고래류의 어업공해를 최소화하고 환경친화적으로 이용할 수 있는 음향 유인/경고시스템을 개발하기 위한 기초연구의 일환으로 우리 나라 연근해에 자주 출현하는 큰돌고래의 휘슬음을 서울대공원 돌고래 쇼장에서 측정, 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1 수족관 내에서 생활하고 있는 큰돌고래의 평상시 휘슬음의 중심 주파수대와 스팩트럼 레벨은 각각 6～10KHz 와 85㏈을 나타내었고, 이들을 서로 격리시킨 경우, 중심 주파수는 6.7KHz대와 21.3KHz대 두 개의 고조파를 나타내었으며, 스팩트럼 레벨은 각각 110㏈와 94㏈를 나타내어 평상시보다는 불안정한 휘슬음의 주파수대와 다른 형태를 나타내었다. 2. 평상시의 휘슬음 주파수 변동폭은 평균 3.86KHz이었고, 지속시간은 평균 0.08sec를 나타내었다. 그러나 격리시킨 경우는 평상시와는 달리 그 변동폭은 평균 l4.06KHz이었고, 지속시간은 평균 0.l9sec를 나타내어 평상시와 비교하여 주파수 변동폭이 10.20KHz 높아지고 지속시간은 0.11sec 길어짐을 알 수 있었다. 더욱이 Mann-Whitney 검정을 통하여 휘슬음의 주파수 변동폭과 지속시간 모두 평상시와 1마리를 격리시켰을 때는 상이함에 유의성을 확인할 수 있었다. 3. 돌고래 쇼장에서의 휘슬음의 패턴 모델을 6가지 형태로 분류할 수 있었고, 평상시에는 5～10KHz 범위의 주파수로 서서히 상승하는 형이 거의 대부분이었으나, 격리시킨 경우에는 5～20KHz의 폭 넓은 주파수대에 걸쳐 여러 가지 패턴을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 특히 주파수가 상승한 후 일정하게 유지되는 형태의 패턴이 많이 관찰되었다. 한편, 휘슬음은 종간 및 생활환경에 따라 사용되는 주파수 대역폭이 서로 다른 것을 예상할 수 있으므로 우리 나라 연안에는 큰돌고래, 참돌고래, 낫돌고래, 상괭이 등 비교적 많은 돌고래류가 자주 출현하고 있어 이들 종들에 대한 위협음 및 유인음에 대한 대역을 파악하기 위해서는 각 종들에 대한 수중음향은 물론 행동도 함께 분석할 필요가 있으며 더욱이 폭 넓은 현장실험과 데이터 축적을 병행하여야 할 것이다.

한국의 DGPS 측위정도와 복수 기준국을 이용하였을 때의 측위정도를 연구하기 위하여 2001년 1월부터 10 월까지 해상용 DGPS수신기(MGP-100D, GP-36) 를 이용하여 여수, 부산의 고정점에서 정점관측을 행하였으며, 측위정도의 변화를 조사하기 위해 부경대학교 내의 회류 수조에서 2001년 10월 15일~22 일까지 일주일 동안 관측을 행하였다. 또한 DGPS 기준국의 유효 이용범위에 대해 조사하기 위해 2001년 1월 9일~18일 사이에 한국남해안을 항해, 정박하면서 실험을 행하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 단일 기준국을 이용하였을 때의 2drms 와 기준점으로부터 평균위치까지의 편위거리는 각각 5.6m, 7.3m 이었고, 실제 위치로부터 한쪽 방향으로 편향되어 나타났다. (2) 복수 기준국을 이용하여 산술평균하였을 때의 2drms와 기준점으로부터 평균위치까지의 편위거리는 각각 5.5m, 3.2m 이었고, 가중평균 하였을 때의 2drms와 기준점으로부터 평균위치까지의 편위거리는 각각 5.3m. 3.8m 이었다. 또한 사용자가 기준국으로부터 멀어질수록 복수 기준국을 이용하는 쪽이 측위정도가 더 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. (3) 측위오차 일변화는 16~22시 사이에 증가하였고, 관측된 평균 위성 수와 HDOP는 각각 7.lm, 0.49이었다. (4) 한국 남해안을 항해하며 DGPS 기준국의 유효범위를 조사한 결과. 1l0nm인 것으로 나타났으며, 신호강도는 19㏈ 이하, 신호 대 잡음비 8㏈ 이하에서는 기준국 보정정보를 이용할 수 없었다. 이와 같이 한국 남해안 일대에서의 측위 실험결과 복수 기준국을 이용하는 것이 단일 기준국을 이용하는 것보다 측위정도가 더 개선되는 것으로 나타났으며, 기선장이 길수록 복수 기준국을 이용하는 쪽이 더 양호한 정도를 나타내었다., 말즘 등의 감소를 초래하였다.on technique, and then classified by a multistage hierarchical clustering classification. The classification results were compared to them of the non-restored simulation images. The restoration with an appropriate temperature considerably reduces error in classification, especially for noisy images. This study made experiments on the satellite images remotely sensed on the Korean peninsula. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is also very effective on image classification in remote sensing.eate boiling. For the condenser, the wall temperatures were practically uniform, and the measured values of condensation heat transfer coefficient were 1.7 times higher than the predicted values obtained from Nusselt's film condensation theory on tilted plate. Using those two expressions, a correlation was formulated as a function of heat flux and tilt angle, to determine t

This study was performed to survey and evaluate the contents of caffeine in commercial palatability foods by HPLC. The contents of caffeine in commercial palatability foods were 9.0-49.2 mg in black tea, 35.9-141.4 mg in coffee, 12.4-48.0 mg in green tea, 7.1-16.5 mg in brown rice green tea, 22.8 mg in cocoa tea, 10.3-25.0 mg in cola and 10.0-48.2 mg in ice bar(coffee) respectively. The contents of caffeine extracted from black tea, coffee(roasted beans) and green tea were rapidly increased for five minutes from the extraction initiation, and were not nearly changed after ten minutes. Moreover, the caffeine contents were increased until 100℃ of extraction temperature.

본 논문은 조업 어선의 정확한 조업 위치를 실시간으로 수록할 수 있게 하고, 저렴하며 효율적인 어선조업정보 자동기록장비 개발을 위해 GPS 모듈(KGP9800C, KiRyung)의 측위 정도에 대한 실험을 육상과 해상의 기준점에서 행하였으며, 또한 측위 정도의 검정을 위해 동일한 기준점에서 DGPS 수신기(MGP-100D, Shin-A)와 DGPS 비콘(GP-36, Furuno)으로써 측정하여 비교하였다 또한. CPS 모듈의 오차를 최소화시키기 위한 알고리즘을 사용하여 측위오차를 개선하고, 그 측위 정도를 분석 검토하였다. 그 결과 수정 전의 CPS 모듈의 측위 정도는 육상에서의 경우. 확률원 반경 12.0m, 해상의 경우 36.0m로서 기준점으로 북동쪽으로 약 400.0m 편위하였으나 측위오차 최소화 알고리즘에 의해 구한 편위오차는 10.0m 이내였다. 또 한, DCPS 수신기 및 DGPS 비콘의 측위 정도와 비교 검토한 결과 육상과 해상에서 모두 거의 일치하였다. 따라서 본 실험의 결과 실험용 GPS 모듈 (KGP9800C)은 한 개의 CPU보드(V25)를 사용하여 실시간으로 신뢰성있는 조업 어선의 위치정보를 제공할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

A total of 92 unfertilized human oocytes were treated with ethanol (EtOH), calcium ionophore A23187 (CI) or electric pulse (EP) for activating pronuclear formation and subsequent development. In Experiment 1, there was a significant (P=0.0001) treatment effect on the activation of unfertilized oocytes. No spontaneous activation was occurred in the control, but activation treatments induced PN formation with various efficacy. More unfertilized oocytes (UFOs) were activated after EtOH or EP treatment than after CI treatment. EP was as effective (63.6 %) as EtOH, but fragmentation was observed in 43% of UFOs activated by EP. Proportion of UFOs that formed presumptive haploid PN (2 PNs+1 PB or 1 PN +2 PBs) was 33.3, 0 and 28.6% after EtOH, CI and EP treatments, respectively. In Experiment 2, a significant (P=0.0362) effect of immature oocytes (IOs) status on activation was fecund. IOs at the GVBD-MI oocytes had higher potential to form PN than those at the GV stage or with abnormal morphology (25 vs. 77.8%). The results of this study clearly demonstrated that the treatment of 10% ethanol for 5 min effectively induced the activation of UFOs. IOs could form pronucleus with high efficacy by ethanol treatment, as long as they grew beyond the GVBD stage.

공단 주변 지역에 형성되어 있는 초지 군락의 구조, 종 다양성 및 토양 특성을 조사하였다. 조사지역은 상관에 의해 쑥(Artemisia princeps var. orientalis)군락, 미국자리공(Phytolacca americana)군락, 참억새(Miscanthus sinensis)군락으로 구분되었다. 1999년 8월에 조사한 각 식물군락의 지상부 현존량은 쑥군락 5,645g/m2, 미국자리공군락 2,827g/m2, 참억새군락 9,048g

In this study, numerical simulations using community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) were conducted to analyze the change in ozone (O3) concentration due to the reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions in Busan. When the NOx and, VOCs emissions were reduced by 40% and, 31%, respectively, the average O3 concentration increased by 4.24 ppb, with the highest O3 change observed in the central region (4.59 ppb). This was attributed to the decrease in O3 titration by nitric oxide (NO) due to the reduction of NOx emissions in Busan, which is classified as a VOCs-limited area. The distribution of O3 concentration changes was closely related to NOx emissions per area, and inland emissions were highly correlated with daily maximum concentrations and 8-h average O3 concentrations. Contrastingly, the effect of emission reduction depended on the wind direction. This suggests that the emission reduction effects may vary depending on the environmental conditions. Further research is needed to comprehensively analyze the emission reduction effects in Busan.

This study was carried out to analyze water cycle characteristics and evaluate water retention function in Jeju Gotjawal forest from 2013 to 2017. The average ratio of throughfall, stemflow, interception loss in Seonhul Gotjawal (SH) and Cheongsu Gotjawal (CS) was 43.1%, 15.8%, and 41.1%, respectively. Rainfall-throughfall, rainfall-stemflow, and rainfall-interception loss were expressed as linear regression equation (p<0.001). The comparison results showed that SH was higher than CS (p<0.05), indicating that the canopy area had an important effect on the difference in stand structure. The average water resources retention rate of the Gotjawal region was 41.9%, which is similar to the total water resources retention rate (40.6%) of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province (JSSGP). Currently, the development of Gotjawal is in progress in JSSGP. The development of Gotjawal will lead to a decrease in the water resources retention rate due to changes in the surface environment such as an increase in impervious areas, which will affect the total groundwater content of JSSGP. Therefore, the conservation of the Gotjawal area is judged to be very important from the point of view of water conservation.

In this study, we quantitatively analyze the effect of ocean emission sources on the simulated O3 concentrations in South Korea using the community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) model. To analyze changes in O3 concentrations by ocean emissions, two different CMAQ simulations considering ocean emissions (OE case) and without considering ocean emissions (NE case) were conducted during the Korea-United States air quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign period (May–June 2016). The changes in the simulated O3 concentrations due to the effect of ocean emissions (OE case-NE case) appeared mostly in the ocean areas (+1.201 ppbv). The effect of ocean emissions was positive during the daytime (+1.813 ppbv), but negative during the nighttime (–0.612 ppbv). Analysis using the integrated process rate (IPR) confirmed that the increase or decrease in O3 concentration by ocean emissions was mainly due to chemical processes. Further analysis using the integrated reaction rate (IRR) showed that the daytime increase in O3 concentration was mainly attributable to the increased O3 production via O + O2 + M → O3 + M reaction as photolysis of NO2 increased due to the added ocean emissions. The nighttime decrease in O3 concentration was mainly due to the increased O3 titration by NO (NO + O3 → O2 + NO2) due to the increased NO emission. These results indicate that the changes in the concentration O3 in the sea area by the effect of ocean emissions are mainly due to increased NOx emissions. However, there could be a number of uncertainties in ocean emissions data used in this study, thus continuous comparative research using the most updated data will need to be carried out in the future.

Background : The causative organism of Astragalus membranaceus (Hwanggi) root rot disease was known as Pythophthora drechsleri. In this study, a new species of root rot causative organism has been identified and reported. Methods and Results : Hwanggi, which has root rot disease, was collected in Jungsun-gun, Gangwon-do. The diseased root was cut into 1 ㎝ size and disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 1 minute and washed with sterile distilled water. The dried samples were dipped in the PDA medium and cultured in at 25℃ incubator. The 21 isolates were cultured under the same conditions and genomic DNA was extracted. The genomic DNA of isolated strains was extracted using a kit of Biofact. The isolated strains were identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing. The ITS region was amplied using the primer pair ITS1 (5’-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3’) and ITS4 (5’-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3’). The PCR was performed in a final volume of 50 ㎕ containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, each dNTP at a concentration of 0.2 mM, 1.25 IU of Taq polymerase, each primer at a concentration of 10 pmol, and 2ul of the DNA template. Sequencing was performed by asking Macrogen. The analyzed sequences were compared using the Blast program provided by NCBI. As a result of identification of 21 strains, 13 Fusarium spp., 1 Peronospora sp. (causative organism of downy mildew), 3 Acremonium spp., 3 Uncultured fungus, 1 Phyrtophthora sp.. The main pathogen of wilt disease was known as Fusarium sp., a soil-borne pathogen. After analyzing the systematic taxonomic relationships, the systematic diagram was created using the neighbor-joining method. Conclusion : We have finally identified Phytophthora cryptogea as a causative organism of Hwanggi root rot disease and will check whether the disease has occurred on the inoculation through pot test.

Background : The health-promoting effects of green tea are mainly attributed to its polyphenol content, particularly flavanols and flavonols, which account for 30% of a fresh leaf’s dry weight, but the ingredients of the polyphenol content vary depending on the species. This study was conducted to select some candidates with superior anti-oxidative and anti-allergy effects from among seven cultivars of green tea. Methods and Results : Green tea extracts were prepared by extraction with ethanol and by evaporation of the solvent at low pressure. To evaluate their anti-allergy effect and cell viability, the samples were tested for ß-hexosaminidase inhibitory activity and MTT assay of the RBL-2H3 cells, respectively. The anti-oxidation effects of the samples were analyzed with a DPPH radical scavenging activity. According to the results of the experiment, four extracts including Camelia sinensis var. Kemsull, C. sinensis var. Beachwisull, C. sinensis var. Chamnok and C. sinensis var. Fushun showed effective ß-hexosaminidase inhibitory activity at 12.5, 25, 50, 100 ㎍/㎖. At 50 ㎍/㎖, C. sinensis var. Saemidori had the highest cell viability as 86.1%, and all of the samples showed cell proliferation above 70% at 25 ㎍/㎖. The extract of C. sinensis var. Kemsull showed a 60 - 70% inhibitory effect on the DPPH radical at all of the tested concentrations, whereas the extracts of C. sinensis var. Ryohu, C. sinensis var. Saemidori, C. sinensis var. Yabukita showed lower DPPH inhibition effects at around 10 - 30%. Conclusion : The results of this study indicate that the extracts of C. sinensis var. Kemsull, C. sinensis var. Beachwisull, and C. sinensis var. Chamnok have more prominent anti-oxidation and anti-allergy effects than other cultivars, and thus could be utilized as resources for improving health.

Background : This study was carried out to introduce Atractylodes macrocephala as a new income element in Gangwon area and to develop the technology necessary for stable quality seedling production. Methods and Results : For the production of high quality seedlings of Atractylodes macrocephala, seedling growth characteristics were investigated according to the types of plug cell size and seedling raising period. Atractylodes macrocephala seeds were sown on February 14, 2018 in 72, 105, 128, 162, and 200 plug trays. The emergence period after sowing was March 2, and the final occurrence rate was 76.6 - 79.5%. The number of days of emergence took 18 to 20 days from sowing date. Growth of seedlings tended to be better with less number of plug trays, such as seedling height, seedling width, leaf length, leaf width and leaf number. On the other hand, roots (net formation) increased rapidly as the number of plug trays increased. After 60 days, the matured seedling rate was good at 75.5 ± 8.4% for the 200 plug tray and 72.5 ± 4.1% for the 162 plug tray. The net formation ratio of matured seedling was the best in 60 days of seeding in 162 plug trays. The rooting rate was 98.0 ± 2.1 - 99.3 ± 1.2% when seeded for 60 days or more regardless of the type of plug tray. Conclusion : In order to produce efficient and stable seedlings in the cultivation of Atractylodes macrocephala in Gangwon area, it was considered to be advantageous for 60 days of seedling settling in the plug trays of more than 162 and less than 200.

Background : Atractylodes macrocephala is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Asteraceae and should be cultivated in field soils with good water dripping due to plant characteristics. However, cultivating farmers mainly have recently been cultivated in paddy soil due to their regional characteristics, which causes the decrease in yield due to poor drainage. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the cultivation in high ridge and subsoil breaking effect for stable paddy soils cultivation technology of A. macrocephala. Methods and Results : Soil was paddy soils in the fall of 2017, and the pH (1 : 5) was 6.61 ± 0.15 as a result of chemical and physical properties. EC was 0.49 ± 0.05 dS/m, and organic matter content was 28.69 ± 69 g/㎏ and effective phosphoric acid was 306 ± 17.8 ㎎/㎏. As a result of the soil layering survey, the surface layer was 0 - 26 ㎝ deep as paddy soil mounded with sandy loam in the past. In the surface layer, there was a light layer after 17 ㎝ depth, and volume density was 1.71 ± 1.3 g/㎤. The porosity of the plow pan was 33.41 ± 2.34%. The cultivation methods were cultivation in high ridge (30 ㎝ or more) and level row (10 ㎝ or less) at 2 levels and 3 repetitions. In subsoil breaking, the depth of the plow pan was increased from 17.1 ± 0.5 ㎝ before treatment to 31.1 ± 3.6 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 24.8 ± 1.5 ㎜. In the case of rotary plowing, the depth of the plow pan was 17.1 ± 1.9 ㎝ before treatment and 26 ± 2.4 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 25.8 ± 2.9 ㎜. The medium growth characteristics of A. macrocephala per treatment showed the tendency of increase in plant length, culm length, number of nodes, number of leaves, and fresh weight in level row cultivation after subsoil breaking. Root growth of cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking tended to be good with rhizome weight of 11.6 g per hill. The survival percentages were 98.8 - 100% and the bolting rate was 93.4 - 96.2% Conclusion : In cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking in the paddy field of Gangwon area, the decrease of yield of A. macrocephala due to drainage was expected to be alleviated, but final conclusion should be drawn after analyzing soil temperature and soil moisture data.