This study aimed to investigate the changes in nutritional components of six domestically bred soybean cultivars before and after fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus. Analysis of five vitamins and minerals showed that levels of vitamin B2, vitamin B3, phosphorus, and calcium increased in all cultivars following fermentation, with notable variations among the cultivars. Specifically, the vitamin B2 content in Daepung and Daewonkong increase significantly, by 6.8-fold and 6.7-fold, respectively, compared to pre-fermentation levels. Additionally, Danbaekkong exhibited the highest calcium content after fermentation, at 3.90 mg/g. Before fermentation, soybean oligosaccharides contained 3.4 to 9.0 times more stachyose than raffinose; however, these levels decreased by over 80% across all cultivars after fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus. The total dietary fiber content rose from 9.28%~11.32% before fermentation to 12.57%~14.86% afterward, though no significant differences were observed among the cultivars. This study confirms that fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus enhances the nutritional value of domestically bred soybeans, particularly regarding vitamin B2, vitamin B3, calcium, phosphorus, oligosaccharides, and total dietary fiber.

본 연구는 흡연 대학생을 연구대상자로 선정하여 금연 자기효능감, 학업 소진과 금연 의도 간에 어떤 연관이 있는지 확인하고, 흡연 대학생의 금연 의도에 영향을 주는 요인을 규명하기 위해 시도되었다. 본 연구에 참여한 대상자는 2개 대학에 재학 중인 흡연 대학생 157명을 대상으로 2023년 10월 10일부터 2023년 11월 10일까지 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료 분석은 SPSS/WIN 28.0 프로그램을 활용하여 변 수 특성에 따라 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s 상관관계 분석, 다중회귀분석을 하였다. 본 연구에서 흡연 대학생의 금연 의도는 금연 자기효능감(r=.55, p<.001)과 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었고, 학업 소진(r=-.26, p=.001)와 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 또한 흡연 대학생의 금연 의도에 영향을 미치는 요 인은 금연 자기효능감(β=0.55, p<.001), 학업스트레스(β=-0.21, p=.014)로 확인되었고. 회귀 모형식은 유의하였으며(F=37.92, p<.001), 모형의 설명력은 32.0%였다. 이를 근거로 흡연 대학생의 금연 의도를 높 이기 위해서는 학생 개인의 경험과 환경적 요인 외에도 금연 자기효능감을 높일 수 있는 내용과 학업 소진 을 줄이는 방안을 금연 교육에 포함할 필요가 있다.

This study was conducted to secure basic data for developing technologies to reduce the generation of odor substances by investigating the effects of environmental temperature on growth performance and the generation of odor substances from feces in growing pigs. A total of 16 pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average body weight 56.49±0.47kg) were randomly assigned to two treatments: thermal-neutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions. The experiments were conducted for two weeks, with average temperature-humidity indices of 68.91±0.09 for TN and 85.98±0.08 for HS. The results showed that HS significantly decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI, 33.3%) and average daily gain (ADG, 25.8%) compared with TN (p<0.05). Non-esterified fatty acid in serum was lower (36.2%) in HS compared with TN (p<0.05). However, protein, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and IgG in serum showed no difference between HS and TN. Phenol (350.0%) and skatole (416.3%) were significantly higher in HS than in TN (p<0.05). The decrease in growth performance is attributed to reduction in ADFI. The increase in phenol and skatole in HS is presumed to be due to the effect of HS on the metabolism of intestinal microbial composition. Digestion rate, intestinal microbial composition, and urine emissions are known to affect odor substances. Further research on the content of odor substances in urine, nutrient digestion rate, and intestinal microbial composition is considered necessary to determine the exact associations.

The practice of paying for meals in a society is a social behavior that reflects the culture of that society. Accordingly, this study examined Koreans' way to pay for meal and perception of that meal payment methods in various contexts. In Study 1 and 2, Korean college students were asked open-ended questions about the payment methods that Koreans prefer in various situations, and asked to describe reasons for liking or disliking 9 payment methods derived by study 1. As a result, positive characteristics stood out as fairness such as rationality and fairness, as well as intimacy such as friendliness, affection. In Study 3 and 4, we investigated the perception of 6 payment methods (equal payment, membership dues payment, rotational payment, hierarchical payment, ability payment, and volunteering payment method) and examined whether there were generational differences in preferences for six payment methods depending on the situation. As a result, each payment method could be classified into a payment method closer to the logic of reason (sari), which emphasizes fairness, and the logic of heart (simjung), which emphasizes emotional intimacy. Payment method closer to fairness (equal method) was consistently preferred by young people. These results were discussed focusing on the cultural characteristics of Korean society.

최근 국내에서 개발된 송풍식 양파 줄기절단기를 수확기 양 파 엽 절단에 활용할 경우 적정 작업 조건을 구명하기 위해서 이 실험을 수행하였다. 처리구 중 식물체 엽 건조가 가장 많이 진행된(엽 건조 정도 : 66.3%, 엽 수분함량 : 50.5%) 6월 20일 엽 절단 처리구에서 평균 잔여 엽장은 6.7±3.5cm로서 작업 후 적정 잔여 엽장에 해당되는 범위인 4－10cm에 포함되므로 기계 엽 절단 성능이 처리구 중 가장 우수한 것으로 판단된다. 줄기절단기 이용 양파 엽 기계 절단 시 평균 작업 속도는 0.17m·s-1였는데, 이는 인력 엽 절단 처리구의 평균 작업 속도 인 0.05m·s-1보다 3.4배 정도 빨랐으며, 이를 통해 해당 기종 을 이용하여 10a 면적을 작업할 경우에는 인력 작업(1인 기준) 에 비해 2.6시간 정도를 절감할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또한 기계 엽 절단 처리구에서의 손상구 발생률은 1.3%로서 인력 엽 절단 처리구의 0.0%에 비해 높았는데, 이로 인해 기계 엽 절단 처리구가 인력 엽 절단 처리구보다 저장 중 양파 구 부패 율이 평균적으로 높았던 것으로 판단된다. 처리별 저장 특성 을 살펴보면, 저장 8개월 후 구 부위(기부, 정부)별 부패율은 기계 엽 절단 후 잔여 엽장이 5.0cm 미만인 처리구에서 잔여 엽장이 5.0cm 이상인 처리구보다 높았다. 이는 잔여 엽 길이 가 5.0cm 미만인 처리구에서는 5.0cm 이상인 처리구보다 저 장 중 구 부패를 유발하는 병원균의 감염이 쉬우므로 장기 저 장 시 부패율이 높은 것으로 생각된다. 본 실험 결과와 실험 기 종의 성능 목표(작업 후 잔여 엽장 : 5cm) 및 양파 수확 시 적정 잔여 엽장에 관한 기존의 연구결과 등을 종합적으로 고려할 경우, 본 실험에 사용된 줄기절단기 이용 양파 엽 절단 시 양파 의 적정 잔여 엽장은 5－10cm 정도일 것으로 판단된다.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a key component in the biogeochemical cycling in freshwater ecosystem. However, it has been rarely explored, particularly complex river watershed dominated by natural and anthropogenic sources, such as various effluent facility and livestock. The current research developed a new analytical method for TOC/TN (Total Organic Carbon/Total Nitrogen) stable isotope ratio, and distinguish DOM source using stable isotope value (δ13C-DOC) and spectroscopic indices (fluorescence index [FI] and biological index [BIX]). The TOC/TN-IR/MS analytical system was optimized and precision and accuracy were secured using two international standards (IAEA-600 Caffein, IAEA-CH-6 Sucrose). As a result of controlling the instrumental conditions to enable TOC stable isotope analysis even in low-concentration environmental samples (<1 mgC L-1), the minimum detection limit was improved. The 12 potential DOM source were collected from watershed, which includes top-soils, groundwater, plant group (fallen leaves, riparian plants, suspended algae) and effluent group (pig and cow livestock, agricultural land, urban, industry facility, swine facility and wastewater treatment facilities). As a result of comparing characteristics between 12 sources using spectroscopic indices and δ13C-DOC values, it were divided into four groups according to their characteristics as a respective DOM sources. The current study established the TOC/TN stable isotope analyses system for the first time in Korea, and found that spectroscopic indices and δ13C-DOC are very useful tool to trace the origin of organic matter in the aquatic environments through library database.

Conventional aquaculture faces declining productivity, shifting to recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), known for minimizing water usage and maintaining consistent water temperatures for year-round fish growth. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a globally important cold-water species and the third most farmed fish in inland waters of Korea, valued for its fecundity and rapid growth. Dissolved oxygen, an important environmental factor affecting fish production and economics, highlights the need for smart aquaculture practices. Since 2018, the rise of intelligent aquaculture platforms, incorporating information and communications technology (ICT), emphasizes the essential role of RAS implementation. This eight-week study aimed to determine the optimal dissolved oxygen concentration for rainbow trout in RAS, utilizing a device for continuous monitoring, control and record. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were set at 5-6 mg/L, 9-10 mg/L, 14-15 mg/L and 17-18 mg/L. The growth rate significantly decreased at 5-6 mg/L, with no significant differences in other experimental groups. In hematological analysis, growth hormone (GH) was significantly highest at 5-6 mg/L, followed by 9-10 mg/L while Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was significantly lowest at 5-6 mg/L. In conclusion, the optimal dissolved oxygen concentration for rainbow trout in RAS is approximately 9-10 mg/L. Higher concentrations do not contribute to further growth or profitability.

This study investigated the nutritional characteristics of before and after fermentation of domestic soybean (Glycine max L.) by Rhizopus oligosporus. The soybean storage proteins, β-conglycinin (11S globulin) and glycinin (7S globulin), were the most abundant in Seonyu (SY) and Danbaegkong (DBK), with concentrations of 253.4 mg/g and 193.0 mg/g, respectively. For 11S/7S related to sulfur-containing amino acid, DBK had a value of 0.95, making it the most excellent nutritionally among all the cultivars. The free amino acid content significantly increased from 0.04~10.45 mg/g before fermentation to 1.37~16.95 mg/g after fermentation, and the essential amino acid composition increased, confirming an improvement in protein quality after fermentation. Phytic acid, known as a nutritional inhibitor of soybeans, decreased from 1.66~2.13 g/100 g before fermentation to 0.90~1.58 g/100 g after fermentation, suggesting that mineral absorption inhibition was alleviated. In addition, the trypsin inhibitor content is suppressed by 76.20% to 81.25% after fermentation, which is expected to improve protein utilization in the body. This study confirmed some properties of fermented products by Rhizopus oligosporus using domestic soybeans, and these results are presented to serve as the basic data for establishing new uses of Korean soybean cultivars.

The compositions of ethnic groups in Macau vary with time. Prior to the opening of the port, the majority of the residents in Macau were Chinese people, including those living on land and at sea. After the port was opened, with the increase of Portugal businessmen and missionaries, the population was divided into Chinese people and foreigners (so-called ‘Yiren’ or 夷人in Chinese). Chinese people living on land were mainly of Hakka, Fujian, and Cantonese descent. Those living at sea were referred to as ‘Tanka People’ (named ‘Danmin’ or 蜑民in Chinese). They lived on floating boats for their entire lives and were similar to the ‘drifters’ in Japan. Since modern times, many refugees from mainland China and Southeast Asia flooded into Macau due to warfare. The development of industrialization required a larger number of laborers, and some ‘coolies’ entered Macau in legal or illegal ways, making it a multi-ethnic city. However, the Tanka people were not considered a minority ethnic group under the national ethnic policy of 56 ethnic groups since they did not have an exclusive language and shared dialects in different regions. As the ports inhabited by Tanka people gradually restored foreign trade, the boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people were dismantled to expand the infrastructure area of the ports. Many Tanka people began to live on land and marry people on land, leading to the disappearance of the Tanka group in Macau. The fishing boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people have also disappeared, with only a few remaining in areas such as Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. This paper examines the natural and social environment of Tanka people in Macau from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, as well as the adaptive changes they adopted for the aforementioned environment in terms of living space and architectural type, on the basis of summarizing the historical activities of Tanka people. Finally, this study provides a layout plan and interior structure of the most commonly used boat for Tanka people from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, with the use of CAD and other technical software, along with reference to written historical documentation, and provides a case study for further research on the architectural history of Macau's inner harbor cities, from anthropological and folklore perspectives.

산화적 스트레스는 세포 및 조직 손상을 통해 피부의 탄력 및 보습 기능 저하, 피부 노화 촉진 을 비롯한 다양한 피부질환을 일으킨다. 본 연구의 목적은 인간 피부각질세포 (HaCaT keratinocyte)에서 산화적 스트레스에 대한 붉은 토끼풀 추출물의 효능을 검토하여, 피부에 효과적으로 사용할 수 있는 기능 성 소재로서의 활용 여부를 확인하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 붉은 토끼풀 추출물이 인간 피부각질세포에 서 산화적 스트레스에 따른 세포사를 억제시키는 것을 확인하여, 이를 조절하는 보호기전을 규명하였다. 이는 붉은 토끼풀 추출물이 Caspase-3 비활성, 세포사 촉진단백질 Bax 발현 억제, 세포생존 촉진단백질 Bcl-2 발현 증가 및 MAPK 신호전달계 단백질의 인산화 억제를 통해 H2O2에 의해 유도된 산화적 스트레 스를 보호할 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 붉은 토끼풀 추출물은 피부의 산화적 손상을 감소시키는 유용한 소재로 평가되며, 이는 피부보호 및 미용을 위한 다양한 제품 및 산업에 활용 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단된다.

The construction method of scaffolding structures is different from Mortise and Tenon and bucket arch structure of traditional large woodwork. It forms an independent construction system-fixing nodes with knots, a large number of diagonal braces are used to fix shelves and the structures mostly contain X-shape and triangular shape details. Simple ones include stalls, sheds, rain sheds, altars, lamp racks etc. But the scaffolding with larger scale and more complicated structure are modeled on archways, theatres and other buildings which are used in commercial and festival activities. At present, Macao, Hong Kong, Guangdong, Sichuan, Shanxi and other places in China have retained the custom of using scaffolding structures in important festival activities, but their uses, techniques and building types are slightly different from place to place. Due to building and demolishing at any time, the construction and service cycle is short. As a result, there are almost no physical objects left. We can only deduce the use and technical characteristics of ancient scaffolding skills through the colorful building styles that have been preserved with folk activities in various parts of China, the craftsmanship handed down from generation to generation by the scaffolding guild and artisans, and the description of cultural and historical materials and the mutual corroboration of visual materials.

In vitro digestibility and protein digestibility corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS) were investigated to verify the availability of protein in various Rhizopus oligosporus fermented products of domestic soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars. Danbaegkong (DBK), Daepung (DP), Daewonkong (DWK), Saedanbaek (SDB), Seonyu (SY), and Cheongja4ho (CJ4) were used as raw samples, which were fermented using commercially available Rhizopus oligosporus for 48 h. All cultivars showed increased crude protein content after fermentation. The crude protein content of DBK and SDB was significantly higher than that of the other samples (55.12% in DBK and 54.22% in SDB) (p<0.001). CJ4 had the highest alanine content of 28.88 mg/g (p<0.001), and no significant difference in cysteine content was detected among the cultivars. In most of the fermented samples, the in vitro digestibility was 0.9 or higher, indicating high protein in the fermented samples. However, it is considered that restrictions on digestion are low. In DWK, the amino acid content and PDCAAS, which together indicate protein quality, were 0.917 and 0.855, respectively, confirming that it was the best cultivar to provide the raw material for fermentation. In conclusion Rhizopus oligosporus fermented soybean products can be considered a prospective source of protein with high utility value.