자연생태계에서 수집된 분변, 털 등 비침습적 시료는 야생 동물의 상태나 특성을 분석적으로 평가할 수 있는 좋은 재료가 된다. 특히 비침습적 시료에 대한 유전자 분석 결과는 야생동물의 유전학적, 생태학적 특성을 이해할 수 있는 생물학적 근거를 제공할 수 있다. 야생생물-특히 멸종위기야생생물 등-에 대한 분석에 있어 비침습 시료의 활용은 개체의 포획, 채혈, 조직 수집 등에 따른 생체 손상 없이 진행될 수 있는 좋은 시료가 된다. 본 연구는 우리나라에서 멸종위기 야생생물 Ⅰ급으로 지정되어 있는 산양 집단의 성별 구조분석과 생태복원을 위한 기초자료 확보를 위하여 성 판별을 위한 새로운 분석기법을 마련하고자 하였다. 산양의 분자적 성판별을 위하여 포유동물인 산양의 성염색체(X-, Y-염색 체)에서 공통적으로 암호화되어 있는 zinc finger-X, -Y(ZFX, ZFY) 유전자와 수컷에서만 출현하는 sex-related region Y (SRY) 유전자의 서열을 이용하여 중합효소연쇄반응(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)을 위한 시발체(primer)를 고안하였다. 새롭게 제작한 시발체들과 기존 연구에서 보고된 포유동물-범용 시발체들을 사용하여 강원도 오대산 국립공원과 서울 인근에 위치한 용마산에서 수집된 산양 비침습적 시료(분변, 털)와 혈액 유래의 DNA를 대상으로 PCR 시험을 수행하였다. 기존에 보고된 범용 시발체를 이용한 시험결과에서는 대다수의 시료에서 비특이적인 PCR 증 폭산물들이 같이 출현하였고, 암-수를 판독할 수 있는 명확한 실험결과를 얻을 수 없었다. 본 연구에서 고안한 시발체를 이용하여 혈액 유래의 DNA를 대상으로 시험한 결과, SRY 시험에서 수컷에서는 단 하나의 PCR 증폭산물이 관찰되고, 암컷에서는 관찰되지 않았다. ZFX-ZFY 시험결과에서는 길이가 다른 두 개의 산물이 수컷에서 관찰되고, 암컷은 단 하나의 PCR 산물만 관찰되었다. 또한 SRY 유전자 성판별 결과와 ZFX-ZFY 성판별 결과는 정확히 일치하였다. 비침습 적 시료에 대한 성판별 시험에서 SRY 체계와 ZFX-ZFY 체계에서 시료들이 암-수로 구분되었고, 대부분의 시료에서 SRY 시험결과와 ZFX-ZFY 시험결과가 일치하였다. 분석결과 중 2 건의 시료에서 ZFX 또는 ZFY 유전자 절편이 검출되지 않는 양상을 보여, 이들 시료에 대하여 DNA 분자 barcoding에 이용되고 있는 미토콘드리아 DNA(mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA)의 cytochrome oxydase I (COI) 유전자 서열을 추가로 분석하였다. 해당 시료들은 서열의 일부 또는 전체적으로 DNA 서열이 이질적(heteroplasmic)인 현상을 나타내었으며, 이는 증폭된 유전자 서열이 하나의 기원에서 유래된 것이 아니라, 2 개체 이상이거나 2 종 이상에서 유래되었음을 의미한다. 결과적으로 동종 또는 다른 종에 의한 오염이 부분적으로 분자 수준에서의 성 판별 시험을 저해할 수 있음을 보여주는 결과이다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 이 연구를 통해 산양 비침습 시료에서 암-수성별에 대한 정보를 얻을 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 새롭게 고안한 ZFX-XFY, SRY 유전자에 대한 PCR 시험방법은 기존에 고안된 방식에 비해 더 좋은 효율을 나타내었으며, 오대산국립공원지역과 서울 용마산에서 수집한 산양 비침습 시료(분변, 털)에서 암-수성별에 대한 정보를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 고안한 산양 성판별 시험방법을 현재 지역적으로 파편화된 양상을 나타내는 지역별 산양집단의 성비 분석에 적용한다면, 포획, 채혈, 조직 수집 등을 통한 산양 생체에 대한 피해 없이 비침습 시료를 이용하여 집단의 성비를 산출할 수 있는 자료를 확보 할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 집단의 성비 정보는 지역별로 산재 되어 분포하고 있는 개별적인 산양집단의 보호와 생태복원을 위한 전략마련에 필요한 가치 있는 생태정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

PURPOSES: In this study, algorithms were proposed for determining the crack condition of an asphalt pavement image using deep learning methods. METHODS: For the configuration of a deep learning network, the study used a Convolution Neural Network and You Only Look Once algorithms. To obtain input data for analysis, a camera was mounted on the bonnet of the vehicle to obtain images of asphalt pavement and to mark the ground-truth cracks in the asphalt pavement image. In addition, an algorithm suitable for the automatic determination function of Deep Learning was proposed in order to calculate the crack ratio and crack rating. RESULTS: The result of analysis showed that the recall rate of cracks in this system was higher from FPPW 5.0E-06 to 96.03%. Furthermore, the accuracy of the grading system was found to be 100%, enabling the determination of very accurate ratings. The rate of processing per image was 0.4448 seconds on average, and the real-time analysis of pavement images presented no problem because the assessment took place within a short time. CONCLUSIONS : Applying this system to the pavement management system is expected to reduce the time required in finishing work and to determine a quantitative crack rating.

Pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), the pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD), is transmitted to new host trees through Monochamus spp., vector insects. In Korea, aerial application has been allowed conventionally to eliminate the vectors in their flying season. In this study, thiacloprid was applied to four-year-old Pinus densiflora, which were fed to adult M. alternatus emerged from PWD infected logs for 72 h in the condition of 1 DAT (Days after treatment of thiacloprid) and 15 DAT, respectively. We confirmed the presence of nematodes in each beetle applied to experiment by Baermann funnel method and PCR with species-specific ITS primers. After 72 h of 1 DAT and 15 DAT, thiacloprid residues in pine trees were 0.59-16.32 and 0.043-0.131 mg/kg and the mortalities of the beetle were 100 and 99.2%, respectively. Detection rate of B. xylophilus was 51.3%. The incidence rate of PWD in 1 DAT and 15 DAT showed no mortality and 5.55% compared with 55.5% of control, respectively.

It has been claimed that artificial insemination (AI) of cows with frozen-thawed semen treated with commercially produced kits, Wholemom (in favour of female gender) increases the birth chance of calves with desired sex ratio by approximately 85% without decrease of pregnancy rates. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of wholemom kits as combined with frozen-thawed bovine semen during in vitro fertilization on the in vitro fertilization and developmental efficiency and sex ratios such as some reproductive parameters in bovine. For this, 1,737 oocytes were in vitro fertilized and developed. Agglutination effects on bovine after treatment of Wholemom kit were observed by time passage and dose respectively. To determine sex of embryos, Bovine embryo Y-specific gene primers(ConEY) and Bovine specific universal primer(ConBV) were used as multiple PCR method. Fertilization rate of wholemom-treated group was significantly lower than its of control group[66.9% (1,156/1,737) in Wholemom-treated group; 75.0% (610/813) in control group]. However, developmental rate after fertilization of both wholemom-treated and control groups were not significantly different [26.1% (404/1,156) in Wholemom-treated group; 27.4% (224/610) in control group]. Sex ratio of in vitro fertilized embryo with frozen-thawed semen treated with wholemom kit was determined by multi PCR. Female ratio in wholemom-treated group [85.4% (173/201)] was significantly higher than its of control group [47.2% (66/141)]. In conclusion, wholemom treatments of semen used in the in vitro fertilization and development of bovine oocytes provided increase in female ratio with decrease of fertilization rate.

콘크리트사장교는 높은 자중에 비해 낮은 강성도를 가지더라도 저 형고의 단면으로 설계한다. 콘크리트사장교 케이블은 보강거더에 정착되는 케이블위치의 작은 변화에도 큰 장력변화를 나타낸다. 본 연구는 케이블 장력변화가 최소화할 수 있는 정착위치 결정이 목적이다. 이를 위하여 4개소의 보강거더 정착위치, 8개의 케이블 초기장력 및 90개의 시공단계에 대하여 구조거동을 분석하였다. 4개소의 케이블 정착위치를 분석한 결과, 정착위치가 도심하단으로 내려갈수록 케이블의 시공장력이 구조안정성을 좌우한다. 반대로 도심위에 정착장치를 설치할수록 케이블의 완성장력이 지배적이다. 결론적으로 정착위치가 보강거더 상단에 위치할수록 시공과 완성 케이블 장력편차가 다른 정착위치보다 가장 작게 발생하였다.

본 연구는 농산물 중 2017년 기준신설예정농약 spiroxamine에 대한 공정시험법을 개발하고자 수행하였다. Spiroxamine은 모화합물만이 잔류물로 정의되므로 이를 분석하기 위한 시험법을 개발하였고, 확립된 시험법은 실험실 내 및 실험실 간 검증을 통해 공정시험법으로의 유효성을 확인 하였다. Spiroxamine의 물리화학적 특성을 고려하여 분석을 위해 LC-MS/MS를 분석기기로 사용하였으며, acetonitrile으로 추출 후 유기용매를 이용하여 액액분배조건 및 florisil cartridge를 이용한 SPE 정제조건을 확립하여 시료의 불순물을 효과적으로 정제하는 시험법을 개발하였다. 개발된 Spiroxamine 시험법의 직선성은 결정계수(r2)가 0.99 이상으로 우수하였으며, 검출한계 및 정량한계는 각각 0.0005, 0.001 mg/kg으로 높은 감도를 나타내었다. 대표 농산물 5종(현미, 감자, 대두, 감귤, 고추)에 대한 시험법 검증결과 평균 회수율(5 반복)은 71.9~98.8%였고, 분석오차는 10.0% 이하로 정확성 및 재현성이 우수함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 광주지방식약청과의 실험실 간 검증 결과에서 평균 회수율은 70.6~104.6%를 나타내어 모두 Codex 가이드라인 및 식약처 가이드라인의 기준에 부합하는 것으로 확인 되었다. 개발된 시험법은 낮은 검출한계 및 정량한계, 우수한 직선성, 회수율 시험을 통한 양호한 정밀성 및 재현성 등이 입증되어 농산물 중 Spiroxamine의 분석을 위한 식품공전 공정시험법으로 활용되기에 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

An imprinted potentiometric sensor was developed for direct and selective determination of gabapentin. Sensor is based on carbon paste electrode adapted by graphene oxide that is decorated with silver nanoparticles and mixed with molecularly imprinted polymers nanoparticles using gabapentin as a template molecule. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Under optimal experimental conditions, the studied sensor exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity with LOD of 4.8×10–11 mol L–1. It provided a wide linearity range from 1×10–10 to 1×10–3 mol L–1and high stability for more than 3 mo. The sensor was effectively used for the determination of gabapentin in pharmaceutical tablets and spiked plasma samples.

Customer-owned touch points have emerged as a central context for customers to interact with one another on social media (Lemon and Verhoef 2016). Empirical research on firms’ presence and behaviour in these forums is limited, especially as regards how this presence affects customer experiences. This study is an attempt to address this this gap, analysing customer experiences from such forums using self-determination theory as a lens. The results show that companies’ efforts to control the discussions in such forums have a negative impact on customers' cognitive experiences. However, firms’ intervention is welcomed when the intention is to add value to customers in these forums, and allow customers to retain the feeling self-efficacy, and social affiliation and autonomy (Ryan and Deci 2002).

The physiologically advantageous aspects of green tea have been identified recently and green tea has been a favorite drink of many people. Due to the increased awareness of green tea’s positive effects on human health, the demand for foods containing green tea has increased. This has led to the development of diverse green tea-related beverages; thereby many companies in Korea have put a wide variety of manufactured green tea beverages on the market. However, the components within green tea beverages have not been examined in Korea yet. In this study, we investigated the contents of the physiologically functional materials found in green tea, such as catechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatecin gallate, gallocatechin gallate and caffeine. Fifty-six green tea products purchased from the local grocery stores and cafes were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. As a result, all tested products contained catechin and caffeine, although the amount of each component was largely different. The total amount of catechin derivatives in the manufactured green tea beverages purchased from cafes was 263.17 mg/L, while they were 61.99 mg/L in the beverages purchased from the local grocery stores. And, to the almost samples the amount of caffeine was proportional to the amount of catechin.

The aim of the present work was to develop simultaneous methods of quantification of carazolol, azaperone, and azaperol residues in livestock and fishery products using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted from beef, pork, chicken, egg, milk and shrimp using acetonitrile (ACN); while flat fish and eel were extracted using 80% ACN. For purification, ACN saturated n-hexane was used to remove fat composition. The standard calibration curves showed good linearity as correlation coefficients; r 2 was > 0.99. Average recoveries expressed were within the range of 67.9-105% for samples fortified at three different levels (0.5 × MRL, 1 × MRL and 2 × MRL). The correlation coefficient expressed as precision was within the range of 0.55- 7.93%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0002-0.002 mg/kg. The proposed analytical method showed high accuracy and acceptable sensitivity based on Codex guideline requirements (CAC/GL71-2009). This method can be used to analyze the residue of carazolol, azaperone, and azaperol in livestock and fishery products.

Two sewage treatment facilities were selected to identify odor emission characteristics, focusing on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sulfur compounds. The complex odor, 5 kinds of sulfur compounds and 23 kinds of VOCs were analyzed from gas and sludge storages. Hydrogen sulfide was detected in the highest concentration and had the highest odor quotient among the odorous compounds monitored in this study, demonstrating that the contribution of hydrogen sulfide to the complex odor reached up to 90%. For VOCs, the overall contribution to the complex odor was not critical but VOCs can sufficiently trigger an odorous sensation because the sum of the odor quotient reached up to 2.89.

This study aimed to produce high-quality blastocysts and establish appropriate microinjection conditions for the introduction of target gene. First, we identified embryo development to the blastocyst stage after microinjection using the CRISPR/Cas9 system on the Cas9 protein or mRNA. As a result, we confirmed that blastocyst development in the Cas9 mRNA injected group significantly increased when compared to the Cas9 protein injected group (p<0.05). However, the blastocyst gene targeting rate increased in the Cas9 protein injected group when compared to the Cas9 mRNA injected group (p<0.05). Next, we treated the injection medium with 10 μg/ml of cytochalasin B (CB), and the microinjected embryos were cultured in CR1-aa medium supplemented with 0.1 μM of melatonin (Mela). Consequently, the blastocyst formation rate significantly increased in the CB treated group (p<0.05). After microinjecting embryos with the CB treated injection medium, we investigated blastocyst formation and quality via Mela treatment. Consequently, the Mela treated group demonstrated significantly increased blastocyst formation rates when compared to the non-treated group (p<0.05). Furthermore, immunofluorescence assay using RAD51 (DNA repair detection protein) and H2AX139ph (DNA damage detection protein) showed an increase in RAD51 positive cells in Mela treated embryos. Therefore, we verified the improvement in knock-in efficiency in microinjected bovine embryos using Cas9 protein. These results also demonstrated that the positive effect of the CB and Mela treatments improved the embryonic developmental competence and blastocyst qualities in genetically-edited bovine embryos.

Recently, with the increase in demand for big data analysis, related techniques and tools are being developed, which makes it possible to utilize data that was difficult to analyze by traditional methods. Topic modeling is a useful technique for deriving topics from a vast amount of text, and is often used in research on trends and predictions of academic research or science and technology. However, the topic derived from the topic modeling is a combination of words presented on the basis of the frequency and probability of simultaneous occurrence, and cannot describe the importance or priority of each word. Therefore, in this study, we applied AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) technique to evaluate the priority of the result derived from topic modeling (Topic). In this study, bibliographic data (total of 15,888 articles) of academic researches related to consulting were collected and used in the analysis of this study in order to suggest prioritization method using Topic-Modeling and AHP.

Road network in the Mekong Delta is mostly coastal and river routes, then they are often flooded when the floods come in. As a result, the foundation and pavement are destroyed, reduced life expectancy, resulting in unsafety in traffic, cost of maintenance and repairs…. This paper establishes the technical conditions for the calculation on the flexible pavement working in the wet conditions (so flooded) based on the maximum usage of available materials in the provinces in the Mekong Delta. Simultaneously, we propose the flooded flexible pavement under the current climate change conditions.

This manuscript explains the effective determination of urea by redox cyclic voltammetric analysis, for which a modified polypyrrole-graphene oxide (PPY-GO, GO 20% w/w of PPY) nanocomposite electrode was developed. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed an effective electron transfer in 0.1 M KOH electrolytic solution in the potential window range of 0 to 0.6 V. This PPY-GO modified electrode exhibited a moderate electrocatalytic effect towards urea oxidation, thereby allowing its determination in an electrolytic solution. The linear dependence of the current vs. urea concentration was reached using square-wave voltammetry in the concentration range of urea between 0.5 to 3.0 μM with a relatively low limit of detection of 0.27 μM. The scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphologies and properties of the nanocomposite layer, along with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that the nanocomposite film modified electrode exhibited a synergistic effect, including high conductivity, a fast electron-transfer rate, and an inherent catalytic ability.