2016년 4월 7일, 식품의약품안전처에서 [제1차 당류 저감 종합계획]을 발표하였다. 발표 내용에 의하면 당류의 과잉 섭취는 국민 건강을 위협하고 과도한 사회비용을 야기할 수 있고, 우리 국민의 가공식품을 통한 당류 섭취량이 증가 하고 있어 선제적 관리가 필요하다고 한다. 우리 국민의 평균 당류 섭취량은 섭취기준 이내이지만 증가 추세이며 일 부 계층(어린이, 청소년, 청년층)의 가공식품을 통한 당류 섭취량은 기준을 초과한다고 밝혔다. 가공식품 중 당류 주요 급원식품은 음료류이며 음료류를 통한 당류 섭취비율은 증가추세에 있다고 한다. 따라서 식품의약품안전처는 ‘우리 국민의 당류 적정 섭취 유도 - 가공식품을 통한 당류 섭취량을 1일 열량의 10% 이내로 관리’를 2020년까지의 목표로 설정하고, 1) 덜 달게 먹는 식습관 유도, 2) 당류 저감식품 선택환경 조성, 3) 당 류 저감정책 추진기반 구축이라는 3대 핵심전략을 바탕으로 세부 과제를 추진하기 시작하였다. 이어서, 한국식품산업협회는 식품의약품안전처의 발표에 대하여 ‘식품산업계는 정부의 당류 저감 정책에 적극 참여 할 것’이라는 제목의 성명서를 발표한 바 있다. 식품산업계는 국민의 요구와 식품업계 수용 역량에 맞게 추진될 수 있 도록 적극 참여하고자 한다고 밝히고, 특히 우리나라 당류 섭취 수준이 다른 국가에 비해 아직 심각하지 않으나, 당류 과잉 섭취와 비만이 문제되고 있는 국제적인 상황에 선제적으로 국가적 노력을 추진코자 하는 정부의 발표에 식품산 업계의 뜻을 같이 하고자 한다고 하였다. 이에, 식품산업계는 다양한 제품 개발에 힘써 소비자들의 선택 폭을 넓히도 록 돕는 한편, 소비자들의 올바른 식생활 형성을 위한 과학적이고 객관적인 정보 전달과 건강한 생활을 지속할 수 있 도록 안전하고 균형잡힌 영양의 식품을 제공하기 위한 노력을 지속하겠다고 성명하였다. 현재, 식품산업협회에서는 음료류 제조업체들이 중심이 되어 ‘음료업계 공통의 당류 저감 계획(안)’을 마련하기 위 하여 활발한 협의가 진행되고 있으며, 논의가 되고 있는 당류 저감 전략은 다음과 같다. 음료업계의 당류 저감 전략은 1) 기존 제품의 당류 함량 저감 (Reformulation), 2) 저당 제품 개발 확대 (Innovation), 3) 소용량 포장 제품 확대 (Smaller Package), 4) 당류 저감 제품의 광고/홍보 증대 (Promotion)로 논의 되고 있다. 기존 제품에 대하여 저감화 우선 순위을 설정하여 순차적으로 당류 저감을 진행하는 한편, 저당 제품 개발의 확대를 위하 여 새로운 고감미료 및 무열량 당류 등의 신소재 원료 식품(첨가물)의 개발에 연구 및 투자를 하고 있다. 또한 기능성 워터 제품, 탄산수 제품, 블랙 커피 제품과 소용량 포장 제품을 확대하여 판매/공급하면서 이러한 당류를 줄인 제품에 대한 광고/홍보비를 증대하는 등의 과제를 계속 시행 및 추가 계획하고 있다. 음료업계는 소비자의 기호에 맞는 제품을 제공하는 것 뿐만 아니라 우리 국민의 균형된 식생활을 돕기 위해 당류의 적정 섭취에 도움이 되는 제품들 개발/판매에 노력을 더 할 것으로 기대한다. 결과적으로, 음료업계를 포함한 식품산업계는 우리 국민이 당류 적정 섭취를 통한 건강한 식생활을 유지할 수 있도 록, 당류를 줄인 제품을 어디서든 쉽게 선택할 수 있도록 하는데 노력하는 것이 바람직할 것이다.

Loss of postural stability can possibly lead to slip and fall accidents in the number of workplaces and everyday life. This study was aimed to examine the effects of whole body fatigue and partially limited visual field on the ability of maintaining postural balance during quiet standing. A group of twelve healthy male subjects participated in the experiment. Before and after experiencing the whole body fatigue induced by bicycling exercises, the position coordinates of subject’s center of pressure (COP) were obtained under the two levels of visual field condition (i.e., open visual field and limited visual field). Four levels of the whole body fatigue examined were rest, 300watt, 600watt, and 900watt. Position coordinates of COPs measured on a force plate were then converted into the total length of postural sway path in both the medio-lateral (ML) direction and the anterior-posterior (AP) direction. Two-way ANOVA result showed that the length of sway path in the AP direction became significantly larger as the whole body fatigue accumulated. Post-hoc test revealed statistically significant differences between rest and 900watt and between 300watt and 900watt. The significant increase of the sway length was also found when the visual field was partially obstructed by the boxes. In the ML direction, however, there was no statistically significant difference of the postural sway in both the AP and ML directions. The results imply that the ability of maintaining postural stability can be reduced significantly due to such tasks along with whole body fatigue. The postural balance can also be impaired by the limited visual field.

This study was conducted to evaluate the milk productivity and nutrient balance in organic dairy farms located at Gochang-gun of Korea with different feed sources. The total number of organic dairy farms was 12 in 2012, 13 in 2013, and 14 in 2014. The numbers of farms and dairy herds were increased each year. The average milk yields in 2012, 2013, and 2014 were 25.5, 24.6, and 24.4 kg/d, respectively. The average milk fat contents in 2012, 2013, and 2014 were 3.5%, 3.6%, and 3.7%, respectively. The average milk protein contents in 2012, 2013, and 2014 were 3.3%, 3.4%, and 3.4% in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. Although the average milk yield of organic dairy farms was 9 kg/cows/d less than the average milk yield of other dairy farms in Korea, milk fat and protein contents of organic dairy farms were higher than those of other dairy farms. Alfalfa hay, oat hay, corn silage, rye grass silage, Sudan grass silage, rice straw, and barley silage were commonly used as forage sources in organic dairy farms. The average silage intake (15.6 kg/cow/d) of organic dairy farms in 2013 was higher (P < 0.05), while the average hay intake (5.1 kg/cow/d) in 2014 was higher (P < 0.05) than that of other feed intake. Net energy for lactation (NEL) and metabolizable protein (MP) were calculated in accordance with NRC (2001). Net energy for lactation intake was higher (P < 0.05) while MP intake was lower (P < 0.05) than NRC recommendation values in 2013 and 2014. These results indicate that domestic organic dairy farms should use feed considering energy and protein balance recommended by NRC.

Background: The assessment tool developed in other countries should be translated into Korean language using rigorous methodological approaches in order to be used in Korea. Because these procedures are insufficient for establishing the cross-cultural and linguistic equivalence, the need for statistical methods is raised. The Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale was translated into Korean and the content validity was verified through the back translation method, but the reliability and validity have not yet been proven by statistical methods. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale (KFAB) by statistical methods in elderly people. Methods: A total of 97 elderly adults (39 males and 58 females) participated in this study. Internal consistency of the KFAB was measured using Cronbach’s alpha and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess test-retest reliability between the two measurement sessions. Concurrent validity was measured by comparing the KFAB responses with the Korean version of the Berg Balance Scale (KBBS) using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Construct validity of the KFAB was measured using the exploratory factor analysis to evaluate the unidimensionality of the questionnaire. The significance level was set at α=.05. Results: The internal consistency of the KFAB was found be adequate with Cronbach’s alpha (.96), and test-retest reliability was excellent as evidenced by the high ICC (r=.996). Concurrent validity showed high correlation between the KFAB and KBBS (r=.89, p<.001). Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The result from Bartlett test of sphericity was statistically significant (p<.001), and the value of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was .93. Exploratory factor analysis revealed the existence of only one dominant factor that explained 76.43% of the variance. Conclusion: The KFAB is a reliable, valid and appropriate tool for measuring the balance functions in elderly people.

Background: Rasch analysis estimates the probability that a respondent will endorse an item and select a particular rating for that item. It has the advantage of placing both the items and the person along a single ration scale and calibrates person ability and item difficulty onto an interval scale by logits. In addition, Rasch analysis is a useful tool for exploring the validity of questionnaires that have been developed using traditional methods. Therefore, it has been recommended as a method for developing and evaluating functional outcome measures. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the item fit, item difficulty, and rating scale of the Korean version of the Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale (KFAB) using Rasch analysis. Methods: Total 97 subjects (39 males and 58 females) with dwelling elderly adults were participated, but 3 people were excluded for misfit persons. Rasch analysis was then done by means of the Winsteps program to determine the item fit, item difficulty, rating scale, and reliability of the KFAB. Results: In this study, the ‘standing with feet together and eyes closed’, ‘two-footed jump’, ‘walk with head turns’, and ‘stand on foam, eyes closed’ items shown misfit statistics. The most difficult item was ‘stand on one leg’, whereas the easiest item was ‘turn in full circle’. The rating scale was acceptable with all criteria. Both item and person separation indices and reliability showed acceptable values. This would indicated that each domain covers a useful range of item difficulty that is appropriate for measuring a person with a wide range of functional ability. Conclusion: The KFAB has been proven reliable, valid and an appropriate tool with which to evaluate the balance of the elderly people.

Background: Patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) functionally adapt to decreased postural control due to impaired processing of sensory information. Standing postural control has been the focus of recent research in CLBP. Change in postural control may be a risk factor for CLBP, although available studies are not conclusive. Objects: This study aimed to identify the role of partial weight supported treadmill training (PWSTT) in improving balance, dysfunction, and pain in patients with chronic low back pain. Methods: The study included 22 patients with CLBP. Patients in the control group (n1=8) performed three 20 min stabilization exercise sessions per week, for 4 weeks. Patients in the full weight treadmill training group (n2=7) performed treadmill training for 30 min after stabilization exercise. Patients in the PWSTT group (n3=7) performed PWSTT with 20% of their body weight unloaded after stabilization exercises. By using the Biodex balance system, the dynamic balance abilities of the patients in the three groups were assessed in the quiet standing position under combined conditions of visual feedback (eyes open and closed) and platform stability (level 8). The Korean version of the Oswestry Disability Index and visual analogue scale score were used as the main measure. Results: The results of this study showed that dysfunction and pain were significantly improved in all groups. Although dynamic postural stability with eyes closed was significantly improved only in the PWSTT group (p<.05), no significant difference was found in the other groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that PWSTT improved balance, dysfunction and pain in the patients with CLBP. Thus, this intervention is necessary for patients with CLBP with decreased postural control.

본 연구는 최근 일과 가정생활에 대한 가치관 변화와 경력관리에 대한 관심이 증가되고 있음을 기반으 로 시작되었다. 사회생활에서의 성공과 발전을 우선시했던 과거와 달리 요즘의 직장인들은 가정생활과 더불어 개인적인 여가활동과 자기계발에도 큰 가치를 두고 있다. 또한 평생직장과 종신고용의 개념이 사 라지면서 미래의 고용가능성을 높여줄 수 있는 경력관리에도 높은 관심을 보인다. 이에 일가정균형과 경력관리는 조직연구의 중요한 주제가 되어 왔으며 본 연구에서는 우리나라 서비스업에 종사하고 있는 3천 명의 정규직을 대상으로 일가정균형과 경력관리가 조직구성원들의 성과행동에 미치는 영향력을 규명해 보았다. 특히 사회적으로 일과 가정생활을 동시에 수행하도록 요구받을 뿐 아니라 출산으로 인한 경력단 절이 빈번하게 일어나는 여성근로자에게 일가정균형과 경력관리가 더 절실한 요인이 될 수 있다는 점에 서, 남성과 여성 간 성별 차이와 여성에 대한 성차별의 조절효과도 함께 분석하였다. 그 결과, 일가정균형 과 경력관리 모두 조직구성원들의 과업성과와 혁신성향, 그리고 조직시민행동을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 가설과 달리 성별 차이의 조절효과는 없는 것으로 증명되어 일가정균형과 경력관리의 영향력은 남성과 여성 모두에게 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 이와 더불어 성차별의 부정적인 조절효과가 규명됨 으로써 조직의 실무자들은 일가정균형과 경력관리의 긍정적인 영향력이 향상될 수 있도록 조직 내 성차 별적인 HR시스템을 개선하는 것이 중요할 것으로 보인다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 일가정균형과 경 력관리, 그리고 성차별의 영향력이 조직과 관리자에게 주는 실무적 함의점을 심도있게 논의하였다.

This study intended to investigate exploratorily the precedent factors affecting two types of perceived balances between work and life(family/leisure) and the antecedent ones affected by them, focusing on the metro train drivers. To attain this purpose, literature survey on the precedent factors, work-life balance, and antecedent factors was performed, and the study model was designed based on this survey, and then this model was analyzed empirically using Multiple-Regression. The results on the precedent factors showed that Job Demand, Self-Efficacy, and Age have significant effects on the negative transfer of work. On the other hand, it was shown that Affiliative Culture, Self-Efficacy, and Internal Locus of Control have significant effects on the family centered balance. And the results on the antecedent factors showed that family centered balance has significant effects on Job Satisfaction, Psychological Depression and Fatigue, Safety Behavior, and accident, and the negative transfer of work has significant effects on Physical and Psychological Depression and Fatigue, Emergency Stress, and Safety Behavior.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of multi joint-joint position sense (MJ-JPS) training on joint position sense, balance, and gait ability in stroke patients. A total of 18 stroke patients participated in the study. The subjects were allocated randomly into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Participants in the experimental group received MJ-JPS training (10 min) and conventional treatment (20 min), but participants in the control group only received conventional treatment (30 min). Both groups received training for five times per week for six weeks. MJ-JPS is a training method used to increase proprioception in the lower extremities; as such, it is used, to position the lower extremities in a given space. MJ-JPS measurement was captured via video using a Image J program to calculate the error distance. Balance ability was measured using Timed Up and Go (TUG) and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Gait ability was measured with a 10 m walking test (10MWT) and by climbing four flights of stairs. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess normalization. Within-group differences were analyzed using the paired t-test. Between-group differences were analyzed using the independent t-test. The experimental group showed a significant decrease in error distance (MJ-JPS) compared to the control group (p<.05). Both groups showed a significant difference in their BBS and 10MWT results (p<.05). The experimental group showed a significant decrease in their TUG and climbing results (p<.05), but the control group results for those two tasks were not found to be significant (p>.05). There was significant difference in MJ-JPS and by climbing four flights of stairs on variation of pre and post test in between groups (p<.05), but TUG and BBS and 10MWT was no significantly (p>.05). We suggest that the MJ-JPS training proposed in this study be used as an intervention to help improve the functional activity of the lower extremities in stroke patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lumbar stabilization training and additional thoracic mobilization on pain, proprioception and static balance in patients with chronic low back pain. The subjects of this study were 48 chronic low back pain patients who were randomly allocated to an experimental group 1 (n1=16, lumbar stabilization and thoracic mobilization, thoracic hypomobility), experimental group 2 (n2=16, lumbar stabilization and thoracic mobilization, thoracic normal mobility), and a control group (n3=16, lumbar stabilization, thoracic hypomobility) after a thoracic mobility test. Both experimental groups underwent lumbar stabilization training and additional thoracic mobilization. The control group underwent only lumbar stabilization training. The intervention was performed 3 times per week, 30 minutes each time, for a total of 6 weeks. Thoraco-lumbar joint reposition error was measured using an electrogoniometer and static balance ability was measured using the Tetrax posture analysis system. Subjects’ pain level was measured using a 100 ㎜ visual analogue scale. Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way analysis of variance and a paired t-test. Post-hoc testing was carried out with a Bonferroni test. The pain level was significantly lower in both experimental groups compared to the control group. Both experimental groups showed significant reductions in joint reposition error angle (flexion, extension, and side bending) compared to the control group. The static balance level was significantly lower in both experimental groups than in the control group. In summary, lumbar stabilization exercises and additional thoracic mobilization significantly improved the pain level, proprioception, and static balance in patients with chronic low back pain.

정삼투와 압력지연삼투 공정에서 용매의 투과율은 용매와 막이 접촉하는 방식에 의존한다. 각각의 공정에서 막의 활성층이 고농도 용매와 접촉하는 경우를 압력지연삼투 방식이라 하고, 고농도 용매가 막의 다공성 지지하층과 직면해 있는 경우를 정삼투 방식이라고 한다. 압력지연삼투 방식과 정삼투 방식은 각각 희석형 그리고 농축형의 내부농도 분극 현상을 유발하는데, 동일한 조작 조건에서 정삼투 방식보다 압력지연삼투 방식이 높은 투과율을 나타내는 현상이 실험적으로 관측되었다. 본고에서는 정삼투방식과 압력지연삼투 방식에서 발생하는 본질적인 투과율 불균형을 수학적 귀류법을 이용하여 증명하고, 물리적인 원인을 규명한다.

철골보통중심가새골조의 수직불균형력에 대한 설계 요구사항이 KBC2009에서 처음으로 도입하였고, 이를 통하여 설계지진에서의 인명안전성능이라는 목표내진성능을 만족하도록 유도하고 있다. 그러나 수직 불균형력의 영향이 ASCE7-10에서 암시적으로 제시하는 최대고려지진에서의 구조물 붕괴방지성능에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 매우 제한적으로 이루어지고 있어 KBC2009를 따라 설계된 철골보통중심가새골조의 붕괴성능을 조사할 필요가 있다. 이를 위하여 본 논문에서는 역V형 철골보통중심가새골조의 최대고려지진에서의 붕괴양상을 조사하였다. 두 가지 지반조건과 세 가지 다른 수직불균형력 조건을 해석변수로 하여 총 6개의 5층 규모의 철골보통중심가새골조 표본건물을 설계하였다. 비선형 정적해석과 비선형 동적해석을 통하여 표본건물들의 내진성능과 붕괴양상을 조사하였다. 해석결과를 통해 수직 불균형력은 철골보통중심가새골조의 내진성능에 지대한 영향을 미쳤고, 바람직한 붕괴양상과 붕괴방지성능을 달성하기 위하여 불균형력에 대한 적절한 고려가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

Since the conventional methods of physical therapy may decrease the motivation of a patient for rehabilitation due to repetitive, monotonous movement, a new physical therapy system inducing a motivation from the patient is needed. The present study is intended to develop a physical therapy serious game for enhancement of dynamic balance control. The balance control therapy game was developed by the following steps: (1) survey of existing balance control therapy systems, (2) analysis of balance control literature, (3) ideation and architecture planning of the balance control therapy game, and (4) implementation of the balance control therapy game. The proposed physical therapy serious game can provide better usability, satisfaction, clinical effectiveness for balance control than the conventional methods.

PURPOSES: This paper aims at the implementation of a balanced scorecard that can be widely applied to modern business management for use in the public road management sector. METHODS: This study applied the newly developed LOS-based balanced scorecard system instead of a traditional Key Performance Index (KPI) for better decision making in asset management planning. As an evaluation technique, a“ hierarchical alignment and cascading method” is also suggested. Finally, the suggested system has been empirically applied to a regional government. RESULTS : To provide stable and sustainable road services, the balanced scorecard informs the regional government of needed improvements in its asset management plans regarding budget optimization, structural management, the development of inner-business processes, and human resources. CONCLUSIONS : An LOS-based balanced scorecard for managing road services and organizations in a quantitative manner has been successfully developed and tested through a field study. The developed scorecard is a timely topic and a useful analytical tool for coping with the new phases of an aging infrastructure, tighter budgets, and demand for greater public accountability.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dual-task training with cognitive effort on the walking and balance functions of chronic stroke patients. The study included 14 chronic stroke patients, who were randomly divided into the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG), each with 7 patients. The EG performed the dual-task training with cognitive effort 3 times a week, 30 minutes for 4 weeks, where as the CG performed single-task training three times a week, for 30 minutes for 4 weeks. Outcome assessments were made with 10 m walk test, timed up and go test, 6 minutes walk test, and Berg balance scale. In within-group comparison, subjects from the EG showed significant differences in all variables (p<.05), while subjects from the CG showed only significant differences in 6 minutes walk test, and Berg balance scale (p<.05). Further, there was significant difference in the improvement rate of 10 m walk test. The findings suggest that the dual-task with cognitive effort may be beneficial for improving walking and balance functions of patients with chronic stroke.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamic balance and activity of internal oblique muscle, multifidus muscle, gluteus maximus muscle, biceps femoris muscle during the Y balance test following the wearing of pelvic compression belt. Forty healthy adults were recruited for this test. The dynamic balance score was estimated as the following: (anterior+posteromdial+posterolateral)/(3×leg length)×100. The electromyography signals were measured through %reference voluntary contraction, which was normalized by reference voluntary contraction of Y balance test without wearing the pelvic compression belt. The paired t-test was carried out to compare the dynamic balance score and the activity of the trunk and hip extensor with and without the wearing of pelvic compression belt. The dynamic balance score of the Y balance test when wearing pelvic compression belt was significantly than when measured without wearing the pelvic compression belt (p<.05). The muscle activity of the internal oblique and the multifidus was significantly decreased when wearing pelvic compression belt (p<.05). The muscle activity of the gluteus maximus was significantly increased when wearing pelvic compression belt (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in hamstring muscle activity, with or without wearing the belt (p>.05). In conclusion, this study shows that the wearing of pelvic compression belt affects trunk muscle and hip extensor muscle activity related to the pelvic mobility and stability and increases dynamic balance and also contributes to the stabilization of the external pelvic stabilization.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion (DF PROM) under a non-weight bearing condition and the normalized reach distance in three directions of the Y-Balance Test (YBT). Sixty-one healthy adults (32 males and 29 females, age: 23.0±3.0 years, height: 169.3±8.9 ㎝, weight: 61.9±5.4 ㎏) participated in this study. The ankle DF PROM was measured using a goniometer. To assess dynamic balance, all subjects performed three trials to determine the maximum lower extremity reach in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions of the YBT. The relationship between the ankle DF PROM and both the normalized reach distance in each direction and the composite score of the YBT were analyzed using the Pearson correlation. Only the normalized reach distance in the anterior direction of the YBT was significantly related to the ankle DF PROM measured under a non-weight bearing condition (r=.50, p＜.001). Neither the normalized reach distances in the posterior directions nor the composite score of the YBT were significantly correlated with the ankle DF PROM measured under a non-weight bearing condition. These findings suggest that ankle DF PROM does not affect the overall dynamic balance of the lower extremity, with only the anterior dynamic balance affected among the three directions.

A number of screening tools have been developed to evaluate the human balance capability. Many of them were designed to identify the elderly with falling risk. Three different screening tools, which have been well used many clinical fields, were used in this study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate balance capability in facilities maintenance workers in korea. There were no statistical significance between male and female when evaluated with three different screening tools. However, significant differences were found among the age groups irrespective of gender when evaluated with three different screening tools. The results of three different screening tools in korea showed poor values compared with previous results. These results revealed that facilities maintenance workers faced more critical falling risk in korea.