본 연구에서는 진피의 활용도를 높이기 위한 연구의 일환으로 유기용매별에 따른 생리활성물질의 용출량을 측정하기 위해, 진피와 에탄올 진피 추출물을 대상으로 유기용매인 에틸 아세테이트, 아세톤, 염화 메틸렌, 메탄올을 이용하여 추출한 시료를 대상으로 총 폴리페놀 함량, 전자공여능, glutathione S-transferase(GST)의 활성 저해력을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 ethyl acetate인 경우 진피는 928.48±1.19 μg GAE/mL, 에탄올 추출 진피는 664.64±0.74 μg GAE/mL로, acetone인 경우 진피는 886.03±0.44 μg GAE/mL, 에탄올 추출 진피는 702.67±0.85 μg GAE/mL로, methylene chloride인 경우 진피는 413.08±1.39 μg GAE/mL, 에탄올 추출 진피는 429.64±0.61 μg GAE/mL로, methanol인 경우 진피는 12,648.60±0.56 μg GAE/mL, 에탄올 추출 진피는 16,108.20±0.73 μg GAE/mL로 나타나, 진피나 에탄올 추출 진피는 모두 methanol로 추출한 것이 상대적으로 높게 나타났으며, 총 폴리페놀의 함량 차이는 유기용매별 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<0.05). 2. 전자공여능은 ethyl acetate인 경우 진피는 62.80%, 에탄올 추출 진피는 51.49%로 나타났으며, acetone인 경우 진피는 97.43%, 에탄올 추출 진피는 63.17%로 나타났으며, methylene chloride인 경우 진피는 52.20%, 에탄올 추출 진피는 67.68%로 나타났으며, methanol인 경우 진피는 97.63%, 에탄올 추출 진피는 96.18%로 나타났다. Electron donating ability(EDA)는 유기용매 중 메탄올로 추출하였을 때가 상대적으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 유기용매별로 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<0.05). 3. Glutathione S-transferase(GST)에 대한 활성 저해능은 ethyl acetate인 경우 진피는 76.22%, 에탄올 추출 진피는 75.54%로 나타났으며, methylene chloride인 경우 진피는 31.73%, 에탄올 추출 진피는 73.53%로 나타났으며, methanol인 경우 진피는 97.48%, 에탄올 추출 진피는 48.70%로 나타났다. Glutathione S-transferase(GST)에 대한 활성 저해능은 진피인 경우 유기용매 중 메탄올로 추출하였을 때가 가장 높게 나타났고, 에탄올 추출 진피인 경우는 에탄올과 methylene chloride로 추출할 때가 높게 나타났으며, 유기용매별로 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05).

본 연구는 만다린 감귤에 대한 썩덩나무노린재 흡즙이 낙과 및 저장 중 부패에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 실시되었다. 과실 착색 전 흡즙 은 심한 낙과를 유발하였으나 착색 후 흡즙은 낙과율이 낮았다. 하지만, 부패유발 측면에서는 수확과실 및 착색전후 과실에 대한 썩덩나무노린재 흡즙이 저장 중에 부패를 유발하지 않았다. 많은 감귤농가에서는 썩덩나무노린재로 인한 낙과와 부패를 방지하기 위하여 생육후기 살충제를 자주 살포하고 있기 때문에 본 결과는 생육후기 이 해충 관리에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것이다.

맹글로브와 불수감 삽목시 IBA와 NAA 처리가 생육과 발근에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 맹글로브 경우 IBA처리시 초장이 컸고 엽수가 많아졌으며 신초장이 증가하였다. 또한 근수가 증했으며 근장이 길어졌는데 고농도 처리보다 저농도 처리시 효과가 컸다. 2. 불수감의 경우 IBA나 NAA처리에 의해 생육이 저하되었으며 고농도 처리시 더욱 단축되었다. 그러나 IBA 1,000 mg·L−1처리시 근경은 굵어졌으며 근중이 무거웠다. 3. 전체적으로 볼 때 맹글로브 및 불수감 모두 발근율은 NAA보다 IBA 처리시, 고농도보다 저농도 처리시 효과적이었다. 특히 NAA 고농도 처리시 수피의 벗겨짐과 물러짐으로 발근율이 현격히 저하되었다.

The insecticidal activity of cinnamon essential oils, cinnamon bark, cinnamon technical, cinnamon green leaf oils and their constituents and structurally related compounds against citrus flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa, was examined using a direct contact application. At 500 mg litre-1 very strong mortality (100%) was observed in cinnamon technical, cinnamon bark, cinnamon green leaf, mortality against flatid planthopper M. pruinosa. The cinnamon oils constituents were identified by GC-MS. The active principles were determined to be hydrocinnamic acid (24 h LC50, 30.66 mg/L), geranic acid (24 h LC50, 31.23 mg/L), cinnamaldehyde (24 h LC50, 32.65 mg/L), hydrocinnamaldehyde (24 h LC50, 39.11 mg/L) and trans-cinnamaldehyede (24 h LC50, 39.54 mg/L) were the most toxic against both nymph and adult of citrus flatid planthopper, M. pruinosa. The moderate activity was observed with cinnamyl acetate, dibutyl pthalate, anethole, α -cyano cinnamic acid, cinnamyl alcohol, methyl cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, 2.4-dihydrocyl cinnamic acid, bornyl acetate (24 h LC50, 53.35- 97.17 mg/L) respectively. The other constituents were showed less or no activity against adult of M. pruinosa. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic insecticides in the agricultural environment justify further studies on the active cinnamon oils active principles act as potential insecticides for the control of M. pruinosa populations as direct spray with contact action.

Methyl Bromide (MB) has been regulated by montreal protocol due to ozone depletion since 1992, and there is a need to develop MB alternative fumigation methods. To find out the efficacies and tolerance in developmental stages of citrus mealybugs (Planococcus citri) which frequently infested in imported pineapples, phosphine(PH3) gas was tested in different exposure times (2~24 hr) and concentrations (0.1∼2g/m3) in small desiccators at 8℃. Based on Lethal 99% concentration × time products (LCTP 99%) of PH3 gas to target developmental insect, 2g/m3 PH3 was applied for 24 hr in 300 m3 fumigation facility, which was designed in well sealed and evacuation system (5 air exchange/min). We monitored PH3 gas in fumigation facility to confirm CTP and checked PH3 gas in atmospheres in air ventiliation process after fumigations to make quarantine guideline and protocol for worker safety as well as efficacy to target pest.

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is the most important citrus pest, because it serves as a vector of “Candidatus Liberibacter” species that cause huanglongbing disease. Thus, when exporting Rutaceae (citrus), exporting countries put them into quarantine. However, as the size of an imago is so small that only skilled experts can identify it using morphology-based species identification. A PCR-based assay was developed for monitoring psyllids using a rapid, using the DNA extraction from psyllid bodies and PCR amplification. Thus, this study aims to develop a DNA marker system with high species specificity and discrimination power that helps identifying psyllid. We analyzed the base sequence of mitocondria DNA. Based on this sequence, restriction sites were determined and a species particularity primer was made. Several polymorphic regions of mitochondrial DNA of both species were sequenced and used for developing specific restriction sites and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Also, species-specific PCR primers were devised to develop diagnostic PCR method for identifying the internal feeders. Base sequence results from PCR, which used psyllid species-specific primers, was analyzed by the Mealign program of the CLC Main Workbench analysis software, and used to develop a phylogenic tree. After analyzing this, Hemiptera proved to be allied species.

Methyl bromide(MB) is a fumigant for quarantine and pre-shipment(QPS) that can eradicate target pests within short fumigation periods. However, MB, an ozone-depleting substance, is scheduled to be phased out in the second decade of this century. In contrast to MB alternatives for soil fumigation, there is no ideal alternative fumigant to MB for QPS of perishable commodities. It is important that all target insect pests are killed within a short fumigation time. The citrus mealybug(Planococcuscitri), a problematicquarantine pest from Korea, was exposed to ethyl formate and phosphine for different times and to different concentrations of EF(0.0∼33.4 mg/L) and PH3(0.25∼1.0 mg/L) in small desiccators. The eggs showed more tolerance than the nymphs and adults. To control the eggs, they were treated with a mixture of EF and PH3 for 2 and 4-hr. The egg stage showed 100% mortality with EF:PH3(25.1:0.25, 16.7:0.5, and 16.7:1.0 mg/L) at 4-hr. Treatment with a mixture of EF and PH3 for 4-hr at 8°C can control all stages of the citrus mealybug.

감귤류 과피는 플라보노이드의 중요 급원 중의 하나로 아시아에서 민간 의약품으로서 오래전부터 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 진귤(Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka) 과피에서 HPLC-MS/MS를 이용하여 9종의 플라보노이드 성분을 동정하였으며, hydroxypentamethoxyflavone과 dihydroxytetramethoxyflavone은 진귤에서 처음으로 확인되었다. 총 플라보노이드의 항산화 활성은 25~500 mg/L 의 농도범위에서 DPPH·, ABTS·+, NO· 소거능 및 환원력에 의해 측정되었으며, 시료의 첨가량이 많아짐에 따라 항산화 활성은 유의적으로 증가하였다.

The purpose of this study is to develop the growth prediction model that can predict growth and development information influencing on the production of citrus fruits. The growth model was developed to predict the floralleaf ratio, number of fruit sets, fruit width, and overweight fruits depending on the main period of growth and development by considering the weather factors because the fruit production is influenced by weather depending on the growth and development period. To predict the outdoor-grown citrus fruit production, the investigation result for the standard farms is used as the basic data; in this study, we also understood that the influence of weather factors on the citrus fruit production based on the data from 2004 to 2013 of the outdoor-grown citrus fruit observation report in which the standard farms were targeted by the Agricultural Research Service and suggested the growth and development information prediction model with the weather information as an independent variable to build the observation model. The growth and development model for outdoor-grown citrus fruits was assumed by using the Ordinary Least Square method (OLS), and the developed growth prediction model can make a prediction in advance with the weather factors prior to the observation investigation for the citrus fruit production. To predict the growth and development information of the production of citrus fruits having a great ripple effect as a representative crop in Jeju agriculture, the prediction result regarding the production applying the weather factors depending on growth and development period could be applied usefully.

This research verified the usefulness and practicality of citrus peel extract as a natural dye. This study dyed cotton, silk, and cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics using citrus peel extract, and measured the dyeability and functional property to verify their usefulness and practicality. The dyeing affinity of the citrus peel extract was measured by dyeing under alkaline conditions to determine the temperature and time for optimal dyeing conditions of the solution. The results show that a temperature and time of 60℃ and 30 minutes were optimal for dyeing cotton fabrics with citrus peel extract, 50℃ and 60 minutes for silk fabrics, and 60℃ and 60 minutes for cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics, respectively. In addition the results of measuring the color fastness of the cotton, silk, and cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics dyed with the citrus peel extract show that the color fastness was superior for washing, friction, sweat, and water. However, the color fastness for sunlight appeared to be slightly weak. In addition, it was found that fabric dyed with the citrus peel extract showed partial antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial property appeared the greatest in the silk fabric. The cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics had 90% or more Staphylococcus aureus present, but the antimicrobial properties were not high in the cotton fabric. Additionally, the heavy metal content, which is harmful to the human body, appeared to be lower than standard figures, so the dye was found to be innocuous to humans. Therefore, when the results of this study are put together, citrus peel extract is sufficiently useful and practical as an ingredient for a natural dye. Moreover, there is ample possibility to develop citrus peel dyed fabrics as environmentally friendly fashion materials.

Citrus essential oil were extracted from citron peel of cultivated in Gohong (CCP) using environmentally friendly supercritical carbon dioxide method. Antioxidant activity and aroma composition of the essential oils extracted by the SC-CO2 method were evaluated by comparing with those extracted by organic solvent method. Fatty acid composition, DPPH scavenging, and antioxidant activity of the oils obtained by different extraction condition of SC-CO2 method were investigated and their antioxidant activities were compared with commercially available lavender, eucalyptus and tea tree oils. As the results, linoleic acid was most abundantly found from CCP oil extracted by the SC-CO2 method and cis-11,144-eicosadienoic acids was second abundantly found. Radical scavenging ability of DPPH was 98% when the concentration of CCP oil was 50 mg/mL. This scavenging ability increased with the increase of oil concentration. On the other hand, flavonoids content (84 mg/100g) of the CCP oil extracted by the SC-CO2 method was slightly higher than that (75 mg/100g) by hexane extraction. The results, obtained from CCP oil by GC-MS, indicated that, among 66 components, the content of terpenes was 55.8% and limonene was 27.3%.

Methyl bromide (MB), as a fumigant for Quarantine and Pre-Shipment(QPS) could offer eradication of target pests within shorter fumigation period and without phytotoxicity. Therefore, unlike MB alternatives for soil fumigation, there is no ideally MB alternative fumigant for QPS purpose, particularly for perishable commodities. It is critically important that within shorter fumigation time requires killing all target insect pests and without effect of quality and deliver treated fruit and vegetables to the final consumer. The citrus mealybug(Planococcuscitri), problem quarantine pest, was tested with different exposure times(2 and 4-hours) and concentrations(EF(0-200 g/m3) and PH3(10-50 g/m3)) in small desiccators for mixture tests. On sensitivity test with small desiccator, the egg stage showed 100% mortality with 200/25(EF/PH3) g/m3 and the nymph and adult stage showed 100% mortality with 10/10(EF/PH3) g/m3 on 2h. Also, the egg stage showed 100% mortality with 150/25(EF/PH3) g/m3on 4h.

귤녹응애(Aculops pelekassi (Keifer))는 제주감귤의 중요한 해충이다. 본 연구는 귤녹응애의 연간 발생소장을 구명하고자 수행하였으며, 습도와 잎의 연령이 밀도증식에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 상대습도는 통계적으로 유의하게 귤녹응애 성충의 수명 및 산란에 영향을 주었다. 상대습도 33, 75, 84%에서 수명은 각각 7.5, 14.5, 14.6일 이었고, 산란수는 5.4, 21.5, 27.1개 이었다. 감귤 잎의 연령에 따라 귤녹응애의 증식정도는 유의하게 차이가 있었다. 연령이 40일된 잎에서는 귤녹응애 밀도증식이 가장 높았으며, 4주 후에는 10일된 잎에서 증식된 것과 비교하여 3배 이상 높았다. 눈 인편 틈에서 월동한 귤녹응애 성충은 4월 하순부터 활동을 시작하여 5월 중순경부터 봄에 발아하여 전개되는 잎(봄 잎)에서 발생하기 시작하였고, 6월 중순에는 과실에서 발생이 시작되었다. 잎에서 발생소장은 6월 하순에서 7월 발생최성기를 보였고, 과실에서는 8월 상순 발생 최성기를 보였다. 본 연구결과는 감귤원에서 귤녹응애 방제에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.

본 연구에서는 감귤류 중 온주밀감, 레몬, 한라봉의과 피추출물(PE)에 대한 항염증 효과를 조사하였다. 감귤류 세 품종 과피추출물(PE)에 대한 murine macrophage cell line Raw 264.7세포를 배양하여 세포독성, NO생성량, 세포내 염증관련 단백질 발현 양상을 분석하였다. 그 결과 CUP, CHP, CLP 처리구의 경우 2 mg/mL 이하의 농도에서는 세포생육을 저해하지 않았다. LPS (100 ng/mL)를 처리한 세포의 NO생성량을 LPS를 처리하지 않은 대조구와 비교했을 때 상당량이 증가했음을 알 수 있었고, 추출물을 농도별로 처리했을 때 농도가 증가할수록 NO생성량은 감소하였다. 각 처리구에서 각 1 mg/mL 농도에서는 CUP > CHP > CLP 순 으로 NO 저해활성이 강하게 나타났다. Western blot의 결과상으로는 CUP와 CHP의 iNOS 단백질 저해활성이 비슷 한 강도로 나타남을 확인하였다. COX-2 효소의 저해활성은 CUP > CHP > CLP의 순으로 나타났다. 따라서 CUP, CHP, CLP 처리구는 모두 항염증 작용을 가지고 있으며, 또한 CUP 처리구가 세 개의 추출물 중에서 가장 저해활성이 강하였다.

This study assessed the quality characteristics of Yanggaeng prepared with different ratios of Citrus mandarin powder: 0, 2, 4, and 6%. The moisture content was lowest in the controls, while there were no significant differences among the groups supplemented with Citrus mandarin powder. The pH significantly decreased as the amount of Citrus mandarin powder increased. The lightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) were lower in control groups compared to Citrus mandarin powder groups. Texture profile analysis showed that the hardness of the Citrus mandarin powder groups were lower than the control (which was the highest). The total polyphenol and flavonoid content and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity increased as the amount of Citrus mandarin powder increased. The result of a sensory evaluation test revealed no significant differences between the controls and groups with 2% Citrus mandarin powder added in color, smell, taste, texture, and overall acceptability.

The insecticidal activity of 120 plant essential oils and control efficacy of six experimental spray formulations (SF) containing the oils (SF-0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10% sprays) against both nymph and adult of citrus flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa, was examined using a direct contact application. Reponses varied according to dose (1000 mg litre-1 and 500 mg litre-1). Based on 24 h exposure in leaf dipping assay at 1000 mg litre-1 strong mortality was observed in more than 19 essential oils among 130 was screened. At 500 mg litre-1 very strong mortality (100%) was observed in cinnamon technical, cinnamon green leaf, cinnamon #500, cassia tree, citronella java and penny royal followed by origanum, thyme white, grape fruit, savory, fennel sweet, aniseed and cinnamon bark (93.3- 80%) showed considerable moratality against nymphs of M. pruinosa. The moderate mortality was found in thyme red, tagette, calamus, lemoneucalptus and geranium (73.3-60%). The other oil has low or very low mortality against M. pruinosa. The oil applied as SF-10% sprays provided 100% mortality against adult M. pruinosa. In particular cinnamon technical showed very strong (>SF-0.5= 100%) effect followed by cinnamon #500 (>SF-2.5=100%), cinnamon green leaf (>SF-2.5=100%) and penny royal (>SF-2.5=100%) respectively. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic insecticides in the agricultural environment justify further studies on the active essential oils as potential larvicides for the control of M. pruinosa populations as direct spray with contact action.

본 연구는 네눈쑥가지나방 유충의 공간분포 특성을 분석하여 산란처와 관련된 유충의 감귤원 내로 정착과정을 이해하고자 실시하였다. 노지와 하우스 모두 감귤나무에서는 알이 발견되지 않았고, 부지화 시설재배 하우스의 방충망에서 발견되었다. 시설재배 부지화에서 네눈쑥가지나방 유충은 통계적으로 유의하게 집중분포를 보였다. 온주밀감 노지재배원에서 분산지수(ID)는 전체적으로 1.0내외로 약한 집중 정도를 나타냈다. 하지만, 검정통계량인 d-값은 대부분 조사일에 -1.96에서 1.96 사이에 있어 임의분포가 통계적으로 유의하였다. 집중정도를 나타내는 GI 지수는 전체적으로 낮아 집중정도가 약하였으며, 집중분포로 검정된 경우에도 집중정도는 크지 않았다. 네눈쑥가지나방 유충수의 빈도분포는 포아송(임의분포)과 음이항 분포(집중분포)를 동시 만족시키는 경우가 많았다. 또한 유충 공간분포의 시간적 변화는 초기 정착지점에서 분산하는 양상이 아니라 무작위로 외부로부터 비산하여 새로 정착되는 양상을 보였다. 기타 시설과 노지감귤원에서 네눈쑥가지나방 유충 공간분포 양상의 차이에 대하여 고찰하였다.

제주지역 노지감귤에서 2007년부터 볼록총채벌레 Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood에 의한 피해가 증가하고 있으나 시기별 발생특성에 관한 연구는 명확하지 못한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 감귤원 주변에 분포하고 있는 볼록총채벌레의 기주식물 종류와 이와 연관된 발생특성을 구명하였다. 감귤원 주변에서 조사된 볼록총채벌레의 기주식물은 수목류 23과 39종, 초본류 10과 15종으로 총 32과 54종이었다. 조사된 기주식물 중 볼록총채벌레 제1세대 발생과 관련된 것은 인동덩굴과 사위질빵, 송악, 아왜나무였으며, 이들 식물에 월동성충이 3월 하순~4월 상순에 산란하여 성충이 4월 하순~5월 하순에 발생되는 것으로 추정되었다. 감귤 피해와 관련된 기주식물은 예덕나무와 동백나무 그리고 사위질빵, 계요등, 거지덩굴 같은 덩굴성 식물이었다. 황색끈끈이트랩을 감귤나무와 감귤원 경계에 설치하여 볼록총채벌레의 시기별 발생밀도를 조사한 결과 비슷한 발생양상을 보였으며, 연간 7세대를 경과하는 것으로 추정되었다. 감귤 열매에 피해를 주는 시기는 6월 하순~7월 상순과 8월 하순~9월 상순으로 어린 열매와 성숙 초기 2회에 걸쳐 피해를 주며, 이는 각각 볼록총채벌레 제 3세대와 제 6세대 성충 발생 최성기와 일치하였다. 볼록총채벌레 발생밀도는 기주식물의 새순 발생량에 따라 차이가 컸으며, 감귤원 주변 기주식물에서 번식한 후 감귤나무로 이동하여 피해를 주는 것으로 나타났다.

감귤류의 껍질은 플라보노이드의 중요한 소스 중의 하나로서 동아시아에서 내장 및 염증성 질환을 치료하는 민간 의약품으로서 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 하귤 (C. natsudaidai) 껍질에 포함되어 있는 플라보노이드 성분을 고성능액체크로마토그래피-이중질량분석법 (HPLC-MS/MS)으로 10 개성분을 동정하였다. 플라바논, 플라본 및 쿠마린 유도체는 각각 hesperetin, noviletin 및 coumarin을 사용하여 유효화 하였으며 유효화된 방법으로 정량하였다. 상관계수 (r2)는 > 0.9970으로서 높은 값을 보여주었다. LOD는 >0.01 mg/L이었으며 LOQ는 >0.05 mg/L이었다. 플라보노이드의 총량은 9229.7 ± 0.5 mg/kg 이었다. Naringin의 량이 5010.0 ± 4.5 mg/kg으로 가장 많았으며 sinensetin의 량이 0.6 ± 0.1 mg/kg으로 가장 적었다. 항산화력을 25 μg/mL 에서 500 μg/mL의 농도범위에서 DPPH·, ABTS·+, NO· 소거능 및 FRAP의 항으로 분석하였다. 감귤 플라보노이드의 항산화 능력은 시료의 량이 증가하면 증가함을 알 수 있다.

Ascotis selenaria is one of most important pest of geometridae moths in citrus orchards causing citrus fruit damages in jeju, Korea. Oviposition site had not been found on citrus tree, but was witnessed at the net adjacent of vinyl covering a green house in 2007. And then, A. selenaria larva highly clumped on the citrus(Shiranui : [C. unshiu × C. sinenesis] × C. reticulata) tree near the oviposition site and the ID(Index of Dispersion) value was 6.81. However, dispersion of A. selenaria larva was not clearly clumped in field citrus(C. unshiu) during 2008 and 2010. The value of GI(Green’s index) was 0.0179, 0.0208, and 0.0064, respectively. Those were so low that A. selenaria larva were distributed almost randomly in field citrus orchard. Consequently, it was assumed that A. selenaria female oviposited on a tree like Cryptomeria japonica surrounding a citrus orchard in field and hatched larva moved to citrus tree by drifting with winds.