The predator-prey interaction in freshwater ecosystems is a crucial area in the ecological study field and one of example to find such interaction is to investigate stomach contents. However, traditional method through visual inspection often induce misidentification, as it depends critically on intactness of physically visible data. In this study, we utilized Next-Generations Sequencing (NGS) technology to test the applicability stomach content analysis and overcome such limitation. NGS was applied to analyze the stomach contents of the Hemibarbus labeo, Tachysurus fulvidraco, and Plecoglossus altivelis collected in the lower part of Nakdong River. As a result, T. fulvidraco had a higher number of Animalia operational taxonomic units (OTUs) intake rate than H. labeo. At the same time, P. altivelis had higher number of Plantae OTUs intake rate than T. fulvidraco and higher Protozoa OTUs intake rate than H. labeo respectively. Therefore, NGS technology application enable to overcome traditional method’s limitation and discover hidden interspecific interaction which can further be used in appropriate habitat assessment.

Forest destruction is an inevitable result of the development processes. According to the environmental impact assessment, over 10% of the destroyed trees need to be recycled and transplanted to minimize the impact of forest destruction. However, the rate of successful transplantation is low, leading to a high rate of tree death. This is attributable to a lack of consideration for environmental factors when choosing a temporary site for transplantation and inadequate management. To monitor transplanted trees, a field survey is essential; however, the spatio-temporal aspect is limited. This study evaluated the applicability of remote sensing for the effective monitoring of transplanted trees. Vegetation indices based on satellite remote sensing were derived to detect time-series changes in the status of the transplanted trees at three temporary transplantation sites. The mortality rate and vitality of transplanted trees before and after the transplant have a similar tendency to the changes in the vegetation indicators. The findings of this study showed that vegetation indices increased after transplantation of trees and decreased as the death rate increased and vitality decreased over time. This study presents a method for assessing newly transplanted trees using satellite images. The approach of utilizing satellite photos and the vegetation index is expected to detect changes in trees that have been transplanted across the country and help to manage tree transplantation for the environmental impact assessment.

본 총설은 소수성 불소수지계 분리막의 표면 개질에 대한 개론으로 다양한 표면 개질 방법 및 그 연구 결과를 중 점적으로 서술하였다. PTFE로 대표되는 불소수지계 고분자 분리막은 막 증류, 유수 분리, 기체 분리를 포함한 다양한 막 분 리 공정에서 사용되어왔다. PTFE 막은 내화학성, 내열성, 높은 기계적 강도와 같은 뛰어난 물성에도 불구하고 소수성 표면 특성으로 인해 기술 적용의 확장에 제한적이다. 친수성 향상을 위해 습식 화학법, 친수성 고분자 코팅, 플라즈마 처리, 조사, 원자층 증착과 같은 다양한 PTFE 표면 개질 방법을 이용하며 이를 통해 불소수지계 분리막의 응용분야가 확장될 수 있다.

본 연구는 전문가들의 의견을 수렴할 수 있는 델파이 기법을 활용하여 스쿠버다이빙 레스큐 교육과정에서의 문제점을 분 석하고 개선방안을 모색하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 통해 우리나라에서 이루어지는 스쿠버 레스큐 교육과정을 보다 전문적이고 체계 적으로 이루어질 수 있도록 하여 참여자들이 즐겁고, 안전하게 스쿠버다이빙을 할 수 있도록 하는 기반을 위한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 이에 2022년 현재 스쿠버 레스큐 교육과정에 관여하고 있는 전문가 8명을 모집단으로 선정하여 연구 참여와 관련하여 연 구윤리동의서를 받은 후 실시하였다. 스쿠버 다이빙 레스큐 교육과정의 지도자, 프로그램, 시설 측면의 개선방안은 다음과 같다. 지도 자 측면에서는 지도자의 능력에 대한 검증제도가 필요하고, 지도자의 역량이 강화되어야 한다고 했다. 프로그램 측면에서는 스쿠버 단 체별로 최신화된 프로그램 메뉴얼을 제작하고 평가 기준을 마련해야하며, 다양한 장비를 활용한 프로그램을 개발해야 한다고 했다. 시 설 측면에서는 시설 내 인공파도 장치 등을 구축해야 한다고 하였다.

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of cereal bars containing various concentrations (0, 10, 20, or 30%) of apple pomace (AP). Highest vitamin B1 and C contents were observed in 30% AP-containing bars, but vitamin B2 and B3 contents were highest in the control (0.347 and 3.566 mg/100 g, respectively). Cutting strength decreased significantly in an AP concentration-dependent manner. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in 10% AP bars were 2.949±0.157 mg of GAE/g and 1.001±0.009 mg of CE/g, respectively. Antioxidant activities were assessed by measuring free radical scavenging activities, and 10% AP bars had the highest activities, as determined by ABTS (2,2'azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (α-α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) assays (0.412±0.008 and 0.492±0.021 mg GAE/g, respectively). These results suggested that apple pomace should be regarded a potential nutritional and antioxidant source.

This study investigated the potential role of dietary factors associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Koreans. The scoping review method was used to evaluate the studies that utilized the secondary data sets comprising the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Articles published between 2012 and 2022 were identified using RISS, KISS, DBpia, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. In all, there were 32 published articles on obesity and 119 on MetS. Obesity research included eight articles on nutrients, 12 on food items/food groups, two on dietary patterns, nine on dietary behavior/eating habits, and one on the dietary index. MetS studies comprised 34 articles on nutrients, 43 on food items/food groups, seven on dietary patterns, 25 on dietary behavior/eating habits, and 10 on the dietary index. Carbohydrates, alcohol, and coffee consumption were the most frequently studied dietary factors for obesity and MetS. The primary areas of study were largely focused on nutrients and food items/food groups. Thus, to overcome the paucity of information on the relationship of dietary patterns and dietary indexes with obesity and MetS, there is a need for further research using the KNHANES and KoGES data sets.

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) is the biodiversity working group of the Arctic Council. CAFF conducts Monitoring, Assessment, Policy, and expert group activities to preserve Arctic biodiversity and ensure the sustainability of biological resources and communicates the results to governments and indigenous peoples. The main tasks of CAFF consist of monitoring (Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program), assessment (Arctic Biodiversity Assessment) and strategic projects (Arctic Migratory Bird Initiative, AMBI). Korea has been directly participating in the AMBI since 2015 after acquiring observer status of the Arctic Council in 2013. The AMBI aims to preserve habitats on migration routes used by breeding birds in the Arctic and prevent illegal hunting. Thus, observer countries on migratory routes are directly participating in the project. When selecting priorities for participation in Arctic cooperation projects by 2030, Korea should consider continuing participation in AMBI and participating in the “CAFF Youth Program” in connection with the Arctic Academy program operated by Korea’s public institutes.

This study carried out from March 2021 to October 2021 in the upper part (St. 1) and middle part (St. 2) section of Yongsu stream, a branch of the Geum river, using PIT telemetry to understand the movement patterns and habitat characteristics of Odontobutis interrupta, a Korean endemic species. O. interrupta collection was used kick net (5×5 mm) and fish trap (5×5 mm). After collecting fish, PIT tag insertion was performed immediately in the site. Reader (HPR Plus Reader, biomark, USA) and portable Antenna (BP Plus Portable Antenna, biomark, USA) were used for detection of fish to monitoring the tagged O. interrupta. As a result of PIT telemetry applied to 70 individuals, mean movement distance was 36.5 (SE, ±6.6) m. There was a significant difference between total length and movement distance (P≤0.05). O. interrupta was mainly identified in average water depth, 36.2±1.9 cm, average water velocity, 0.03±0.07 m s-1 and average distance from watershed, 4.4±0.3 m. Extent of rock used for habitat was varied from 32 to 4,000 cm2. There was no statistical difference between the area of the first selected rock and the area of the after selected rock (P>0.05). but there was significant difference between total length and the area of the rock except for detection before 24 hours (P<0.01). Therefore, to restore the habitat, it is considered necessary to create various substrate structures by providing various habitat environments (water depth, flow rate, stone, etc.) for each individual size.

작물 생육 진단에 있어서 군락 엽면적과 군락 피복은 주한 요소 이다. 최근에는 이러한 측정을 디지털 카메라를 활용하여 RGB 식생지수로 작물 생육을 측정하고 있다. 본 연구는 밀 재배 기간 카메라의 노출 값을 다르게 설정하여 RGB 컬러 식생 지수와 군락 엽면적지수 및 군락피복에 대해 평가하였다. 군락 엽면적, 군락 피복 및 디지털 영상 측정은 출수 16일전부터 출수 후 25일까지 하였다. 일출 후 30분 이내에 촬영하였다. 노출 값은 셔터 속도를3 수준(1/60s, 1/340s, 1/640s)으로 하였다. RGB 컬러 식생지수 분석은 파이썬으로 하였다. 실제 군락 엽면적과 군락 피복간에는 정의 상관관계(r2 =0.94)를 보였다. 군락 피복 이미지의 ExG, GLI, NGRDI, ExG-ExR, MExG, TGI, MNGRD 및 MExG-CIVE는 군락 엽면적 지수와 및 군락 피복과는 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 그러나 CIVE와 ExR은 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구 결과 1/640s 가 1/60s와 1/320s에 비하여 노출이 높게 설정된 것으로 보였다. 또한, 토양과 녹색 영역을 분리하는데 있어서 너무 어린 시기 보다는 출수 전이 가장 잘 분리되었다. 따라서 야외에서의 다양한 광 조건에서는 과도한 노출보다는 광 간섭을 줄이는 기술과 함께 작물의 생육 시기와 기상환경을 고려하여 노출 값이 설정되어야 할 것이다.

플루옥사스트로빈은 Strobilurus 속의 버섯에서 추출한 천 연물을 기반으로 개발된 살균제로서 곰팡이성 질병 방제에 효과적이다. 잔류물의 정의는 유럽(EU), 미국(EPA), 일본 (JFCRF)에서는 플루옥사스트로빈과 플루옥사스트로빈 Z 이 성질체의 합으로 정의하고 있으며, 감자, 대두 등 90품목 에 대하여 0.01-60 mg/kg으로 잔류허용기준이 설정되어 있 다. 코덱스(CODEX)와 국내에는 잔류허용기준이 설정되어 있지 않음에 따라 본 연구에서는 추후 국내·외 수입 및 재 배 농산물 중 플루옥사스트로빈에 대한 잔류허용기준 준수 여부 확인을 위한 시험법을 개발하고자 하였다. 전처리 과 정은 플루옥사스트로빈의 물리·화학적 특성을 고려하여 QuEChERS법을 이용한 추출 및 정제방법으로 최적화하였 으며, LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 시험법을 개발하였다. 추출 용매는 아세토니트릴로 하고, MgSO4 및 PSA를 이용하여 정제과정을 확립하였다. 대표 농산물 5종에 대해 0.01, 0.1 및 0.5 mg/kg의 처리농도로 실험을 진행한 결과, 플루옥사 스트로빈 및 플루옥사스트로빈 Z 이성질체의 결정계수(R2) 는 0.998 이상이고 플루옥사스트로빈의 평균 회수율(n=5) 은 75.5-100.3%, 플루옥사스트로빈 Z 이성질체는 75.0- 103.9%이었다. 상대표준편차는 플루옥사스트로빈이 5.5% 이하, 플루옥사스트로빈 Z 이성질체가 4.3% 이하로 확인 되었다. 또한 시험법의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 외부 실험 기관인 광주지방식품의약품안전청과의 실험실간 검증을 진 행하였으며, 검증 결과 두 실험실간의 회수율은 플루옥사 스트로빈의 경우 80.3-101.4%, 플루옥사스트로빈 Z 이성질 체는 80.2-105.0%이었고, 상대표준편차는 모두 18.1% 이하 로 정확성 및 재현성이 우수함을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라 서 본 연구 결과는 CODEX 가이드라인(CAC/GL 40-1993, 2003) 및 식품의약품안전평가원의 가이드라인(MFDS, 2016) 에 만족함에 따라 공정시험법으로 활용 가능할 것이다.

PURPOSES : Recently, increasing number of local governments are introducing on-demand public transportation service in real time to improve the management efficiency of public transportation. In preparation for the autonomous driving era, the “autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time” is being developed in the public transportation sector to introduce on-demand public transportation. For this service to become the public transportation of the future, it must receive publicity. Therefore, in this study, indicators were selected to evaluate the publicity of the autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, and a survey was conducted among the general public to examine the validity of the indicators. METHODS : To secure the publicity of on-demand public transportation in real time, the goal of the service was first set. Second, the keywords of the service were analyzed to define the publicity requirements of this service. Based on the analyzed keywords and definition of publicity, service indicator types were classified, and the indicators were defined by type. A user satisfaction survey was conducted on the final selected indicators to improve the degree of completion of indicator development. The user survey was conducted by presenting selected publicity indicators to respondents responding on a five-point scale to determine whether each indicator could satisfactorily evaluate publicity. RESULTS : When examining various previous research cases and the contents required for autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, the required items of publicity indicators were found to be “safety” in terms of “autonomous driving” and “convenience” in terms of “demand response.” Publicity indicators were developed according to these three items. Thirty-one indicators were developed, and a satisfaction survey was conducted on the general public for each indicator. In the survey, most of the indicators scored 3.5 points or higher, indicating that the indicators were generally well defined. Users gave the highest score to “fairness” among the three items, and “reasonable fairness” was found to be a necessary item as a publicity indicator. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, evaluation indicators were selected to secure the publicity of autonomous public transportation mobility on-demand service in real time, and a satisfaction survey was conducted for each indicator. Most of the indicators showed a score of 3.5 or higher, indicating that they were generally well defined. However, this study has a limitation in that it surveys the general population. In future, experts should be included in the survey to increase the degree of completeness of the public indicators.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore university students’ experiences of participating in online classes during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: A survey was conducted with 169 third- and fourth-year students at five universities in W City from May 5 to 22, 2021 through an online survey platform. Qualitative data were collected from 13 third- and fourth-year students at five universities in the same area through three focus group interviews between May 22 and 25 and analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Results: The experience of online classes was rated in the following order: live lectures (92.9%) and recorded lectures (73.4%). Satisfaction with online classes was rated for recorded lectures, which were scored 3.54±1.05 (out of five), and live lectures, which were scored 3.32±1.02. Lack of interaction with faculty (37.9%) and lack of participating practicum (30.8%) were cited as dissatisfaction factors in online classes. From the qualitative data, five sub-themes were identified: “not being respected in one’s learning”, “increased burden of learning in a situation of poor communication,” “it's not that I hate online classes”, “efforts to improve the loose will and attitude toward classes”, “reduced quality of experience and uncertain future”. These sub-themes were abstracted under the theme of “everyday life of learning alone toward an uncertain future”. Conclusion: To ensure more effective online learning, it is necessary to strengthen the interaction between faculty and students, apply online teaching strategies suitable for class objectives, and support various programs to motivate students for self-directed learning.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are affected by noise called speckle, which is very severe and may hinder image exploitation. Despeckling is an important task that aims to remove such noise so as to improve the accuracy of all downstream image processing tasks. Many different schemes have been proposed for the restoration of SAR images. Among the different possible approaches, methods based on convolutional neural networks(CNNs) have recently shown to reach state-of-the-art performance for SAR image restoration. DnCNN(DeNoising Convolutional Neural Network) is one of the most widely used neural network architecture embedded in baseline SAR image despeckling methods. In military applications of SAR satellite image, fast processing is the most critical factor except the precision rate of the recognition. In this paper, we propose an improved DnCNN architecture for faster SAR image despeckling. The experimental results on real-world SAR images show that our proposed method takes faster processing time than the original DnCNN architecture without despeckling performance downgrade. Subjective visual inspection demonstrates that the proposed method has great potential in preserving the image signal details and suppressing speckle noise.