기업의 국제화는 다양한 해외시장으로부터 새로운 지식과 기회를 학습할 수 있게 하지만, 동시에 기업을 국제 적으로 통용되는 제도적 요구에 순응하도록 압박할 수 있다. 본 연구는 제도이론에 기반하여 이러한 제도적 순응 이 국제화의 차별화 편익을 제한하는 메커니즘을 규명한다. 구체적으로, 국제화 수준이 높을수록 기업이 국제 지 속가능성 규범을 수용할 가능성이 높아지고, 이러한 규범 순응이 기업의 전략적 재량과 제품개발의 선택 범위를 제한하여 경쟁기업과의 제품 유사성을 높일 것으로 예상한다. 또한, 이러한 관계가 선진국 시장에 대한 노출이 높을수록 강화될 것으로 제시한다. 1994년부터 2023년까지 미국 기업의 재무정보, 국제 지속가능성 규범 준수, 해외 자회사 및 제품 유사성 자료를 결합한 기업-연도 패널자료를 분석한 결과, 국제화 수준은 국제 지속가능성 규범에 대한 순응을 증가시켰으며, 규범 순응은 제품 유사성을 높이는 양(+)의 매개효과를 보였다. 또한, 국제 지속가능성 규범과 제품 유사성 간 관계 및 이를 통한 간접효과는 해외 자회사 포트폴리오가 선진국에 집중될수 록 강화되었다. 본 연구는 국제화가 새로운 지식과 시장기회를 제공하는 동시에, 정당성 확보를 위한 제도적 순 응을 통해 기업의 제품전략을 표준화된 방향으로 수렴시킬 수 있음을 보여준다. 이를 통해 국제화의 비용이 운영 및 자원배분의 부담뿐만 아니라, 제도적 순응을 통한 전략적 제약에서도 발생할 수 있음을 제시한다.

This study examines how the oxygen content in fuel influences exhaust emissions in an indirect injection diesel engine. Experiments were conducted to evaluate variations in engine performance and emission characteristics when using commercial diesel fuel and oxygenated blended fuels with four different blending ratios. In addition, the influence of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on NOx emission behavior was analyzed. Ethylene glycol butyl ether(EGBE), which contains approximately 27% oxygen by mass, was used as an oxygenated additive. As an ether type oxygenated fuel, EGBE has been reported to significantly reduce smoke emissions compared with conventional diesel fuel. This effect is attributed to the additional oxygen supplied during the combustion process, which promotes more complete oxidation particularly under high-load and high-speed operating conditions. The experimental results indicate that the application of an oxygenated blended fuel containing 10 vol-% EGBE, together with a cooled EGR system at an EGR rate of about 10%, enables simultaneous reduction of smoke and NOx emissions.

군용 발사대 시스템은 무게와 전력 소비 제한 조건 하에서 운용되므로 구동 장치의 질량과 에너지 사용량을 고려한 효율적 설계가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 ANSYS Motion을 이용하여 발사대 고각 구동 메커니즘의 다물체 동역학 모델을 구축하고, 감속기 기반 동 력 전달 특성과 실험 데이터 기반 등가 손실 성분으로 보정하였다. 시뮬레이션과 실험 결과를 비교한 결과, POD 각변위와 모터 요구 토크는 전반적으로 유사한 경향을 보였다. 또한 2수준 완전 요인 설계법을 적용해 주요 설계 변수가 모터 요구 토크에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다.

본 연구는 자기결정성이론(SDT)에 근거하여 과학기술 연구조직에서 임파워링 리더십이 심리적 임파 워먼트를 통해 직무열의와 경력정체에 미치는 영향을 검증하고, 이 구조적 경로의 성별 차이를 확인하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 기존 SDT 연구가 욕구 충족과 긍정적 결과에 집중한 것과 달리, 욕구 좌절이 부정적 경력 결과로 이어지는 경로와 욕구 충족의 맥락 의존성(성별)을 함께 검토함으로써 SDT의 설명 력을 확장하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국가과학기술인력개발원(KIRD)의『2024 과학기술 인재개발 활동조 사』자료를 활용하여 과학기술 분야 재직자 2,000명을 대상으로 구조방정식모형(SEM)과 성별 다집단 분 석을 수행하였으며, 통제변수로 최종학력과 전공계열을 포함하였다. 연구결과, 임파워링 리더십은 심리적 임파워먼트에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으나, 직무열의에 대한 직접효과는 유의하지 않았다. 반면 경력 정체에는 유의한 정(+)의 직접효과를 보였으며, 심리적 임파워먼트는 직무열의에 정(+), 경력정체에 부(-) 의 영향을 미쳤다. 매개효과 분석 결과, 경력정체에 대해서는 정(+)의 직접효과와 부(-)의 간접효과가 동 시에 나타나는 비일관적 매개 양상이 확인되었다. 성별 다집단 분석에서는 직무열의와 관련된 일부 직접 경로에서 집단 간 차이가 나타났으나, 간접효과의 집단 간 차이는 유의하지 않았다. 본 연구는 연구조직 맥락에서 임파워링 리더십의 효과가 단선적으로 작동하지 않으며, 심리적 임파워먼트 형성과 성별 맥락 에 따라 상이한 결과로 이어질 수 있음을 제시한다. 나아가 연구조직의 인적자원관리 관점에서 리더십 운영, 경력개발 지원, 평가 및 자원 제공 체계의 정합적 설계 필요성을 시사한다.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of natural drying methods on moisture content reduction and germination of Italian ryegrass seeds in Saemangeum reclaimed land, Kimje, Korea, from 2024 to 2025. The natural drying treatments included seed spread thicknesses (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 cm), three seed reversal frequencies (1, 2 and 3 times per day), and two reversal methods (seed-only reversal and complete mixing of seed with a dry mat). A thinner spread thickness significantly accelerated moisture reduction (p<0.001). Although the effects of reversal frequency (p<0.017) and reversal method on moisture reduction were statistically significant, the magnitude of the differences was small, approximately 1~2%. Seeds with an initial moisture content of approximately 31.5% required 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 days to reach 14% moisture when dried at spread thickness of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 cm, respectively. When seeds with an initial moisture content of 31.5% were dried at a thickness of 2.5 cm, the germination rate was 82.0%, which did not differ significantly from the rates observed at 5.0 cm (83.7%) and 7.5 cm (87.2%). These results suggest that, to achieve faster drying and maintain high seed quality, Italian ryegrass should be harvested at 30~35% seed moisture content, dried directly in the cultivation field, and spread at a thickness of 2.5 to 5.0 cm.

As pavements age and traffic loads increase, the importance of reliably evaluating pavement deterioration has increased. Therefore, this study proposes an Artificial Intelligence(AI)-based rating-classification method that integrates Falling Weight Deflectometer(FWD) deflection, the elastic modulus, and the crack rate obtained through coring to construct a continuous comprehensive index and classifies pavement deterioration into four stages based on the index. For this analysis, the deflection and elastic modulus obtained from the FWD test (a nondestructive test) and the crack rate calculated through coring (a destructive test) were converted into a continuous normalization index. Subsequently, a comprehensive index graph was constructed using a weighted integration method, and an AI-based slope change analysis was performed to determine the threshold value for classifying the pavement conditions. The step-by-step scoring-based and continuous comprehensive index-based analyses showed similar overall results. However, the continuous comprehensive index-based analysis was more effective for mitigating the stepwise distribution effect and reflecting the pavement deterioration trend in more detail. In both analysis methods, the slope change point was confirmed as the threshold value. Using this value, the pavement state can be classified into four stages, which reflect the deterioration characteristics of each pavement type. However, this study has several limitations. To improve the reliability of the system, additional detailed data, such as crack location, crack shape, and other field information used in the comprehensive index calculation, should be continuously incorporated. This approach enables the establishment of an evaluation system that integrates nondestructive and destructive test data.

This study evaluates ground-motion (GM) acceleration conversion methods by applying them to strain-rate data from a horizontal Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) array under both idealized and real-world conditions. We test four conversion methods—1) slant-stacking, 2) Lior’s method, 3) Lindsey’s method, and 4) Curvelet transform—through numerical modeling and by applying them to a publicly available 9 km horizontal DAS array dataset. Numerical simulations reveal critical calculation factors specific to each method and show that numerically derived apparent ground velocity can deviate from theoretical values when multiple elastic waves arrive simultaneously. In real-world applications, the slant-stacking and Lior’s methods are relatively insensitive to the measurement length of the straight DAS array. By contrast, the Curvelet method exhibits strong sensitivity to this factor, whereas Lindsey’s method shows weaker dependence. Implementing Lior’s method in the frequency-wavenumber domain also requires pre-determining water-levels by comparing adjacent seismograms. Additionally, we find that Lior’s method generates excessively high spectral levels above 13 Hz, which may lead to underestimation of the high-frequency spectral attenuation parameter (κ0), a key parameter in GM simulation. Collectively, these findings provide a technical guideline for the use of horizontal DAS arrays in future observational earthquake seismology.

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a major winter forage crop requiring improved drought tolerance under climate change. This study evaluated 42 accessions, consisting of 20 Korean cultivars and 22 exotic germplasm under four polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations (0, 10, 15, and 20%) to assess germination and early seedling responses to drought stress. Increasing PEG levels significantly reduced germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination index (GI), and seedling vigor index (SVI), while mean germination time (MGT) increased. At 20% PEG, GP decreased by approximately 74% compared with the control. Early seedling vigor, expressed as SVI (integrating fresh weight, shoot length, and root length) also declined depending on concentration. Germination traits (GE and GI) showed strong positive correlations with SVI, indicating that early germination performance was closely associated with subsequent growth under drought stress. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and principal component analysis consistently identified several accessions (Earlybird, IR602, IR901, Florida 98, Maximus, Orlando, and Moscovsky 74) as relatively drought tolerant. Overall, the integration of germination and seedling vigor index provides a reliable phenotypic screening approach for identifying drought-tolerant Italian ryegrass.

공유결합 유기 구조체(covalent organic framework, COF)는 정밀한 기공 설계와 우수한 구조적 안정성을 동시에 갖춘 새로운 다공성 유기 소재로, 기존 고분자 분리막이 지닌 투과도–선택도 한계를 극복할 수 있는 유망한 대안으로 주목받 고 있다. 본 총설에서는 2차원 COF를 분리막 소재 측면에서 정리하고, 모노머 수준의 분자 설계와 다양한 화학 결합 전략을 통해 기공 크기와 구조를 원자 수준에서 정밀하게 조절함으로써 높은 투과도와 선택도를 동시에 달성할 수 있다는 점을 그 주요 장점으로 논의한다. 용매열 합성, 계면 중합, 나노시트 조립, 혼합 매트릭스 막 등 2차원 COF를 제조하는 방법을 살펴 보며, 이렇게 제조된 2차원 COF 분리막의 응용 분야로서 기체 분리, 수처리 및 유기용매 나노여과, 그리고 이온분리에 대해 다루었다. 마지막으로, COF 분리막의 상용화를 위해 해결해야 할 기술적 과제와 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다.

This study demonstrated that inlet moisture content is a critical factor influencing drying efficiency, production rate prediction accuracy, and feed value changes of Italian ryegrass (IRG) in a multi-stage conveyor-type hot-air forage dryer. The experiment was conducted by uniformly loading IRG at a fixed drying height of approximately 25 cm with four different inlet moisture contents (30, 40, 50, and 60%). Drying time increased exponentially with increasing inlet moisture content, and a strong linear relationship was observed between inlet moisture content and the time required to reach 15% moisture, enabling the development of a reliable drying time prediction model. The proposed model showed high applicability and prediction accuracy at inlet moisture contents of 30–40%, where predicted and measured production rates were in close agreement. However, at inlet moisture contents of 60% or higher, the model substantially overestimated production rates, indicating limitations under high-moisture conditions. This behavior was attributed to reduced airflow penetration and diminished heat and mass transfer efficiency caused by increased material thickness and particle mass at high moisture levels. Feed value analysis revealed that crude protein content decreased by 12–20% following hot-air drying compared with fresh material, while ether extract, crude ash, and fiber components were not significantly affected. No significant differences in crude protein loss were observed among treatments with inlet moisture contents of 60% or lower. In conclusion, the multi-stage conveyor-type hot-air dryer and the proposed prediction model are suitable for drying Italian ryegrass at inlet moisture contents of 40% or lower and can be effectively applied under practical operating conditions. However, at inlet moisture contents of 60% or higher, improvements in airflow distribution within the dryer or the incorporation of moisture-dependent correction factors are required to enhance drying performance and prediction accuracy.

도로의 기하구조(종단경사, 평면 곡선반경)는 차량의 속도 변화, 제동 거리, 원심력 등에 직접적인 영향을 미쳐 주행 안전성과 사고 위험을 결정짓는 핵심적인 설계 요소이다(Park et al., 2008). 따라서 도로 유지관리 측면 에서 이러한 기하선형 정보를 정밀하게 측정하고 관리하는 것은 필수적이나, 준공 후 장기간이 경과하거나 관 리 체계가 다원화된 경우 데이터가 누락되어 통합적인 활용에 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구는 설계도면이 부재한 대규모 도로망의 안전 진단 및 위험 구간 판단 근거를 마련하기 위해, GIS(Geographic Information System) 기반 노드·링크 시스템의 평면선형 데이터와 공개 DEM(Digital Elevation Model)을 활용하여 전국 고속국도의 기하구조를 추정하는 경제적이고 보편적인 방법론을 제안하고 자 한다.

Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) exhibit extremely high melting points (> 2,500 °C) and maintain structural stability under severe conditions. However, their intrinsic brittleness and oxidation vulnerability limit their direct application in aerospace components exposed to extreme environments. To overcome these limitations, UHTC-based composites reinforced with secondary phases such as ZrO2 are required to improve fracture toughness and oxidation resistance. The polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process provides a promising fabrication route for such composites, offering densification of porous matrices with liquid precursors while maintaining uniform microstructures. Here, we report a novel zirconia precursor (PZC-12) synthesized through a sol-gel reaction of zirconium propoxide with acrylic acid (1:2 molar ratio). The liquid precursor exhibited a suitable viscosity (~518 cP) and enabled dual crosslinking via hydroxyl condensation combined with radical polymerization of vinyl groups. Consequently, effective thermal curing was accomplished upon heating at 80 °C for 12 h. This strategy minimized premature decomposition and achieved a high ceramic yield of 52.7 %. Pyrolysis at 600 °C in air produced nanosized t-ZrO2, which transformed into m-ZrO2 with grain growth at higher temperatures. Applied in PIP, a ZrB2-ZrO2 composite was successfully fabricated, demonstrating that dual crosslinking is critical for high-yield, reliable PIP-based UHTC composites.

This study investigated the use of weakly supervised learning (WSL) and partial annotation-based semantic segmentation for recognizing ingredients in the traditional Korean dish bulgogi. A dataset was created to encompass various cooking stages and imaging conditions, with pixel-level labels generated for major ingredients: beef, onion, green onion, carrot, chili pepper, mushroom, button mushroom, and king oyster mushroom, using partial annotations. To enhance model robustness, data augmentation techniques such as rotation, scaling, horizontal flipping, and color jittering were employed. The DeepLabV3+ architecture was utilized, with ResNet50 and ResNet101 serving as backbone networks. The results demonstrated that ResNet50 provided stable performance with lower computational costs, while ResNet101 achieved higher segmentation accuracy for smaller or visually complex ingredients. Models trained with data augmentation showed improved recall and F1-scores, especially for smaller ingredient classes. Overall, both backbone models exhibited consistent performance across key segmentation metrics, including mean Intersection over Union (mIoU), precision, recall, and F1-score. These findings indicate that WSL, in conjunction with partial annotation, can effectively facilitate ingredient-level segmentation in mixed dishes like bulgogi.

The growing global demand for Agaricus bisporus has focused on automated harvesting systems, prompting the adoption of artificial intelligence to enhance precision and efficiency. This study aimed to prove the possibility of automated analysis for mushroom phenotypic traits including pileus diameter and color parameters (L*, a*, b*) by using AI model, YOLOv11-seg. Mushroom images were obtained in custom-designed imaging chamber and image training was processed using YOLOv11-seg. By achieving an mAP50 of 0.96, model demonstrated high detection and segmentation performance with stable predictive behavior. To evaluate biological validity, predicted phenotypic traits were compared with mechanically measured values. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed that the correlation coefficient for chromaticity was above 0.69, while the correlation coefficient for shoulder diameter was very low at 0.03. Linear regression analysis showed correlations above 0.69 for all phenotypic traits, indicating that the model analysis reflected the actual measurement variation well. Mean absolute error (MAE) analysis showed less than 10% error of 1.32, 2.43, 0.55, and 0.90 in pileus diameter, L*, a*, and b*, respectively, resulting in significant model accuracy. Based on these results, YOLO-based estimation of pileus area was processed to prove the model’s capacity to extract phenotypic traits beyond the limits of traditional analysis. These results indicate that AI models including YOLOv11 show the possibility of the automated growth monitoring for the next-generation smart cultivation systems.

Tricholoma matsutake, one of the most favorable ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, forms a symbiotic relationship with its host, Pinus densiflora. In this study, co-cultivation of T. matsutake mycelium with bacteria from fairy rings was conducted to explore artificial cultivation. Among the isolates tested, strain B22_9_B28 promoted mycelial growth across five T. matsutake isolates: KMCC05631 from Yangyang-gun (124.23%), KMCC05632 and KMCC05633 from Yeongdeok-gun (127.68% and 156.61%, respectively), and KMCC05634 from Yeongdong-gun (153.31%), and KMCC05644 from Bonghwa-gun (171.59%). 16S rRNA sequence analysis suggested that B22_9_B28 may represent a novel species of Paenibacillus. These results highlight the potential of a new Paenibacillus species with pan-regional growth-promoting effects on T. matsutake mycelium, offering a promising avenue for the artificial cultivation of this valuable mushroom.

In this study, the development of a new white beech mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) cultivar, ‘Baekmaru24’, is described, and its growth characteristics and field adaptability are evaluated. ‘Baekmaru24’ was bred from the parent strains, KMCC05528 and KMCC05529, through controlled crossing and multi-stage line selection, resulting in the final elite line, ‘HWD-22-116’. Mycelial growth tests demonstrated that the cultivar had superior growth under low temperatures (10–15 °C) and on YM medium, with optimal growth at 20–25 °C. In indoor bottle cultivation, the per-bottle yield was 146 g per 850 mL, which was 8% higher than that of the control cultivar (135 g). The fruiting bodies had stipes with a mean of 70.5 mm, which is approximately 10 mm longer than that of the control, and they had highly uniform clusters, enhancing marketability. Field trials at two farms confirmed a significant increase in yield of approximately 11 % over existing commercial cultivars, together with a generally superior morphology, including larger caps, longer stipes, and greater tissue firmness. Somatic incompatibility testing revealed a distinct demarcation zone between ‘Baekmaru24’ and its parent strains, indicating that it is a genetically independent cultivar. Overall, these results demonstrate that ‘Baekmaru24’ has stable growth, high productivity, and favorable fruiting-body characteristics under both controlled and farm conditions, supporting its potential as a high-quality commercial mushroom cultivar.

This study was conducted to develop a fish-based Multi-metric Index (MMI) for assessing the ecological health of lake ecosystems using fish assemblage data collected from the national lake biomonitoring program between 2022 and 2024. A total of 34 fish assessment metrics widely used in the United States, Europe, and Korea were first reviewed for applicability, from which 16 candidate metrics were selected. These candidate metrics were then evaluated in terms of statistical distribution characteristics, correlations with water quality variables, redundancy among metrics, and consistency with existing river-based metrics used in Korea. Based on these evaluations, eight core indicators and four supporting indicators were finalized. For ecological health scoring, boundary values for metric scoring classes were determined using percentiles (10-25-50-75-90%), and metric weights were applied to ensure balanced contribution and discriminative power among classes. The final set of metrics consisted of three indicators in the Diversity/Richness category, two in the Trophic category, two in the Tolerance category, and one in the Individual Health category, collectively reflecting the ecological responses of fish assemblages in lake environments. The developed MMI framework is expected to provide a robust and applicable tool for future ecological assessments and management of lakes in Korea.

재생에너지의 빠른 확산과 함께 수소에너지는 지속 가능한 산업을 위한 대안으로 점차 주목받고 있으며, 특히 넷 제로(Net-Zero) 탄소 배출 달성에 핵심적인 에너지원으로 인식되고 있다. 수소 생산 기술 중 수전해는 고순도의 그린 수소를 생성할 수 있는 방법으로, 이 중 알칼라인 수전해는 저비용 소재 활용과 대규모 상용화 가능성 측면에서 유망한 기술로 주목 받고 있다. 전형적인 알칼라인 수전해 시스템은 전극, 액상 KOH 전해질, 그리고 다공성 분리막으로 구성되며, 분리막은 이온 전달뿐만 아니라 전극 간 물리적 분리와 수소/산소 크로스오버 억제 기능을 동시에 수행하는 핵심 요소이다. 최근에는 고분 자/KOH/H2O로 이루어진 3상 구조를 활용하는 이온 솔베이팅 분리막이 기존 다공성 격막의 가압/차압 운전의 어려움과 수소 차단성 한계를 극복할 수 있는 대안으로 주목받고 있다. 본 리뷰에서는 다양한 이온 솔베이팅 분리막 고분자 시스템의 연구 진전을 정리하고, 이들의 분자 설계 전략, 성능 특성 및 평가 방법을 소개한다. 마지막으로 차세대 알칼라인 수전해 전해질막 개발을 위한 남은 과제와 향후 연구 방향을 논의한다.