Background : This study examines the main growth characteristics, physiological stress, or diseases damage for 3 and 4-years-old ginseng in the new lines cultivated in Gyeonggi for development of new lines of Ginseng. Methods and Results : Eumseong 13, 14 and 15, which are two-years-old seedling in the new line ginseng were transplanted in 7 lines × 9 rows (70 plants)/1.62㎡ in 2015 along with Gumpoong and Yeonpoong as the control lines while Eumseong 16 and 17 as well as Chunpoong as the control line were transplanted in the same way in 2016. The ginseng shading was installed with the front post of 170 ㎝ high and the rear post of 100 ㎝ high using the rear line while as the sun blocking material, the aluminum shade plate was used. As for the new growth lines of 3 and 4-years ginseng in the new growth line, the aerial parts of the ginseng and underground part of ginseng were examined. In addition, the physiological stress such as the leaf discoloration, rusty root and root rot as well as the resistance against the disease were examined. It was found out that as for the aerial parts of 3-years-old ginseng in test line, Eumseong 16 and 17 were better in the growth than the control lines were while in 4 years old ginseng, Eumseong 13 and 14 were better in the growth than Gumpoong as the control line was. As for the root weight of the 4-years-old ginseng for the underground part, there was no significant difference compared with control line while in 3-years-old ginseng, Eumseong 16 and 17 were heavier. The leaf discoloration did not happen to both 3 and 4-years-old ginseng. As for the root rot, 3-years-old Eumseong 16 and 17 suffered less root rot in the same way as for the control line. 4-years-old Eumseong 14 and 15 had less root rot in the same way as for the control line. 3-years-old Eumseong 16 and 17 have less rusty root in the same way as the control line while as for 4-years-old ginseng, Eumseong 13, 14 and 15 showed a lot of rusty roots in the same way as the control line. Conclusion : Finally, considering the growth characteristics, physiological stress and root rusty of the aerial parts and underground parts of the ginseng, we selected Eumseong 16 and 17 as the excellent lines for 3-years-old ginseng.

Background : The cultivation method of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been introduced not only in the existing shading facilities but also in the cultivation method using the rain shelter house. In addition, direct seedling cultivation of ginseng is increasing in order to save labor. Ginseng cultivation area in the northern area is increasing with the disappearance of first planted field. Proper shading method in the northern ares is needed to grow direct grown ginseng using rain forest house. Methods and Results : Shading method using rain shelter house was Polyethylene film with layered polyethylene net 75%, blue-white duplicated PE film 85%, blue-white duplicated PE film 90%. Plant materials is 5-years-old Ginseng using direct seedling cultivation. In order to select proper shading materials of the rain shelter house in northern area, we investigated photosynthetic properties and growth of 5-years-old ginseng in rain shelter house. The temperature and humidity were slightly different between the traditional conventional shade facility and the rain shelter house, but the light intensity of the shading facility tended to decrease with the passage of time. The difference in shading method in rain shelter house was the highest at polyethylene film with layered polyethylene net 75%. As a result of the growth characteristics of the top part, 90% of blue-green double-sided film showed the greatest growth with 89.8 ± 1.5. The difference in top part between rain shelter house and shading facility is about 23 ㎝. Conclusion : Although the above growth characteristics of the ginseng shows this tendency, the root growth characteristics of the ginseng must be further observed.

Background : Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a multi-year-cultivated plant that causes many insects and disease damage during the growing season. The Ginseng Rain-sheltered Shade House is one of the efficient cultivation techniques as reducing the damages caused by natural disaster such as blight, high temperature & humidity, dry, and heavy rain & snow. This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics of 4-years-old ginseng using rain-sheltered shade house suitable shading materials for the Gyeongsangbuk-do. Methods and Results : The rain-sheltered shade house shading materials were PE film with layered polyethylene net 90%, Light diffusion film with layered polyethylene net 75%, blue-white duplicated film. In order to determine proper shading materials of the rain-sheltered shade house, ginseng growth characteristics such as plant length, stem diameter, leaf length, root length and root diameter were investigated at 4-years-old ginseng. As a result, the evaluations of aerial part growth by measurements were good in the following order: PE film + polyethylene net 90%, Blue-white duplicated film and light diffusion film + polyethylene net 75%. The evaluations of root weight by measurements were heavy in the following order: Blue-white duplicated film, PE film + polyethylene net 90% and light diffusion film + polyethylene net 75%. The net photosynthetic rate was higher in blue-white duplicated film than other shading materials treatments during growth season including summer high-temperature period. Conclusion : In the 4-years-old ginseng cultivation in Gyeongsangbuk-do using the rain-sheltered shade house, aerial part growth in PE film + polyethylene net 90% was better than other shading materials. In addition, root weight in Blue-white duplicated film was heavier than other shading materials. It will be possible to know which shading material is the most suitable for Gyeongsangbuk-do area after further growth.

Background : The insufficient soil moisture due to spring drought causes the germination rate of ginseng seeds to be remarkably lowered and the low seeding depth causes the roots not to be settled but remain in the surface soil containing moisture, resulting in the ill-shaped ginseng. Especially, in the case of paddy soil, the soil environment is often over-humidified or over-dried, resulting in high rate of occurrence of physiological disorders such as rough skin, yellow-colored root and red-colored root, etc. compared to the upland soil, requiring more care in managing the soil. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to investigate the effects of stamping treatment on the direct seeding cultivation in the paddy soil and to investigate the survival and growth characteristics according to the seeding method. Methods and Results : We investigated the effects of stamping on the emergency rate and growth by using rollers (15, 20, 25, 30 ㎏), and also investigated the growth characteristics according to the direct sowing methods (broadcast planting, motorized seeder, semi-automatic seeder, manual seeder, hoop-type seeder). In the emergency rate of 1-year-old ginseng group directly sowing and treated with trampling, the group treated with 25 ㎏ & 30 ㎏ showed the highest emergency rate & growth, and above-ground & underground parts growth of 1-year-old ginseng by sowing method, there was no significant difference between sowing methods, the emergency rate of motorized seeder and semi-automatic seeder was high. Conclusion : In the paddy soils, the 25 – 30 ㎏ stamping after direct seeding showed superior above-ground growth and emergency rate, and there was no significant difference in growth, but motorized seeder and semi-automatic seeder had a higher rate of emergency in 1-year-old ginseng.

Background : Currently sprout ginsengs are produced in extensive variations of cultivation times, methods and specifications that are different in each farm in Korea. Also, regardless the effective ingredient content of ginseng, overgrown sprout ginseng are distributed so that the quality standardization of sprout ginseng is urgently required. The sprout ginseng market is only a segment of the Korean ginseng market still. However, If development of processed products utilizing the functionalities is connected, the market may exponentially grow. Also, if the use of sprout ginseng is extended to productions of drinks, cosmetics, facial masks and others in the cosmetics and health functional food industries, the export competitiveness to the global market is expected to increase. Therefore, this study aims the quality standardization of sprout ginseng to secure the market competitiveness in Korea and overseas by examining the property change following the cultivation period. Methods and Results : Growth of sprout ginseng were investigated on 20 th, 30 th, 40 th and 50 th days after planting on May 30 th. Growth of above-ground parts and underground parts of 2-years-old sprout ginseng increased with longer growing period. As the growing period became longer, the sprout ginseng weight increased, that is the result of the increase of the above-ground part. Also, according to the examination on the leaves, stems and roots properties of 2-year grown sprout ginseng in each growing period, a trend that, as the growing period is longer from 20 days to 50 days, the hardness, gumminess, chewingness and fracture of leaf, stem and root are higher. Conclusion : In case of cultivating sprout ginseng in a green house, as the growth period of 2-years-old sprout ginseng was prolonged, the growth of above-ground parts and underground parts was improved. And, as the growing period of sprout ginseng was prolonged, the properties of leaves, stems and roots tended to increase.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the seedling, growth, and yield characteristics of 1-year-old Polygala tenuifolia by cultivation of different regions. Methods and Results : After growing the seedlings for 2 months in the greenhouse, they were planted at different altitudes including: 100 m or less (Cheongju), 250 m (negative), 300 m (Jecheon), and 500 m (Pyeongchang) in the first week of May. The flowering period, fertilization period, fruit weight, growth, and yield were recorded and investigated in that period. Results of analyzing the physicochemical properties of the soils revealed that the pH of the soil was close to neutrality of 6.7 - 7.3 at 100 m, 250 m, and 500 m altitudes and an acidity of pH 5.7 at 300 m altitude. The average temperature for different time periods and altitudes are the following: 3.8℃ from June to October during the harvesting season, 21.8℃ at 100 m altitude in the end of June, 10.8℃ at 500 m altitude in the middle of harvest period, and 2.7℃ higher at 100 m altitude than 500 m altitude. The difference in the number of rooting (between 11 and 12/㎡) and the rate of rooting (82 - 92%) was not significant. The plant length was 25 - 26.5 ㎝ at 300 m and 500 m altitude. The largest number of branch was at 1.8 with 250 m altitude and largest stalk diameter at 500 m altitude at 6.0 ㎜. Leaf length and leaf width were the same per area, but the branches were the largest at 500 m at 17.9. Dry weight of 12.7 g was heaviest at 500 m altitude implying that the higher the altitude, the higher the dry weight will be. Moreover, in the 500 m altitude, root length of 29.2 ㎝ was the longest, root diameter was 5.9 ㎜, and the dry root weight of 7.9 g was the heaviest. However, the number of supporting root was 4.9 - 7.3 which was not statistically significant. The optimal yield per 10 a was 94 ㎏ at 500 m altitude. This was very high compared to yield of 28 ㎏ at 100 m altitude. The seed weight per 10 a was 1.5 ㎏ and 2.3 ㎏ at 100 m and 300 m altitude, respectively. The highest content of Teuifolin contained in the root was 124.07 ppm at 500 m altitude. Conclusion : Results showed that 1-year-old P. tenuifolia had optimal growth, higher yield and better vital component content at altitude of 500 m.

In this study, the severing tests of prestressing steel in old PSCI bridges were carried out. The behavior of the bridge is investigated by measuring the displacement and strain at midpoints of severing girder. The effects of severing some prestressing steel were not noticeable enough to be visible.

Background: Saline soil has negative effects on the growth of most crops. Sodium is the main element that causes salt accumulation in soil. Organic materials such as cow and poultry manure, are frequently used during the preparation stage, which causes an increase in the rate of salt accumulation in the soil. Methods and Results: To investigate the influences of sodium on ginseng, NaH2PO4, Na2SO4, and NaCl were used to adjust the sodium concentrations at 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM in nutrient solution. In a 2-year-old ginseng, toxic symptoms appeared when the sodium treatment exceeded 50 mM. The sodium concentration in the leaves was 3.33%, which is more than twice as high as that of the control treated at 50 mM. As the sodium concentration increased, the root weight significantly decreased. In the 100 mM treatment, the weight decreased by 28% when compared to that of the control. The Amount of ginsenoside significantly increased with an increase in sodium concentrations. Conclusions: These results suggest that the growth of 2-year-old ginseng is negatively affected when sodium exceeds 50 mM. This result can be used for a as basis in diagnosing the physiological disorders of ginseng.

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, involving gastrointestinal tract and extra-intestinal organs. IgA nephropathy is a rare extra-intestinal manifestation of Crohn’s disease. We describe a case of 21-year old Korean man who was diagnosed with Crohn’s disease 5 years after IgA nephropathy was suspected. At the age of 16, he had gross hematuria and 2 years after he was diagnosed with IgA nephropathy. Three years later, he complained of abdominal pain and diarrhea. He was diagnosed with Crohn’s disease by colonoscopy and histologic exams. There has been increasing evidences of common pathophysiology between the two diseases.

In this study, the grouting condition and the corrosion of prestressing steel in old PSCI bridges were investigated. There are many places where the construction quality of the grout is poor to prevent the corrosion of prestressing steel. Partial surface corrosion was found regardless of the construction condition of the grout.

In this study, the results of the load carrying capacity evaluation were compared for old small bridges. From this study, it can be seen that there are bridges in the old bridges that exceed the design load and ensure the bridging performance higher than the rated load. The evaluation results will manage by data that confirms whether the safety of heavy weight vehicles is secured.

The old electric transmission tunnel over thirty years old in northern Seoul is operated with Ttukdo substation as its starting point and 41km-length since March, 1980, and the trend is an icrease in embedded electric power structures over thirty years old beyond sixty kilometers. If the corrosion occur in reinforced concrete structures, it is considered as the important factor among deterioration factors .By examing the seventy-two cases of concrete carbonation and covering depth in order to analyze the concrete carbonation of electric power structures over thirth years old in Gangbuk-gu, this paper atempts to analyze carbonation coefficient, remaning service life, and concrete carbonation of old embedded electric power structures for reference to predict the concrete carbonation progress.

This paper deals with the phonological reconstruction of Old English Palatalization in prefixed words focusing on how morphology interacts with phonology and how the phonological reconstruction can be substantially confirmed. It will be shown that the traditional descriptions of Old English Palatalization tend to oversimplify the contexts for its application and make predictions not consistent with other synchronic phonological phenomena. Once the sound values of the relevant consonants in Old English prefixed words are reconstructed, Middle English orthographic system and the alliterative convention in Old English versification, often used as major sources for the reconstruction of Old English sounds, will be explored in detail in order to evaluate the validity of the proposed phonological reconstruction.

Background: The cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in greenhouses could reduce the use of pesticides and result in higher yield; however, construction costs are problematic. The adaptation of direct-sowing culture in greenhouses could reduce the cost of ginseng production. Methods and Results: To improve seedling establishment in direct-sowing culture, effects of sowing density (SD), number of seeds sown per hole (SN), and thinning (TH) treatment on the root yield were investigated after 3 years of seeding. The emergence rate was significantly influenced by SD, but not by SN or TH. Damping-off and rusty roots increased with an increase in SN with diminishing effects of SN on seedling establishment. Root weight and diameter were affected by SD, SN, and TH, however, there were no statistical significances. The total number of roots harvested per unit area increased with increasing SD and SN, and the weight of roots was affected by SD, but not by SN or TH. Conclusions: Multi-seed sowing per hole and/or thinning might not be an efficient method for the direct-sowing culture of ginseng. The SD for direct seeding culture in greenhouses should be approximately 33 - 42 seeds/㎡ for an optimum yield of 3-year-old ginseng.

본 연구는 만5세 유아의 음악만들기 활동에서 나타난 어려움과 문제를 발견하고 이를 해결하는 과정의 경 험을 탐색해 봄으로써, 교육현장에서 실천 가능한 유아 음악만들기 접근 방안을 모색하기 위해 수행하였다. 유아 음악만들기 활동과정에서의 연구자가 경험한 내용은 크게 ‘음악만들기에 다가가기’와 ‘음악만들기 실천 하기’로 유목화할 수 있었다. ‘음악만들기에 다가가기’위한 연구자의 노력은, ‘음악이 아름다워야 한다는 생각 내려놓기,’ ‘음악교육’을 해야 한다는 부담감에서 벗어나기,’ ‘유아의 음악성 바라보기,’ ‘유아가 만든 음악 공유하기’ 등으로 나누어서 살펴보았다. 한편 ‘음악만들기를 실천하기’위한 연구자의 노력은, ‘소리를 통해 일상에서 음악 끄집어내기,’ ‘움직임을 음악만들기와 연결 짓기,’ ‘함께 하는 음악을 위한 노랫말 이야기 제공하기,’ ‘그림을 통해 유아가 만든 음악 남겨두기’ 등으러 분류할 수 있었다. 이러한 실행연구의 과정을 통해 유아와 함께 행복한 음악만들기를 할 수 있는 방안을 모색하였다.

재배지 부족과 기후변화로 인하여 인삼재배의 생산량이 적 어지고 있어 추가적인 방법이 필요하다. 따라서 기존에는 환경 산업 및 식품포장, 가공에 활용되고 있는 파인버블을 우리나라 대표 작물인 인삼재배에 적용하여 변화되는 생리적, 형태적 특성을 분석하였다. 2년 근 인삼에 파인버블수를 적용한 결과 Table 2에서 보듯이 줄기 길이와 잎이 증가되었고 뿌리에서는 주근이 커지면서 무게가 증가되었다. 특히 잎이 커지면서 뿌리의 무게가 증가됨을 보이고 있는데 이는 총 엽록소 함량을 확인한 결과 높게 나와 광합성 효율 증대와 연계되었다고 판단된다. 본 연구결과에서는 파인버블수를 사용한 인삼 재배시 인삼의 성장 저해가 나타나지 않았음을 확인하였으며, 생리적 특성 및 세분화된 결과를 통해 인삼의 전체적인 생육이 약 10%에서 15% 생장이 증가되는 것을 확인할 수가 있다. 따라서 인삼 재배시 파인버블수를 적용함으로써 인삼이 생육 증대가 이루어지고 있다는 것을 의미할 수 있다. 추후 파인 버블수를 적용된 3-5년 근의 고년 근 인삼에서도 특징을 유지하는지 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.