Ultra-thin aluminum (Al) and tin (Sn) films were grown by dc magnetron sputtering on a glass substrate. The electrical resistance R of films was measured in-situ method during the film growth. Also transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study was carried out to observe the microstructure of the films. In the ultra-thin film study, an exact determination of a coalescence thickness and a continuous film thickness is very important. Therefore, we tried to measure the minimum thickness for continuous film (dmin) by means of a graphical method using a number of different y-values as a function of film thickness. The raw date obtained in this study provides a graph of in-situ resistance of metal film as a function of film thickness. For the Al film, there occurs a maximum value in a graph of in-situ electrical resistance versus film thickness. Using the results in this study, we could define clearly the minimum thickness for continuous film where the position of minimum values in the graph when we put the value of Rd3 to y-axis and the film thickness to x-axis. The measured values for the minimum thickness for continuous film are 21 nm and 16 nm for sputtered Al and Sn films, respectively. The new method for defining the minimum thickness for continuous film in this study can be utilized in a basic data when we design an ultra-thin film for the metallization application in nano-scale devices.

This study was undertaken to find out the effect of cholesterol and serum albumin on sperm ability and lipid peroxidation levels period to the liquid storage of miniature pig sperm. Ejaculated semen from miniature pigs was collected by gloved-hand method into a pre-warmed () thermos bottle, and extended with Modena solution {with and without BSA, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (-cholesterol) and cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (+cholesterol)}. Each semen was assessed for viability (SYBR-14/PI staining) and acrosome intactness, intensity and capacitation status by chlorotetracycline (CTC) staining at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days of storage. At for the effects of cholesterol and serum albumin on lipid peroxidation, semen were incubated with (), and lipid peroxidation level were measured by flow cytometry using the lipid peroxidation reporter probe . The result, lipid peroxidation level in sperm added with cholesterol were lower in compared to the added sperm with serum albumin. Also, added cholesterol to sperm had significant (p<0.05) higher viability when storage for 7 and 10 days and lower when 10 days of storage percentage of acrosome-reacted sperm (AR pattern) in acrosome state as say result compared to other treated groups. In conclusion, role of cholesterol during lipid storage in miniature pig spermatozoa was protected boar spermatozoa from lipid peroxidation prior to lipid storage. Addition serum albumin during lipid storage in sperm may be induce sperm membrane damage by lipid peroxidation. Therefore, addition of cholesterol to miniature pig sperm will be lead to extension of liquid storage periods.

겨울철 유휴 논토양에 헤어리베치를 재배 이용하여 바이오에너지 원료작물인 옥수수를 재배할 경우 화학비료와 제초제를 절감하고, 옥수수의 무경운 재배법을 개발하고자 수행하였다. 헤어리베치 피복 이용 옥수수 무경운 직파재배 시 재식밀도에 따른 옥수수의 간장, 경태 및 엽색도 등은 관행재배에비하여 감소하였으며, 착수고는 밀식할 경우 증가하는 경향이었다. 그 밖의 옥수수의 출사기는 헤어리베치를 피복한 처리구에서 관행재배구에 비하여 평균 3일 지연되었으며, 재식밀도가 높을수록 또는 시비량이 감소될수록 지연되었다. 한편 경작지에서 우점하는 잡초는 여뀌, 바랭이 및 피였으며, 헤어리베치 피복량 증가는 잡초 건물중을 감소시켰다. 바이오에탄올생산량은 헤어리베치를 피복한 처리구에서 관행과 비교하여58.9~89.8%까지 확보할 수 있었으며, 재식밀도가 낮거나 시비량이 적을수록 감소 정도가 크게 나타났다. 바이오에너지 작물인 옥수수를 친환경적으로 생산하는 방법 중의 하나로 헤어리베치를 피복하고 무경운 직파하여 시비량을 50% 감량하고, 재식밀도를 125,000 주 ha-1로 높이면 총 건물수량과 바이오에탄올량을 관행과 유사한 수준을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

저면관수 방식인 C-형강 매트재배 시스템을 이용한 소형 분화 국화 재배 시 daminozide 농도에 따른 관 주처리, 저면공급 및 정식시기에 따른 생장억제 효과의 지속력 및 저면공급의 처리효과를 구명하고자 본 실험 을 수행하였다. 1차 정식처리구에서 4,000 mg·L-1 이상 의 관주 처리구에서 초장신장 억제효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 2차 정식처리구의 경우 5,000mg·L-1 에서 억제효과가 인정되었다. 분산분석 결과 정식시기도 초장 조절에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 양액과 저면 공급한 처리구에서 daminozide가 화뢰의 형성, 생 체중 및 건물중에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험을 통하여 정식시기를 조절하여도 초장을 조절 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 따라서, 초장신장 억제를 위한 생장조절제 처리 시 정식시기와 공급방법의 다양 화를 통해 분화 국화의 효율적인 초장 조절이 가능 할 것이다.

In this study, we evaluated the composition of smoke released from fish frying processes. We selected 4 fish types (mackerel (M), hairtail (H), croaker (C), and japanese mackerel (J)) which are commonly served in our daily diet and collected their smoke samples. The analysis was made to cover both toxic and hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that include benzene, toluene, p-xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, butyl acetate, and isobutyl alcohol. According to our analysis, the mean concentrations (ppb) of VOCs derived from all 4 fish types were 254.5 (benzene), 34.5 (toluene), 833.0 (MEK), 29.4 (MIBK). Benzene as the class one carcinogen was detected at fairly high levels from these fish smoke samples so as to exceed indoor emission standard. Considering that roasted fish is often included as one of the common diet items, we can confirm that the smoke released from cooking should be controlled to reduce the possibility of their exposure to human.

본 연구는 나리 하계 고온기 고품질 절화생산 및 경 영비 절감을 위한 도입 소구의 비대증식에 유리한 환경 조건을 찾아내기 위해 수행하였다. 종구비 절감을 위해 소구를 도입하여 양구하는데 효과적인 환경조건을 찾 아내고자 재배형태를 비가림, 망실, 무피복으로 나누고 다시 절화 재배시 많이 사용하는 30% 차광처리와 무처 리로 구분하여 시험하였다. 모든 처리구에서 비가림 재배 가 우수하였고 차광의 효과도 다소 있었다. 특히 양구에 있어서는 대관령 등의 고랭지에서 주간과 야간온도의 차이가 커서 동화산물의 전류 및 축적이 많아 평지에 비해 구비대가 유리하여 시비 및 관수방법에 따라 보통 3년 정도인 양구 기간을 단축할 수도 있을 것으로 기 대된다.

Across the culture of Western Europe, dichotomy based on the visual sense has evolved. They believed eyes and ears requiring a distance related in recognition, are more developed than any other human senses in human body. Dominant position, as a condition to using a perspective, the eye has been just concentrated in the development of optical sight. But developed a variety of modern media, highlighting the importance of the other perception, it makes dichotomy to the expansion of perception over the single function of visuality. Recently, Guille Deleuze and Merleau-Ponty try to recover the sense of tactility segregated in skin from body keeping eyes for distance. By the result, the activity can be happened by being connected to the body rather than to eye in the space between the subject and object. From the phase of recognition where the human body tries to identify the object in the space considering a time, it will be changed for the subject to the phase of structure vice versa. Visual tactility is to eliminate the distance between subject and object. If the visual tactility is to erase the distance different from the visual in dichotomy, it will be occurred to having a tension and makes new relationship to work trying to move the subjective point of view in object. Like this evidence in analysis of architecture, it can be easy to find the Korean architecture rather than western architecture in terms of emphasizing the time and space. The fact, architecture of Lee Dynasty had been preserved and consisted basic form and style over the centuries makes us assume that visual tactility was considered as well as the visual sense. This study will be intensive in terms of visual and tactile inherent in the subject and how it is being connected to the movement in the space and time.

Currently, dental implants are generally used for reconstruction of oromaxillofacial defects. Implants are widely used in dental and medical fields. The materials of implants are variable such as metals and ceramics. The materials of implants must be have not toxicity and biocompatibility to host and mechanical(physical) strength. Bones must be attached to titanium surface without any other tissues. many researcher's had studied for raising the osseointegration through various method which are including implants designs and materials. It was reported over 95% success ratio. many researcher's study the methods which are enhancing the speed of bone remodelling and osseointegration. Thermo dynamic therapy is one of the method to accelerlate the speed of bone remodelling and osseointegration. Thus it raise stability of implants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of diode laser irradiation for ossoeintegration in implant interface and between the implants threads. 24 New Zealand white rabbits which were about 3kg weight, used for experiment. 2 implant's were implanted every rabbit's tibia. 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks after implantation, tissue sample were removed from sacrificed rabbit's tibia. 8 rabbit's were sacrificed every 2, 4, 8 weeks and undecalcified sample were made from tissue sample. We have investigated the undecalcified samples by back scattered electron microscope. We have analysied the length rate and area rate in implant interface and inside the threads. The results were as follows. 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks experimental groups which were irradiated low level laser therapy showed rapid bone remodelling than control groups. It was suggested that Initial bone remodelling may be effected by LLLT because of implant bone contact ratio between 4th weeks and 8th weeks had no siginifant difference. Initial bone remodelling may be more influenced than later bone remodelling by LLLT because of new bone formation area ratio between implant threads had no significant differences during 4th to 8th weeks. According to above results, low level laser irradiation accerlate the new bone formation in implant interface and inside the implants threads at initial stage. there were many factors which are increasing the bone remodelling, because there were many differences between experimental and control groups. Low level laser irradiation were helpful for increasing the initial stage of bone remodelling because of above results.

오이와 착색단고추를 대상으로 펄라이트 자루재배의 급액시스템으로 배액전극제어법을 적용할 경우 적정 전극높이를 구명하기 위하여 실험을 수행했다. 전극높이를 바닥에서 4, 8, 12, 16mm로 처리하여 실험한 결 과, 오이와 착색단고추 모두에서 생육과 수량은 처리간 차이가 없었다. 그러나 일중 급액개시시기의 과다관 수를 방지하기 위해서는 4mm가 가장 적합할 것으로 사료되었다.

The aim of this study was to compare electromyography activity for long and lateral heads of triceps brachii muscle according to forearm positions during different triceps strengthening exercises. The muscle activities for long and lateral head of triceps brachii were measured by surface electromyography. Fifteen healthy volunteers participated for this study and performed elbow extension in three different elbow extension exercises (elbow extension in a supine position; EES, elbow extension with shoulder abduction at 90 degrees in a prone position; EESA, and elbow extension with one arm at the side of the trunk in a prone position; EESP) and forearm positions (supination, neutral, and pronation). A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the effects of the exercise positions and forearm positions. The EMG activities of the long head of the triceps brachii increased significantly during EESP with forearm supination, whereas the activity of the lateral head of the triceps brachii increased significantly during EESA with the forearm in a neutral position (p<.05). The results of this study suggest that exercise positions and forearm positions should be considered for selectively strengthening the long and lateral heads of triceps brachii muscles.

The purpose of this study was to assess visual biofeedback's influence on trunk muscles' (EMG) activity and endurance holding time for correct position during whole-body tilt exercise. For the study, we recruited 14 volunteers who showed no symptom of lumbar disease during medical tests. We measured the EMG activity of their rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and erector spinae muscles, and their endurance holding time for correct position during anterior and posterior whole-body tilt under two conditions: whole-body tilt with and without visual biofeedback. Resistance with gravitational force on the trunk during whole-body tilt was applied by using a device that had a monitor on which the subjects could check their alignment and that sounded an alarm if a subject's alignment collapsed. The study showed an increase in the EMG activity of external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique/rectus abdominis ratio and endurance holding time for correct position during both anterior and posterior whole-body tilt with visual biofeedback compared with without visual biofeedback (p<.05). We suggest that the whole-body tilt exercise with visual biofeedback could be a beneficial strategy for selectively strengthening the internal abdominal oblique muscle and minimizing the rectus abdominis muscle's activity while maintaining correct alignment during whole-body tilt exercise.

Push-up plus has been advocated for increasing the activity of the serratus anterior muscle, the most critical scapular stabilizer. However, no previous study has reported the possibility of compensatory motion on the part of the pectoralis major, which could substitute for the action of the serratus anterior during push-up plus. The aim of the current study was to investigate the immediate effect of electromyography (EMG) biofeedback of the pectoralis major muscle on the pectoralis major, upper trapezius, and serratus anterior muscles during push-up plus. Fourteen healthy young subjects voluntarily participated in this study; each subject performed push-up plus from the quadruped position, in two conditions (i.e., with or without visual and auditory biofeedback). Surface EMG was used to measure pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and upper trapezius activity. A paired t-test was used to determine any statistically significant difference between the two conditions. Additionally, effect size was calculated to quantify the magnitude of EMG biofeedback in each muscle. Visual and auditory feedback reduced pectoralis major muscle activity significantly (p=.000) and increased the serratus anterior muscle activity significantly (p=.002), but did not induce a significant difference in upper trapezius muscle activity (p=.881). Thus, it is concluded that the visual and auditory feedback of pectoralis major muscle activity can be used to facilitate serratus anterior muscle activity during push-up plus.

Since today’s digital culture deepens the tendency toward city-centric and mechanic-centric areas while individual communication is carried out mainly to be comfortable and efficient through convenient operation and management of technical civilization, it is getting difficult to experience the lingering impression derived from simplicity and timelessness of nature. As technology is rapidly developing, people tend to satisfy indirectly through visual sensation and to stay in passive lifestyle concentrating on intended transfer of culture that significantly different from the actual nature.The era of the absence of impression, sensible spirit, dialogues appealing to deep human nature, and trustful relationships implemented by sustainable ethos are possibly completed and healed by the soul of sound transcending time and space. It is necessary, in terms of succession, to identify, emphasize, and research the genre of art refreshing our age and society. We especially need to emphasize the important of the value of artistic sublimation of life and literary elements relieving human emotion and harmonizing everyday life through poetic rhythms, the source of resonance that has us recognized the culmination of representation, the beauty of scenery.Therefore, this study described there has been a rhythmical harmonization echoing to the spirit of traditional culture that inspires the soul of sound through works, concerning the role of "the human being of soul blending with the earth and heaven"between nature and human while enjoying the culture of digital era. There are several works having the spirit of sound and culture, bringing actual changes in life by adapting contemporary cultural expressions to traditional formats, and refreshing everyday life by repetitive reciting unconsciously with metric delights. In contemporary poetry of Korea, those expressions containing the soul of sound through rhythm and rhyme of transformed tradition are enjoyed and will be enjoyed by ordinary people as a form of resonance. In the present study, analysis and examination were conducted with the works of Kim Sowal who sublimated destruction and solitude in harmonization and creation by concentrating sprit, Manhae Han Yonghun who chanted the mysterious life and universe expressed by the sound of streams flowing in poetic thoughts, Yoon Dongjoo who reflected and implemented ethos by conversing with the sound of rain and wind, Kim Youngrang who sang the melody of life through the sound and the art of drums, Cheong Jiyong who recited the sound of hometown recalling nostalgic emotion of Korean, Midang Seo Jeongjoo who intoned the sound of Manpasikjuk, the flute inspiring the mystery of myth and music, and the sound of Hapjukseon from wind, and Hwang Donggye who mastered poetic transition sympathizing the process to experience the soul of sound mysteriously though lyrical poems.Further studies will be expected to continue based on this study that identified the direction of contemporary poetry and cultural historical value through the works of art that integrated the soul of sound into the aesthetics of expression.