본 연구에서는 국내산 양식 자주복의 테트로도톡신 및 그 유사체를 UHPLC-QqQ MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 테 트로도톡신 분석법의 직선성과 일내 및 일간 정확도와 정 밀성, 검출 한계, 정량 한계를 구한 결과 CODEX 가이드라 인 기준에 적합하였다. 국내산 양식 자주복의 부위별 테트 로도톡신 함량을 분석한 결과 일부 시료의 간과 근육 부위 를 제외한 대부분의 시료에서 테트로도톡신이 검출되지 않 았으며, 검출된 시료도 간과 근육 부위에서는 각각 0.07 mg/ kg, 0.06 mg/kg의 낮은 농도로 테트로도톡신이 검출되었다. 테트로도톡신 유사체의 경우 국내산 양식 자주복에서 dideoxyTTX, trideoxyTTX, norTTX가 검출되었다. 이 중 dideoxyTTX는 국내산 양식 자주복의 모든 부위에서 주요 테트로도톡신 유사체로 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통해 국내산 양식 자주복의 테트로도톡신 및 그 유사체 분포를 이해 하는데 도움을 줄 수 있으며 국내 해양생물 독소 데이터베 이스 구축에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 국내산 검복의 테트로도톡신 및 그 유사체 를 UHPLC-QqQ MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 테트로도톡신 분석법의 직선성, 검출 한계, 정량 한계, 정확성 및 정밀성을 확인한 뒤 국내산 검복의 부위별 테트로도톡신 함량을 분석 한 결과 대부분의 시료에서 테트로도톡신이 검출되었으며 정 소를 제외한 모든 부위에서 테트로도톡신이 검출되었다. 검 복의 테트로도톡신 함량은 난소에서 0.27-67.7mg/kg으로 가 장 높았으며 껍질과 간에서도 가식 부위인 정소와 근육에 비 해 높은 농도의 테트로도톡신이 검출되었다. 테트로도톡신 유 사체의 경우, 국내산 검복에서 4,9-anhydroTTX, deoxyTTX, dideoxyTTX, trideoxyTTX, norTTX가 검출되었으며 이 중 trideoxyTTX는 국내산 검복의 모든 부위에서 주요 테트로도 톡신 유사체로 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통해 국내산 검복의 테 트로도톡신 및 그 유사체 함량 및 조성을 이해하고, 국내 해 양생물 독소 연구에 해당정보가 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Obesity, a global health concern characterized by excessive fat accumulation, necessitates the discovery of anti-obesity compounds. Rottlerin, known for its anti-cancer effects as a mitochondrial uncoupler, has been a subject of interest. However, its impact on reducing intracellular lipid accumulation remains a gap in our understanding. This study aimed to fill this gap by dissecting the mechanism of rottlerin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We treated differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with 0-20 mM of rottlerin for 48 hours to assess its capability to induce lipid accumulation. Notably, we observed no cytotoxicity associated with the treatment of rottlerin up to 20 mM, indicating its safety at these concentrations. Lipid accumulation, measured by oil Red O, was downregulated dose-independently by rottlerin. We also found that key lipogenic enzymes, including SCD1 and DGAT1, were decreased. The transcription factor of lipogenic genes, SREBP1, was reduced by approximately 80% with rottlerin. LRP6, a crucial link between de novo lipogenesis mechanism reactions and Wnt signaling, was also degraded by around 70%. Interestingly, the downstream regulation of LRP6, b-catenin, and TCFL2 was diminished by rottlerin. Our data indicate that rottlerin alleviates adipocyte lipid accumulation by suppressing the LRP6/β-catenin/SREBP1c pathway. These findings underscore the potential of rottlerin as a safe nutraceutical for combating obesity.

Obesity is the cause of many diseases, and its severity continues to increase. Promoting non-shivering thermogenesis is attracting attention as a new treatment strategy for obesity. This study summarized the studies that evaluated the effect of Panax ginseng on promoting non-shivering thermogenesis in animal models. A total of 7 studies were included according to the selection criteria, of which five were judged to have a high risk of bias. Indicators of UCP1 mRNA, UCP1 protein, and PGC- 1a were used in the meta-analysis, and the certainty of evidence progressed for each indicator, with UCP1 protein showing the highest certainty of evidence. Meta-analysis was conducted on 5 works of literature with standard indicators. As a result of meta-analysis, UCP1 protein level and PGC-1a mRNA level were significantly increased statistically. In addition, the protein levels of PRDM16 and TFAM increased in several studies (not a meta-analysis). These findings suggest that Panax ginseng could be a potential therapeutic agent for obesity. However, further research is needed to understand its mechanisms and possible side effects fully. Thus, it is concluded that Panax ginseng in animal models can promote non-shivering thermogenesis and improve mitochondria function in animal models, opening up new avenues for research and potential clinical applications.

본 연구는 정토진종(淨土眞宗)을 소재로 한 구라타 햐쿠조의 󰡔스님과 그 제자󰡕과 선종의 임제종을 소재로 한 다치하라 마사아키의 󰡔겨울의 유산󰡕, 이 두 작품을 인간 삶의 갈등과 구원에 초점을 맞추어 분석했다. 일제 강점기에 혼란된 정체성을 찾는 주인공의 도정을 그린 󰡔겨울의 유산󰡕에서는 주인공의 갈등이 결국 아웃사이드로서의 존재를 거부하고 주류로 편입하고자 하는 내적 갈망에서 비롯됨을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 단순한 구원보다 삶에 대해 더 깊은 질문을 던져온 주인공에게 작품의 강력한 모티브인 선종은 현실적인 구원의 방식이 아님을 보여주었다. 󰡔스님과 그 제자󰡕에서는 일본 사회의 전통적 인정과 의리라는 사회규범이 등장인물들의 갈등을 유발하고 있는데, 이 작품의 구원은 악을 지닌 채로 구원받을 수 있다는 악인정기설로 우리 모두는 본래 이미 구원되어 있다는 믿음과 비승비속(非僧非俗)인 채로 순수하고 성실하게 살아야한다는 가르침이었다. 이 연구를 통해 종교적 구원과 현실적 구원은 여전한 평행선임을 보면서, 구원이란 우리 모든 인간의 평생 과업임을 상기하게 된다.

본 연구는 숙련기능인력(E-7-4) 점수제로 체류자격을 변경한 비전문 취업(E-9) 외국인근로자를 대상으로 심층 면담을 통해 외국인력정책에서 숙련기능인력 제도가 지닌 의미와 쟁점을 탐색하고자 하였다. 연구결과, 첫째 숙련기능인력의 혁신적 확대 방안으로 인해 점수제 조건이 완화되 고 신청이 쉬워지며 진입 문턱이 낮아져서 비전문 취업(E-9) 외국인근로 자들의 관심이 증폭되고 한국에서의 장기체류의 꿈을 실현할 수 있다는 것이다. 둘째, 숙련기능인력 자격 취득으로 직무기술의 습득과 역량 향상 을 희망하지만, 오히려 고용허가제로 체류할 때 받던 다양한 교육지원에 서 외면당하는 것을 걱정하고, 무엇보다 모든 것을 스스로 해결해야 하 는 현실에 두려워하였다. 그럼에도 한국 사회에서 자신의 존재가 향상된 자부심을 느끼고, 반복 갱신, 가족 초청 및 거주 비자(F-2)로의 변경까지 꿈꾸는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 사회통합 정책으로 연계되는 체류자 격 확대는 양적인 부분만큼 질적인 부분을 함께 고민해야 함을 알 수 있 으며, 우리나라의 외국인력정책과 이민정책 수립을 위한 시사점을 제시 하였다.

Obesity, characterized by excessive fat accumulation, poses global health risks, including metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, with its prevalence steadily rising. This study proposes that rottlerin induces anti-obesity effects by enhancing non-shivering thermogenesis in beige adipocytes D16 via LRP6 inhibition. As a result, treatment of D16 cells with rottlerin up to 5 mM showed no cytotoxicity. Rottlerin significantly increased the expression of proteins involved in substrate oxidation, such as UCP1 and PGC1a, while decreasing the expression of C/EBPb associated with adipogenesis. Additionally, PRDM16, regulating brown adipocyte development, exhibited increased expression. The phosphorylation of LRP6, an indicator for Wnt signaling and nutrient-sensing pathway, is decreased by rottlerin. In conclusion, the study highlights the reduced phosphorylation of LRP6 as a pivotal mechanism by which rottlerin promotes the “beigeing” of D16 adipocytes, subsequently inducing non-shivering thermogenesis. This underscores rottlerin’s potential as a natural bioactive compound with anti-obesity effects.

The demand for ceramic brackets, which have a high aesthetic purpose due to their high light transmission is increasing due to the application of poly-crystalline alumina material. Brackets using this material require stable properties that should not fracture during the treatment period. In this paper, the fracture strength of a ceramic bracket made of the same material used in clinical practice was checked by applying torque with a square stainless steel wire. The wire used in the test was prepared with cross-section sizes of 017 inch ✕ 025 inch, 018 inch ✕ 025 inch, and 019 inch ✕ 025 inch. There were a total of 150 bracket specimens and after ligating wires in the slots, torque was applied to each of 75 specimens in the gingival and occlusal directions. The torque test used digital torque meter equipment and the torque value at which the bracket slot fractured due to plastic deformation of the ligated wire was confirmed. Based on the resulting data we plan to use the data to recommend stable torque use and develop future bracket design.

본 연구는 2020년 10월 중 충청남도내 단체 급식소에서 발생한 대규모 집단 식중독 원인에 대하여 분석하였다. 전 체 급식원 135명 중 21명(15.6%)에서 음식을 섭취한 후 1 시간 이내에 주로 매스꺼움과 구토 증상을 보였다. 유증 상자 21명 중 11명과, 조리종사자 1명, 조리기구 2건과 보 존식 8건에서 B. cereus가 검출됨에 따라 B. cereus에 의 한 집단 식중독으로 판단하였다. 분리된 21개의 균주를 PFGE 분석한 결과, 19개의 균주가 동일한 것으로 판단되 었고, 이들 균주가 가지고 있는 독소 유전자는 CER, nheA, entFM이었다. 실험결과, CER을 포함하고, 증상 발현 시간 이 1시간 이내로 매우 짧아 B. cereus의 구토형 식중독으 로 판단하였다. 집단식중독 원인으로 안전하지 않은 급식 환경과 제대로 관리되지 않은 음식에 의한 것이라 조사되 었다. 이러한 결과는 단체급식에서의 급식환경과 제공되 는 음식이 철저하게 관리되어야 한다는 것을 보여준다. 이 와 더불어 보존식에서 원인 병원체를 찾아내는 것은 식중 독의 원인을 추정하는데 매우 중요하므로, 집단급식소에 서 규정에 맞는 보존식 용기를 이용하여 이를 적정온도에 잘 보관해야한다. 또한 정밀한 식중독 역학조사를 기반으 로 사례를 분석하고 결과를 전파함으로써 유사한 식중독 이 재발하지 않도록 해야 한다.

This study aimed to examine the morphological characteristics and variation in main traits by comparing the growth of individuals of Ecklonia cava Kjellman (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) under an aquaculture environment. This survey was conducted from April 2018 to November 2019 at the aquafarm in Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do (South coast of Korea). To classify the morphology of individuals in the aquaculture farm of E. cava, we investigated fourteen morphological characteristics and calculated four ratios between the measured values. Juvenile individuals showed a simple or oblong lanceolate, and at 3-4 months, a short stipe and holdfast developed, along with a bladelet that developed into the secondary blade form. At 5-7 months, secondary blades were found to develop irregularly on the primary blade. At 8-10 months, the primary blade expanded and secondary blades elongated. At 11-12 months, the secondary blades became oblong. At 13-14 months, the thallus area expanded. At 15-16 months, tertiary blades were formed, the thallus became more complex, the stipe thickened, and the holdfast widened. At 17-18 months, secondary blades clearly developed along with lobes. At 19-20 months, tertiary blades developed and became similar to mature natural blades. In the principal component analysis (PCA), the monthly population of the first year (Q1) and that of the second year (Q2) of the cultured population were divided along PC1, which is related to secondary blade morphological characteristics and the holdfast width. Q2 and natural populations are distributed in descending order of volume in Jeju (J), East Coast (E), and South Coast (S) along PC2, which is related to primary blade and stipe morphological characteristics. The results of this study were judged to offer important criteria for the development of different varieties of E. cava.

Milky white spots appeared on red bean leaves in a red bean cultivation area located in Jangyeon-myeon, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk Province. After culturing the pathogen in PDA medium, their morphology was observed, and their genes were BLAST-searched in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The pathogen was identified as a fungus called Rhizopus arrhizus. As a result of reinoculating the isolated pathogen on red beans, the same symptoms as those in the isolated leaves occurred. Characteristic colonies of R. arrhizuson PDA medium initially showed a bright color and then changed to dark gray over time, with mostly spherical sporangia. The sporangiospores were spherical or elliptical, mostly irregular, and small in size. Therefore, based on these results, this disease has not yet been reported in red beans and was called red bean brown leaf blight caused by Rhizopus arrhizus A. Fisch (syn. R. oryzae).

The occurrence of eggs and adults of Pochazia shantungensis, Lycorma delicatula, and Lymantria dispar was investigated in 11 cities in the Chungcheongbukdo region. The results showed that the overwintering eggs of P. shantungensis occurred in 24.2% of the region in 2021 and 22.1% in 2022, while adults occurred in 25.2% in 2021 and 24.3% in 2022, indicating the highest occurrence among the pests studied. The occurrence of overwintering eggs of L. delicatula was relatively low, with 2.6% of the region affected in 2021 and 1.9% in 2022. Adult L. delicatula occurred in 3.2% of the region in 2021 and 3.6% in 2022. Overwintering eggs of L. dispar occurred in 4.1% of the area in 2021 and 1.7% in 2022, showing a decreasing tendency compared to the previous year, and their occurrence was only low to middle in terms of the degree of occurrence. Adult L. dispar occurred in 4.6% of the region in 2021 and 2.7% in 2022, showing occurrences that were insignificant compared to L. delicatula. According to a survey of host preferences, both the wintering eggs and adults of P. shantungensis were found in apples and peaches between 2021 and 2022. In both 2021-2022, adult L. delicatula had a high incidence in peaches, apples, and grapes, and winter eggs were the highest in grapes. However, the incidence in apples and peaches was low. A high incidence density of L. dispar moth adults and overwintering eggs was found in apples in both 2021 and 2022.

This study aimed to investigate the dietary changes among adults living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Korea. An online survey was conducted to examine dietary changes before (in 2019) and during (in 2021) the pandemic. The data from 337 adults living alone who responded to the survey were used for analysis. The proportion of the respondents reporting frequent food consumption at convenience stores (≥3 times/week) increased during the pandemic (p=0.024), and the proportion of those frequently eating ready-to-eat and ready-to-cook food (≥3 times/week) was more than doubled (p<0.001). Additionally, the proportion of those frequently consuming delivered food (≥3 times/week) increased by 2.5 times (p<0.001). In conclusion, the dietary habits of adults living alone changed significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have a negative impact on their health. Therefore, the development of customized nutrition management programs to improve the dietary habits of adults living alone during emergencies like a pandemic is deemed necessary. This study can serve as a foundation for understanding the dietary changes of adults living alone in prolonged crisis.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to provide basic data to improve the service life of asphalt pavement using basalt aggregate in Jeju Island by evaluating the performance of asphalt pavement through analysis of material and structural aspects. METHODS : To evaluate the performance of Jeju Island's asphalt pavement, cracks, permanent deformation, and longitudinal roughness were analyzed for the Aejo-ro road, which has high traffic and frequent premature damage. Cores were collected from Aejo-ro sections in good condition and damaged condition, and the physical properties of each layer were compared and analyzed. In addition, plate cores were collected from two sections with severe damage and the cause of pavement damage was analyzed in detail. RESULTS : About 45% of the collected cores suffered damage such as layer separation and damage to the lower layer. The asphalt content of surface layer in the damaged section was found to be 1.1% lower on average than that in the good condition section, and the mix gradations generally satisfied the standards. The density difference between the cores of each layer was found to be quite large, and the air voids was found to be at a high level. CONCLUSIONS : Test results on the cores showed that, considering the high absorption ratio of basalt aggregate, the asphalt content was generally low, and the high air voids of the pavement was believed to have had a significant impact on damage. High air voids in asphalt pavement can be caused by poor mixture itself, poor construction management, or a combination of the two factors. Additionally, the separation of each layer is believed to be the cause of premature failure of asphalt pavement.

This study investigates the integration of astronomy-related topics in the Korean national science curricula spanning from 1945 to 2023. We analyze the placement and extent of astronomy content across different school levels. Astronomy contents in the science curricula have changed in response to social needs (e.g., practical knowledge required for agriculture and fishery) and advancement in astronomical research (e.g., the discovery of exoplanets and the suggestion of new cosmological parameters). Contents addressing the motions of celestial objects and stellar physical properties have remained relatively consistent. In the latest 2022 revised national curriculum, scheduled for implementation in 2024, several elements, such as coordinate systems, have been removed, while the inquiry activities using digital tools are emphasized. The incorporation of the cosmic perspectives in the national curriculum, as well as astronomy education within the context of education for sustainable development, remains limited even in the most recent curriculum. For future life revisions, the active participation of researchers is needed to reflect the latest astronomical research progress and scientific characteristics in the field of astronomy.

인공지능은 4차 산업혁명의 프레임이 소개된 이후 점차 보편적인 기술로 자리를 잡아가고 있으며, 인공지능 관련 특허 출원도 크게 증가하고 있다. 최근에는 특허 생태계가 출원 건수 위주의 양적 경쟁에서 고품질의 특허 확보라는 질적 경쟁으로 패러다임이 변화되면서, 저품질 특허로 인한 비용 손실에 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이러한 배경으로 본 연구에서는 머신러닝과 Doc2Vec 알고리즘을 활용하여 특허 품질을 예측하는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 본 연구를 위해 WIPO에서 정의한 CPC 코드를 활용하여 미국 특허청(USPTO)에 등록된 인공지능 관련 특허 데이터를 추출하였고, 이를 통해 정형 데이터 기반 19개 변수, 비정형 데이터 기반 7개 변수를 개발하였다. 특히, 새롭게 제안하는 Doc2Vec 알고리즘을 이용한 제목과 초록 텍스트 유사도 변수는 고품질 특허를 예측하는데 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다. 이에 유사도 변수의 효과를 확인하기 위해 유사도 변수를 포함한 앙상블 기반 머신러닝 모델과 포함하지 않은 모델을 개발하여 비교하였다. 실험 결과, 유사도 변수를 포함한 모델이 AUC 0.013, f1-score 0.025가 높게 나타나 더 우수한 성능을 보였다. 이는 유사도 변수가 고품질 특허 예측에 기여한다는 것을 시사한다. 또한, SHAP을 이용하여 블랙박스 형태의 머신러닝 변수 영향도를 설명하였다. 본 연구를 통해 핵심 기술 분야인 인공지능과 같은 영역에서 특허의 품질을 예측하고, 고품질 특허 개발을 장려함으로써 사회적 가치를 실현하는 데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

This study was conducted to provide basic data on the antioxidant activity, inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of a mixture of Brassica juncea extract (BJE) and fermented black rice fraction (BRF). We investigated the total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant effects (DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power, FRAP and ORAC assay) and anti-obesity activity of the mixture in 3T3-L1 cells. Our results showed that the total phenol and flavonoid content increased with increasing BRF mixture ratio. The antioxidant activity increased as the BRF mixture ratio increased. In addition, BJE and BRF mixtures did not show any cytotoxicity during the 3T3-L1 differentiation period. During adipocyte differentiation, BJE and BRF mixtures significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and ROS production compared to the control group. These results warrant further experiments to develop an anti-obesity functional food using a mixture of BJE and BRF.

This study aimed to predict the shelf life of black soybean Sunsik to develop a functional labeling system for the product. The Arrhenius equation was used to calculate the shelf life by examining alterations in the dietary fiber and calcium levels of black soybean Sunsik stored at 25, 35, and 50°C for 0, 6, and 12 months. Dietary fiber and calcium analyses were performed according to the experimental methods specified in the Food Code of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Both black soybean Sunsik (BS) and black soybean Sunsik containing nondigestible maltodextrin and calcium lactate (BSN) exhibited an upward trend in dietary fiber content after 12 months of storage, compared to their initial levels. During storage, the phytate in Sunsik degraded, releasing cations that facilitated the formation of new cross-links between pectic acid and middle lamella, which ultimately increased dietary fiber content. Conversely, the calcium contents of both BS and BSN decreased with prolonged storage. Based on these findings, the expected shelf life of BS and BSN was calculated as 15.65 and 28.34 months, respectively.

견과류는 영양가가 우수하고 다양한 기능성 생리활성을 가져 건강한 식단에 중요한 요소이다. 멜라토닌은 뇌의 송 과선에서 분비되는 호르몬으로 각종 조직의 산화적 손상을 방지하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 식물체에서도 중요한 역할 을 한다. 본 연구는 견과류의 멜라토닌 추출 및 정량을 위 한 분석법을 마련하였고, 견과류의 높은 지방함량을 고려한 최적화된 추출 절차를 이용하여 경기도에서 유통되는 견과 종실류 등의 멜라토닌 함량을 조사하였다. 땅콩 또는 견과 류, 유지종실류 및 두류의 평균 멜라토닌 함량은 각각 1200.83 (409.76-2223.56), 934.83 (454.10-1736.60), 616.46 (494.70- 825.12) pg/g으로 나타났다. 호두와 밤의 경우 속껍질을 포 함한 반탈각 상태와 과실만 있는 경우의 멜라토닌 함량을 비교한 결과, 반탈각 상태에서 멜라토닌 함량이 유의적으로 높았다. 또한 호두, 밤 및 땅콩의 경우 2022년 재배된 햇 견 과보다 2021년 재배 후 저장된 견과에서 멜라토닌 함량이 유의적으로 높았다. 이러한 결과는 견과종실류 등의 멜라토 닌 함량이 높아 우수한 기능성 식품임을 시사하였다.