Sow longevity is important for efficient and profitable pig farming. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in social genetic effect (SGE) of pigs on stress-tolerance and behavior. The present study aimed to estimate genetic correlations among average daily gain (ADG), stayability (STAY), and number of piglets born alive at the first parity (NBA1) in Korean Yorkshire pigs, using the SGE model. The phenotypic records of ADG and reproductive traits of 33,120 and 11,654 pigs, respectively, were evaluated. The direct effect on ADG had a significantly negative genetic relationship with STAY, whereas the social effect on ADG had a neutral genetic relationship. In addition, the genetic correlation between the social effects on ADG and NBA1 tended to be positive, unlike the direct effects. The genetic correlation of the total effect on ADG with that of STAY was negative but non-significant, owing to the social effect. These results suggested that total genetic effect on growth in the SGE model might reduce the negative effect on sow longevity owing to the growth potential of pigs. We recommend including social effects as selection criteria in breeding programs to obtain satisfactory genetic changes in both growth and longevity.

Cryopreservation of boar semen is continually researched in reproductive technologies and genetic resource banking in breed conservation. For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Recently, polymorphisms reported to be significant association with sperm MOT. This study was conducted to evaluate the SNP in the coding region of ESR1 (g.672C>T inexon 1) as a positional controlling for motility and kinematic characteristics of post-thawed boar semen. To results,The g.672C>T was significantly associated with frozen semen motility and kinematic characteristics. g.158 T>C SNP was high significantly associated with MOT, VCL, VSL and VAP Also, the SNP was low significantly associated with ALH.Therefore, we suggest that theSNP in the coding region of ESR1 (g.672C>T in exon 1) may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar Post-thawed semen quality.

Estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) is involved in oestrogen-related apoptosis in cell cycle spermatogenesis but their effects have not yet confirmed in pig. Therefore, this study was performed to investigatetheir association with semen motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 126 Duroc pigs with records of sperm motility and kinematic characteristics [Total motile spermatozoa (MOT), Curvilinear velocity(VCL), Straight-line velocity(VSL), the ratio between VSL and VCL(LIN), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement(ALH)] were used in present study. A single nucleotide polymorphism (g.35547A>G) was associated with MOT, VCL, VAP and ALH in Duroc population (p < 0.05). Therefore, we suggest that the porcine ESR2 may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effect was not clear yet. These results will improve the understanding of the functions of the ESR2 in spermatogenesis within the reproductive tracts, and will shed light on ESR2 as a candidate gene in the selection of good sperm quality boars.

돼지의 생시체중은 생존율과 폐사율에 밀접한 관련이 있어 양돈산업에서 자돈 관리와 직결된 중요한 경제형질이다. 본 연구는 Genome-Wide Association Study(GWAS) 분석을 통해 순종 랜드레이스의 생 시체중과 관련된 위치상 후보유전자 탐색을 실시하였다. 생시체중의 유의적 관련 분석 결과, genomewide suggestive level에서 유의성 있는 single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) marker는 3번 염색체 (ASGA0098921, P=2.41×10-5)와 4번 염색체(H3GA0013451, P=2.47×10-5)에서 각각 1개씩 동정되었다. 이들 SNP marker가 위치한 3개의 유전자(LOC110260055, LOC100156472, LOC100157689)들은 순종 랜드레이스 생시체중의 위치상 후보 유전자이며, 이들 유전자 정보를 이용해서 순종 랜드레이스 생시 체중을 선발할 수 있는 기초 연구 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

문화콘텐츠산업은 현재 각광을 받고 있지만 창의성의 유지가 매우 중요한 분야로 안정적인 발전을 위해서는 다른 산업과는 다른 접근방식과 대안이 필요한 분야이다. 상호호혜성의 원칙에 입각한 협동조합의 형태는 다른 산업과는 다른 문화콘텐츠산업의 창작자들에게 안정적인 시스템을 제공하고 문화적 창의성을 유지 시킬 수 있는 훌륭한 수단이 될 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 이 논문에서는 특히 ‘바른음원협동조합’, ‘자립음악생산조합’을 중심으로 문화콘텐츠산업과 협동조합의 연계 가능성에 대한 논의들을 정리하고 있다. 이러한 사례연구로 문화콘텐츠산업이 협동조합 형태로 운영될 때의 상황들을 파악할 수 있다. 그리고 발전적인 문화콘텐츠 협동조합 형태에 대한 논의들을 진행하고 있다. 하지만 문화콘텐츠산업에서 협동조합 방식의 운영이 많지 않고 새로운 형태이기 때문에 그에 대한 시행착오와 한계도 확인할 수 있으며, 앞으로 이러한 문제점을 줄일 수 있는 많은 연구와 노력이 필요하다.

In the 1930s, The Architectural Association of Joseon run the ‘Architectural Material Display’ on the 2nd floor of the Japan Life Insurance Building in Hwanggumjeong(currently Euljiro street). The purpose of this place was to introduce new architectural materials to builders. And they issued a 『建築資料型錄(Architectural Material Catalog)』and distributed it free of charge so that people in districts at long distances can make use of it. This catalog contains descriptions, photographs and drawings of various architectural materials that were common at the time, and the overseas branch address of the store is stated. The purpose of this research is to investigate the type and characteristics of architectural materials distributed in Northeast Asia around the 1930s, the region of sale, affiliated companies by closely analyzing the 『建築資料型錄』.

In the present study, we investigated the expression patterns of p63, a member of the p53 gene family, in hair follicle cells at different stages of the hair cycle and examined the relation with cell proliferation activity. For this study, immunohistochemistry for p63 and Ki-67, a marker of cell proliferation, was performed in skin obtained from C3H/he mice with depilation. In the anagen stage, p63 was strongly expressed in the cells of bulge areas and epithelial strand, matrix cells of the hair bulbs and outer root sheath cells, but inner root sheath cells and dermal papilla cells were negative for p63. These expression patterns of p63 were similarly noted in hair follicles in the early catagen stage. In the late catagen and telogen stages of hair follicles, outer root sheath cells, seboblasts and duct cells were immunoreactive for p63. On the other hand, Ki-67-positive cells were selectively observed among the p63 positive cell components, although p63 positive cells were not always proliferative. Most of the matrix cells in the hair bulbs were positive for Ki-67. Ki-67-positive cells were also frequently evident in the cells of epithelial strands in the early anagen stage. Outer root sheath cells were often positive for Ki-67 in the anagen and early catagen stages, but very rare in the late catagen and telogen stages. In summary, p63 was expressed in the bulge stem cells, epithelial strand cells, matrix cells and outer root sheath cells of hair follicles at any stage of the cycle, which was associated with the movement of hair progenitor cells for regeneration. Ki-67-positive cells were evident among the p63-expressing cell components. Our results strongly suggest that p63 plays an important role in stem cell regulation, at least associated with cell proliferation, for the regeneration of hair follicles.

Starch is an abundant, renewable, and low cost material that has been extensively studied for its role in crystallization. Herein, we developed a facile and green approach to produce the starch-based microparticles (SMPs) that could encapsulate curcumin during the self-association of short glucan chain obtained from waxy maize starch. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that the diameters of curcumin-loaded SMPs were ranged from 1.5 μm to 3 μm. The characteristics of the curcumin-loaded SMPs were evaluated via Raman spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, UV spectrophotometer, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the suspended curcumin was encapsulated in SMPs in amorphous form with a encapsulating efficiency of about 96.36%. Photostability test confirmed that curcumin that is loaded inside SMPs was effectively protected against the photodegradation. Curcumin-loaded SMPs can be used not only in food industry for extending the shelf life of curcumin, but also in pharmaceutical industry to design effective carrier for oral delivery.

By definition, endosymbionts reside in the hosts' cells and are maternally inheritted to offspring as the mitochondriondoes. Recent progresses reveal that some endosymbionts have evolved their manipulabilities of hosts' reproduction. Inthis nature, once an endosymbiont shares its host with others, their association may last long unless their evolutionaryinterest or hosts' fitness is undermined.We tested whether the association existed among the endosymbionts; Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Cardinium and Rickettsia.The results show that there are some multiple infection cases but there is no obvious pattern in their association.

현행법이 강제하고 있는 사항이 아님에도 모든 사립학교법인은 정관에 소속 교원의 징계와 관련된 규정을 두고 있다. 그러나 그 내용 및 형식 은 ｢사립학교법｣ 상의 관련 규정을 완전히 동일하게 옮겨 적고 있거나 요약하는 수준에 그치고 있다. 또 현행법이 교원의 징계와 관련해 정관 등 자치규범에게 위임한 것으로 보이는 내용들을 명문으로 규정하지 않 은 채 교원징계위원회의 결정에 위임하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 대부분의 사립학교법인의 정관이 가지고 있는 이와 같은 문제점들은 교원에 대한 징계처분이 학교법인의 운영과정에서 일반적으로 발생하는 사안이 아니라는 데에서 비롯된 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 이와 같은 규 정 내용 및 형식은 임용권자 및 교원으로 하여금 징계와 관련된 예측가 능성을 상실하게 만들며, 그 결과 징계와 관련된 불필요한 분쟁을 발생 시키게 될 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 사립학교법인의 정관 상 교원의 징 계와 관련된 규정은 각 학교법인의 현실에 맞도록 보다 구체적이고 체계 적으로 규율할 필요가 있다. 특히 징계의 사유, 징계양정, 징계에 필요한 서식 및 기타 사립학교법에서 위임한 사항들은 반드시 정관에 포함되어 야 할 것이다. ｢사립학교법｣은 강행규정으로서 이를 위반한 정관 상의 징계규정은 무 효이다. 대표적으로 정관에서 징계위원회의 구성과 관련된 내용을 달리 규정해 놓은 경우를 생각해 볼 수 있다. 그런데 징계의 시효와 관련해서 는 달리 검토해 볼 필요가 있다. 징계시효제도의 목적은 사용자가 징계 권을 행사할 수 있는 기간을 제한함으로써 근로자가 상당 기간 불안정한 지위에 있게 되는 것을 방지하려는 데에 있는바, ｢사립학교법｣ 상의 징 계시효기간보다 단기의 기간을 설정해 놓은 정관상 징계시효규정의 유효 성에 대한 판단은 일반적인 경우와 다를 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 ｢사 립학교법｣ 상의 징계시효기간은 수차례에 걸친 개정을 통하여 연장되어 왔다는 점과 함께 그 기간을 보다 장기간으로 연장하려는 현재의 입법 동향 등을 고려한다면, 이 또한 절대적인 기준으로서 이를 위반한 정관 상 징계시효규정은 효력이 없다고 보는 것이 타당하다.

Given the recent modest growth of the personal luxury good market and the urge to face difficulties through innovative brands’ marketing communication strategies, this paper examines the potentialities of tactical associations between luxury fashion brands and furniture design. Results indicate that there can be positive repercussions deriving from luxury fashion brands and furniture design interconnections. In particular, associations with collectable furniture design may help to define and enhance brands’ luxury values whilst providing consumers with innovative and creative luxury brand experiences. Future expectations in this market show a compound annual rate (CAGR) of 3% to 4% through 2020, to just about €280 billion. This is dramatically slower than the past fast growth experienced from the mid-1990s to the late 2000s. In this scenario, luxury fashion managers and marketers must envision new strategies to succeed and surpass competition. In order to be competitive and successful, luxury brand managers must take into account current market dynamics and find pertinent and substantial solutions. This paper shifts its attention to the identification of how in such a difficult scenario different cultural industries can meet in order to mutually enhance their circuits of value. Some studies have demonstrated that in order to meet such new global challenges, luxury fashion firms may discover strategic opportunities in art (Codignola, 2016). Given their symbolic connotation and aesthetic value, high-end furniture design items are more and more perceived as art works exchanged in art auctions or fairs, collected and purchased by collectors, exhibited in galleries or museums. At the same time, furniture design goods show some divergences from conventional art works (i.e. functionality, reproducibility, etc.) and some correspondences with fashion goods. By observing the luxury fashion sector, one may then find--for different sets of reasons--more than one interesting intersection with the furniture design sector. By taking into account the furniture design sector within its specific market features and goods, this paper argues that through furniture design LFBs can develop engaging creative and innovative brands’ marketing communication strategies. Compared to art, such strategies would be able to add value and strengthen LFBs’ luxury features even in a more effective way.

Abnormal HLA-G expression occurs in various diseases such as melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, asthma, and classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether HLA-G gene is linked with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). To investigate the possible link with susceptibility to OSCC, 54 OSCC patients and 120 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. HLA-G 14bp insertion/deletion polymorphism is in 3'-untranslated region of HLA-G gene. HLA-G 14bp insertion/deletion polymorphism was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. For the analysis of genetic data, SPSS18.0 program was used. Logistic regression models were performed for odds ratio (OR), 95 percent confidence interval (CI), and p value. There was a significant difference in distribution allele between OSCC patients and control subjects (OR=0.018, 95% CI=0.002- 0.131, p<0.001). Our results suggest that HLA-G 14bp insertion/deletion polymorphism may be linked with susceptibility to OSCC in the Korean population.

Despite growing interest in Korean foods, South-east Asian consumers’ perception and acceptance of Korean foods have not been well elucidated. This study was conducted to understand South-east Asian Muslim consumers’ perception and acceptance of Korean foods and the association with their food neophobia level. Ninety-three Muslim consumers (mean ages 25.2, men 35.5%, women 64.5%) from Malaysia (72%), Indonesia (16.1%), and Singapore (11.9%) rated their degree of food neophobia as well as recognition and acceptance of representative Korean menu items. Background data such as duration of stay and Korean food consumption habits were collected. Overall, participants perceived Korean foods positively (4.04 on a 5-point hedonic scale). Most well-recognized Korean foods were gimbap and bulgogi, whereas less-known spicy foods such as ojingoe deopbap were most liked among items that were actually consumed. A neophobic group rated Korean foods less favorably than neutral and neophilic groups (p<0.05). Future studies are required to identify whether or not South-east Asian Muslim consumers’ food neophobia is formed under the influence of religious regulations or reflect individual consumers’ personal traits.

본 연구는 한우의 전장유전체 내에 존재하는 단일염기 다형성(SNP)에 대해 DNA chip 분석을 통해 각 개체의 유 전자형을 파악하고, SNP 표지인자간 연관불평형의 크기를 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 강원도에서 사육되고 있던 한 우 거세우 139두의 조직을 채취하여 DNA를 추출하였으 며, Bovine SNP50K BeadChip 분석을 이용하여 분석에 사 용 가능한 최종 35,769개의 SNP 표지인자를 얻어 연관성 분석을 실시하였다. 분석에 이용된 SNP 표지인자의 총 길 이는 2499.26Mb이었고, 전장 유전체에서 평균 대립유전자 빈도(MAF)는 0.273이었으며, SNP 표지인자간의 평균 거 리는 0.060과 0.082 사이에 분포하였다. 강원지역 내 한우 거세우를 이용하여 확인한 본 실험 결과는 기존의 전국의 한우를 대상으로 한 연구결과와 유사한 패턴을 보였다. 50Kb 이하로 인접한 거리를 갖는 SNP 표지인자들의 연관 불평형 값(r2)이 0.2 초과인 인자가 34%로 나타났다. 또한 SNP 표지인자간 거리가 멀수록 측정값이 떨어지는 지수형 식의 그래프를 보였다. 염색체별로 구분한 40kb 이하로 인 접한 SNP표지인자의 연관불평형 값(r2)은 0.2 이하로 나타 난 것이 총 7개(13, 15, 19, 23, 25, 28, 29번 염색체)였다. 종 합하여 볼 때, 본 연구 결과는 강원한우의 유전적 개량을 이 용한 기초자료로서 활용될 수 있을 것이며, 유전적 개량을 이용한 육종시스템에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Alterations affecting the status of robustness and health can bring about physiological changes including hematological parameters in pigs. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with 8 hematological phenotypes (one leukocyte trait, six erythrocyte traits, and one platelet trait), we performed a genome-wide association study using the Porcine SNP 60K BeadChip in an intercross population between Landrace and Korean native pigs. A total of 36,740 SNPs from 816 F2 offspring were analysed for each blood related traits after filtering by quality control. Data were analysed genome-wide rapid association using the mixed model and regression (GRAMMAR) approach. A total of 257 significant SNPs (P<1.36x10-6) on SSC3, 6, 8, 13, and 17 were detected for blood related traits in this study. Interestingly, the genomic region between 17.9 and 130 Mb on SSC8 was found to be significantly associated with RBC, MCV, and MCH. Our results include 5 significant SNPs within five candidate genes (KIT, IL15, TXK, ARAP2, and ERG) for hematopoiesis. Further validation of these identified SNPs could give valuable information for understanding the variation of hematological traits in swine.

Previously, we reported a quantitative trait locus (QTL) that affect total teat number (TTN) on pig chromosome 7 (SSC7) in a large F2 intercross population between Landrace and Korean native pigs. The aim of this study was to refine the QTL associated with TTN and to identify positional candidate gene(s) within the refined genomic region. TTN was recorded in 1,105 F2 progeny. All experimental animals were genotyped using 998 informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers located on SSC7. A haplotype-based linkage and association analysis using the PHASEBOOK programme was applied to perform high-resolution QTL analysis. Additionally, linear mixed-effect models were used to assess the effect of a positional candidate gene on TTN and other economically important traits [i.e., thoracic vertebrae number (THO), carcass body length (CBL) and weight (CW), back fat thickness (BFT) and intramuscular fat content (IMF) in loin muscles]. Joint linkage and association analysis refined the critical region to a 1.07 Mb region that included a novel positional candidate gene, BRMS1L, that encodes the breast cancer metastasis-suppressor 1-like protein, which could possibly be implicated in normal mammary gland development. Significant association of an SNP marker (g.-1087 G>A) in the 5’-flanking region of BRMS1L with TTN (P=1.10x10-8), THO (P=5.80x10-4), and CBL (P=0.038) was observed. Based on these data, we propose BRMS1L as a positional candidate gene for TTN in pigs. After validation of the association in other independent populations and further functional studies, these results could be useful in optimizing breeding programmes that improve TTN and other economically important traits in swine

In the swine industry, growth related traits are important economic traits directly linked to profitability. Representative growth traits include daily gain, back fat thickness, and carcass weight. This study was conducted to search for positional candidate genes associated with the carcass weight through a genome-wide association study(GWAS) using suggestive levels of statistical thresholds in pigs. As a result of the genome-wide analysis of the associations with carcass weight, the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) markers with suggestive significance were identified in 1 SNP marker on chromosome 2(ALGA0015365) and 1 SNP marker on chromosome 4(ALGA0023678). We could select positional 2 candidate genes, located close to the SNP markers with suggestive significance levels. The SNP markers in adjacent to the 2 genes(LOC100519538, LOC100737583) may provide basic data regarding the marker-assisted selection for the carcass weight trait in pigs.

담관낭종은 담도가 비가역적으로 확장된 선천성 질환으로 담도암의 발생 위험으로 인해 수술적 절제를 시행하는 것이 원칙이다. 임신 중에는 호르몬의 영향 및 확대된 자궁, 증가된 복압 등으로 담관낭종이 증상을 일으킬 수 있다. 그러나 임신 중에는 생리적 변화로 나타나는 임신 자체의 증상과 낭종에 의한 증상을 구분하기가 어렵고, 임신 중 시행할 수 있는 영상 검사가 제한되어 있어 담관낭종의 진단이 지연됨으로써 산모와 태아에게 치명적인 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 또한 수술로 인한 태아와 산모의 이환율과 사망률을 고려할 때, 즉각적인 외과 수술보다는 담관낭종으로 인한 합병증을 예방하고 출산 시까지 산모와 태아를 안전하게 보호하기 위한 단계적인 치료 전략이 중요하다. 저자들은 임신 중 담관낭종에 의해 발생한 황달 및 복통으로 내원한 26세 산모에서 투시 조영술 도움 없이 내시경 초음파를 이용한 담도 배액술을 시행하여 증상 완화와 함께 최대한 임신을 유지할 수 있었다. 이후 성공적인 출산 및 산후 회복기를 거쳐 담관낭종을 수술적으로 제거한 1예 를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다.