 있어서 고려해야할 특성에 대해 고찰해 보고, 향후 모바일게임의 발전방향에 대해 통찰력 있는 시각을 제시하고자 한다.

The range of motion (ROM) of ankle dorsiflexion in older women was associated with gait abnormalities and the risk of falls. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-stretching exercise on the flexibility of the plantar flexors of the ankle and the characteristics of gait in healthy elderly women. Fifteen participants were assigned randomly into an exercise (n=8) or control (n=7) group. The exercise group attended a self-stretching program approximately 30 minutes for 3 days per week for 4 weeks. The active ankle dorsiflexion ROM and gait measurements were taken prior to beginning the stretching program and 1 day after the last stretching day. Results showed that the active ankle dorsiflexion ROM was significantly increased in the exercise group than in the control group after the stretching program (p<.05). However, gait parameters, including gait speed, cadence, and stride length were not significantly different between the two groups (p>.05). The results suggest that a 4-week self-stretching program is capable of provoking a significant increase in ankle dorsiflexion ROM in elderly, community-dwelling women. Additional research is needed to investigate the effect of gait-specific exercise combined with stretching exercise on gait ability.

This study examined the effects of Web ad components on customer attitude and purchasing decisions in 300 individuals who visited family restaurant Websites. The results are summarized as follows: First, Web ad components such as content, design, and interactivity had effects on the cognitive attitudes of the customers. And design, accessibility, and Web functionality had significant effects on the customers' emotional attitudes. In addition, content, navigation, and Web functionality had significant effects on the customers' behavioral attitudes. Lastly, the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral attitudes of the customers had significant effects on their purchases. From these results, design elements such as content, color, and menus, along with user interactivity for information are considered helpful components of a food service Web ad for customer cognition of the restaurant's information. In addition, aspects of Web functionality such as the food service's Web ad set-up, or the protection of personal information, the color design and menu, as well as accessibility for easy use, are all helpful in terms of gaining a customer attitude that is friendly and preferential towards a restaurant's menu items.

To screen highly active Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), 46 B. thuringiensis was isolated from 115 samples obtained from several crop soils. Especially, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki CAB133 and CAB162 isolates showed 100% mortality against S. litura. LD50 values of CAB133, CAB162 and HD-1 strains of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki were 0.089, 3.144 and 0.513 ㎍/㎖ against 2nd larva of μ S. litura, respectively. The weight of 3rd larva of S. litura which were fed crystal inclusion protein (1.267 ㎍/㎖) with B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki CAB133 was about 30 times lass than control group. CAB133 and CAB 162 strains of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki which were taken a highly toxity against S. litura were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and estimated the molecular weight of the Cry proteins. Their serological identification by H serotypes were showed B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (3abc) type.

Temperature dependent development of Tetranychus. urticae Koch was studied on the leaf of eggplant at 17, 22, 27, 32 and 37℃, T. urticae showed a minimum mortality at 27℃ and it increased at higher or lower temperatures than 27℃. The hatchability was low at 17 and 37℃. The duration of development decreased with increasing temperatures i.e., 5.3d at 37℃ and 25.8d at 17℃. Linear regression analysis of temperature vs. rate of development yielded the higher r² ≥ 0.88 resulting in a good fit of the estimated line in the range of 17~37℃. Developmental zero temperature was 12.5℃ for the entire immature stage of female and 12.8℃ for that of male. Thermal constants were 80.5 and 74.7 degree days for those of female and male, respectively. Adult life span and oviposition period decreased with increasing temperatures. The number of eggs laid per female peaked at 141.0 eggs at 27℃, while that was a minimum 78.0 eggs at 37℃. Rate of hatchability, ratio of female, and R₀ were increased up to 27℃, and than declined thereafter. Intrinsic rate of natural increase (Rm) increased with rising temperatures and showed a maximum 0.5652 at 37℃. Also, λ increased with increasing temperature. Doubling time (Dt) and generation time (T) decreased with increasing temperature.

The Welsh onion beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), has attacked Welsh onion and is now the most important pest of Welsh onion in southwestern Korea. The beet armyworm has a wide host range, occurring as a serious pest of vegetable and fields. The relatively high abundance of beet armyworm has stimulated frequent application of insecticides to foliage. Insecticide resistance is a major problem in management of this insect. Accordingly, pesticide application for the control of beet armyworm was tried in both the open field and in laboratory, using 4 synthetic compounds such as metaflumizone and chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, flufenoxuron, emamectin benzoate. In the laboratory, each developmental stages from eggs, larva to pupa was tested against 4 insecticides. Against the eggs of welsh onion beet armyworm, there was no significantly different with each other. These tested chemicals no killing effect to eggs. However, the population of 1st larva hatched from eggs were reduced because they eaten the egg shell with residual insecticides. The tested insecticides were taken very high mortalities to 1st to 3rd larva of Welsh onion beet armyworm. Otherwise, there were decreased the death rate from 4th to 6th larva. On the other hand, their value of control effects were relatively good against Welsh onion beet armyworms in the field between 87.2 and 90.5% on 10 days after insecticide application.

목적: 자유공간과 제한된 공간에서 측정한 Gradient AC/A비를 비교 분석하여 3가지 사위측정법의 신뢰도를 평가하였다. 방법: 2006년 9월 1일부터 2009년 9월 30일까지 서울에 거주하며 본 연구의 취지에 동의한 전신질환과 안질환이 없는 20세 이상의 성인 67명(26.61±2.56세)(남자 32명, 여자 35명)을 대상으로 선정하였으며, 굴절이상 수술 또는 사시 수술 병력이 있는 자는 대상자에서 제외하였다. 자동굴절검사(KR-7100P, Topcon Co.)와 표준 자각식 굴절검사로 원거리 굴절 이상도를 측정하였고, 포롭터(Shin-Nippon BR-7), 시력표투영기(Topcon ACP-7), 시험테(FM580), 렌즈 홀더(Gulden Ophthalmics co.), 프리즘바(Gulden co.), 낱개 프리즘, MIM Card(Bernell co.) 등을 이용하여 본그래페법, 마독스봉 및 수정 토링톤법에 의한 사위도 및 Gradient AC/A비를 측정하였다. 결과: 등가구면 굴절이상도는 우안 -2.79±2.56D, 좌안 -2.69±2.65D였고, 난시도는 우안 -0.80±0.49D, 좌안 -0.93±0.71D였다. 대상자 전체의 사위도는 원거리가 -0.31±1.24△, 근거리가 -1.67±4.51△이었다. 포롭터를 이용한 사위도는 VG(distance) -0.78±2.14△, MR(distance) -0.35±1.85△, MT(distance) -0.40±1.81△, VG(near) -2.63±4.64△, MR(near) -1.69±4.80△, MT(near) -1.78±4.52△이었다. 시험테로 측정된 사위도는 VG(distance) -0.69±1.96△, MR(distance) -0.32±1.77△, MT(distance) -0.40±1.82△, VG(near) -2.31±4.18△, MR(near) -1.60±4.51△, MT(near) -1.68±4.20△이었다. 제한된 공간에서 ±1D를 이용하여 측정한 Gradient AC/A비는 VG 3.32±0.81△, MR 3.07±0.61△, MT 2.74±0.29△이었고 자유공간에서 측정한 Gradient AC/A비는, VG 3.27±0.73△, MR 3.11±0.64△, MT 2.57±0.26△이었다. 각 측정법의 신뢰도를 비교한 결과, 95% 일치구간은 포롭터를 이용한 VG 측정법이 3.04로 가장 넓었고 시험테를 이용한 MT 측정법이 1.42로 가장 좁아 신뢰도가 높았다. 결론: 이상으로부터 제한된 공간과 자유 공간에서 측정된 사위도는 약간의 차이가 있었으나 임상적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 판단되었고, Gradient AC/A비를 기준했을 때 VG 측정법과 MR 측정법보다는 MT 측정법의 신뢰도가 높은 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 수입사료가 우리나라 농업환경의 오염부하에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 2005년을 기준년도로 하여 수입사료 품목별 수입량 및 비료성분량, 수입사료로 인한 가축 사양단계에서 비료성분 발생량을 추산하고, 농경지 작물별 재배면적과 양분요구도 분석을 통해 수입사료로 인한 농경지의 오염부하도를 분석하였다. 수입사료를 통해 국내로 도입되는 비료성분량은 질소 371천톤, 인산 140천톤, 가리 143천톤, 주요 수입품목인 곡류 및 식물성 유박류에서 유래하는