목적: 고분자 안경 렌즈를 산성 용액에 침지시킨 후 용액의 pH에 따른 렌즈 및 코팅의 특성 변화에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 폴리비닐에스터와 폴리우레탄 계열의 안경 렌즈를 인공 산성비 용액(pH 2.4~6.0)에 1~5주 동안 침지시킨 후 광학적, 물리적 특성 변화를 측정하였다. 결과: 고분자 안경 렌즈를 산성 용액에 침지시킨 시간이 증가됨에 따라 렌즈의 가시광선 투과율, 접촉각, 경도, 그리고 내마모성은 감소되었다. 특히 강산(pH 2.4)에 5주 동안 노출된 렌즈의 경도는 비닐 에스터 소재의 렌즈는 34.7%, 우레탄소재의 렌즈들은 각각 52.3%과 29%정도 감소되었다. 부착력은 5주차 이상 침지된 우레탄계열 렌즈는 모두 4B등급, 비닐 에스터 계열은 5B등급으로 나타났다. 전기장은 침지시킨 용액의 산성도 및 침지 시간에 관계없이 렌즈에 의해 모두 차단되었다. 결론: 본 연구 결과를 통하여 반복적인 산성비 노출은 안경렌즈 재질의 변화 및 이에 따른 렌즈 코팅 수명 단축으로 인한 여러 광학적, 물리적 특성이 저하됨을 확인하였다.

AlN epilayers were grown on a c-plane sapphire substrate using hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). A series of AlN epilayers were grown at 1120˚C with V/III ratios 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5, and the influence of V/III ratio on their properties was investigated. As the V/III ratio was increased, the surface roughness (RMS roughness), Raman shift of E2 high peaks and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of symmetrical (002) & asymmetrical (102) of the AlN epilayers increased. However, the intensities of the Raman E2 high peaks were reduced. This indicates that the crystal quality of the grown AlN epilayers was degraded by activation of the parasitic reaction as the V/III ratio was increased. Smooth surface, stress free and high crystal quality AlN epilayers were obtained at the V/III ratio of 1.5. The crystal quality of AlNepilayers is worsened by the promotion of three-dimensional (3D) growth mode when the flow of NH3 is high.

고추 수급 안정대책의 일환으로 정부에서는 2012년부터 고추 비가림시설 지원 사업을 실시하고 있지만 현재 농가에 보급되고 있는 단동 비닐하우스는 측고가 낮아 고추 비가림재배에 부적합한 면이 있다. 본 연구에서는 고추 재배에 적합한 규격을 가지면서 구조적으로도 안전한 고추 비가림재배용 단동 비닐하우스를 개발하고자 하였다. 전국 56개 고추 비가림재배 농가를 대상으로 비닐 하우스 구조실태 및 구조개선 희망사항을 조사하여 비닐 하우스 폭과 높이를 설정하였다. 현재 운용중인 비닐하우스의 폭은 7m 미만이 53%를, 측고는 1.5m 이하가 64%로 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 희망하는 하우스의 폭은 7.0m, 측고는 2.0m를 선호하는 농가가 가장 많아서 이 규격으로 결정하였다. 서까래 파이프 규격을 다 양하게 변화시켜가면서 구조안전성을 분석한 후 골조율과 설치비 등을 고려하여 5종의 모델을 제시하였다. 12- 고추-1형은 Ø42.2 × 2.1t의 서까래 파이프를 90cm 간격, 12-고추-2형부터 5형은 Ø31.8 × 1.5t의 서까래 파이프를 각각 60cm, 70cm, 80cm 및 90cm 간격으로 설치하는 모델이다. 농림수산식품부 고시 10-단동-3형과 비교하여 12-고추-2형의 경제성을 분석한 결과, 672m2 면적의 하우스 1동 기준으로 약 120만원의 소득 증가가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 부산지역의 비가림하우스에서 오크라의 정식시기와 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 오크라의 품종은 ‘적오크라’, ‘그린소드’, ‘마루미짱’, ‘베타화이브’, ‘아카마루미짱’ 등 5개 품종을 이용하여 6월과 7월에 정식을 실시하였다. 오크라의 초장과 절간장은 품종간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 6월에 정식한 처리구에서 오크라의 초장과 절간장은 ‘아카마루미짱’ 품종에서 가장 길었으며, ‘베타화이브’ 품종에서 가장 짧았다. 반면, 7월에 정식한 처리구에서는 품종 간에 생육의 차이가 없었다. 오크라 과실의 수량은 정식시기에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 오크라의 녹색 과실의 수량은 6월 정식에서 ‘베타화이브’ 품종이 4,286kg/10a으로 가장 많았다. 또한, 녹색 오크라 품종은 6월 정식의 경우 ‘그린소드’ 품종과 ‘베타화이브’ 품종에서 수량성이 좋았으며, ‘마루미짱’ 품종은 수량성이 낮았다. 따라서, 부산 지역 비가림재배에서 정식시기는 6월 초순에 정식하는 것이 적합하였다.

본 연구에서는 집중력이 중요한 학령기 아동을 대상으로 ‘비 집중 상태’와 ‘집중 상태’에 대한 뇌파의 차이를 분석하기 위해 비선형 해석 방법의 하나인 반복 정량 분석(Recurrence Quantification Analysis, RQA)을 이용 하였다. 건강한 아동 21명(남성 12명, 여성 9명)을 대상으로, 청각 자극이 나오는 시점 전 500msec를 ‘비 집중 상태’ 자극 후 500msec를 ‘집중 상태’로 실험을 진행하였다. 실험결과 반복 정량 분석의 파라미터 값은 ‘비 집중 상태’보다 ‘집중 상태’가 큰 것을 확인하였다(p < 0.05). 또한, 상태에 따른 유발 전위의 반복궤적과 색상 반복궤적을 도식화하여 비선형 특성을 확인하였고, ‘비 집중 상태’보다 ‘집중 상태’일 때 뇌가 복잡한 특징을 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 실험을 통하여 청각 자극에 대한 비 집중·집중 시 뇌의 비선형 특성을 반복 정량 분석을 통해 해석할 가능성을 확인하였다.

The purpose of the study was to investigate an effect of water temperature on a non-specific immune response and mortality of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, following a bacterial infection. Seventy five tilapia acclimated to 25℃ were then transferred at 16 and 36℃, and examined for non-specific immune responses over 12-96 h. Respiratory burst activity was reduced significantly in the group of fish cultured at 16 and 36℃ over 24-96 h, whereas phagocytic activity decreased significantly in the group of fish reared at a low temperature (16℃) over 12 and 24 h and high temperatures (36℃) over 12-96 h. Lysozyme activity diminished significantly in the group of fish transferred to 16℃ over 12-48 h, but increased significantly in the group of fish at 36℃ over 48 and 96 h. Alternative complement pathway (ACH50) decreased significantly when transferred to 16℃ after 12 h, but increased significantly when transferred to 36℃ after 24 h. In a challenging test, 30 tilapia reared at 25℃ were injected intraperitoneally with Streptococcus iniae at a dose of 2x107 cfu/fish, and then reared onward at water temperatures of 15, 25 (control), and 36℃. Over 12-96 h, the cumulative mortality of S. iniae-injected fish held in 16 and 36℃ was significantly higher than that of injected-fish held in 25℃ In conclusion, transfer of tilapia from 25℃ to low temperature (16℃) after 12 h, and transfer of fish from 25℃ to high temperature (35℃) reduced their immune capability. Furthermore, tilapia under temperature stress at 16 and 36℃ from 25℃ decreased its resistance against S. iniae

Experimental fishing was carried out to compare and analyze catch characteristics of shrimp beam trawl in a fishing area and a non-fishing area during the period of fishing season and off-fishing season in the coastal waters of Geoje. A commercial fishing boat (4.99 tons) was used for the test fishing. The amount of total catches were 14,654g in the fishing area and 12,359g in the non-fishing area, shrimp catches of non-fishing area were much greater than that of the fishing area during the period of off-fishing season (June and August). However, total catches were 27,670g in the fishing area and 33,004g in the non-fishing area, shrimp catches of fishing area were bigger than that of non-fishing area during the period of fishing season (October and December). On the results of the study, catches characteristics between fishing area and non-fishing area showed the reversed results for the period of fishing season and off-fishing season.

This study compared the nutrient intake of obese versus non-obese non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients for Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy. The study was conducted at medical hospitals in Gyeonggi and Seoul from April 2009 to November 2009. Fifty-six adult male NIDDM patients were enrolled and divided into two groups: 36 into an obese group (BMI ≥25) and 20 into a non-obese group (BMI〈25). To conduct this study, anthropometric measurements, and daily nutrient intake of obese and non-obese NIDDM patients were measured. Daily nutrient intake was estimated by 24hr-recall and analyzed by the CAN program. In the results, anthropometric measurements of the two groups showed significant differences in weight and BMI (p〈0.001). Daily nutrient intake of the two groups showed no significant differences, except for vitamin E intake (p〈0.05). The total energy intake of the non-obese and obese groups were 2,669.9±964 kcal and 2,555.4±803 kcal, respectively, which were both above 113% of the recommended Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRIs). Cholesterol and sodium intake were 378.1±215.6 mg and 6,478.9±2755.1 mg, respectively for the non-obese group. Cholesterol and sodium intake were 308.1±155.6 mg and 6,306.8±2788.9 mg, respectively, for the obese group. Both groups were above 150% of the recommended levels set by the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA). However, their antioxidant nutrient intake was appropriate. Meanwhile, their fiber intake was 10.7±5.1 g and 9.8±5.2 g, respectively, which was lower than 40% of the recommended intake set by the KDA. The results show that the nutritional education for obese and non-obese NIDDM male patients must aim to reduce total energy, cholesterol, and sodium intake, while increasing fiber intake. In addition, the factors related to a patient's glycosylated hemoglobin, serum lipids, blood pressure, and weight change must be calibrated for the appropriate energy, fat, cholesterol, sodium, and dietary fiber intake.

Recently, the transgenic animal production technique is very important for the production of bio-parmaceutical as animal bio-reactor system. However, the absence of survival evaluation in vitro produced transgenic embryos has been a problem of the low productivity of transgenic animal because of absent of pre-estimate of pregnancy after transgenic embryos transferred into recipient. Therefore, this study is conducted to improve efficiency of transgenic cattle production by improving the non-surgical embryo transfer (ET) method. Transgenic bovine embryos were produced by injection of feline immunodeficiency virus enhanced green fluorescent protein (FIV-EGFP) lentiviral vector into perivitelline space of in vitro matured MІІ stage oocytes, and then in vitro fertilization (IVF) was occured. Normal IVF and EGFP expressing blastocysts were transferred into recipients. Results indicated that 2 expanded blastocysts (34.7%) transferred group showed significantly (P<0.05) higher pregnancy rate than 1 expanded blastocyst (26.8%) transferred group. In case of parity of recipient, ET to heifer (34.9%) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher pregnancy rate than ET to multiparous recipient (21.2%). However, there are no significant differences of pregnancy rate between natural induced estrus and artificial induced estrus groups. Significantly (P<0.05) higher pregnancy rate was obtained from recipient group which have normal corpus luteum with crown group (34.8%) than normal corpus luteum without crown (13.6%). Additionally, treatment of 100 μg Gn-RH injection to recipient group (38.6%) 1 day before ET significantly (P<0.05) increase pregnancy rate than non- Gn-RH injection to recipient group (38.6%). We also transferred 2 EGFP expressing expanded blastocysts to each 19 recipients, 7 recipients were pregnant and finally 5 EGFP transgenic cattle were produced under described ET condition. Therefore, our result suggested that transfer of 2 good-quality expanded blastocysts to 100 μg of Gn-RH injected recipient which have normal corpus luteum with crown is feasible to produce transgenic cattle.

본 연구는 영산강하구역 입자물질 유입원의 시∙공간 적인 변화를 추정해 보고자 몽탄대교에서 영산강 하구둑 에 이르는 영산강하구역 세 정점에서 연 6회에 걸쳐 수 층 부유 물질의 탄소 및 질소 안정동위원소 비를 비교하 였다. 모든 정점에서 8월에 강우를 통한 외부기원 유기물 의 유입이 증가하였으며, 이 때 암모니아성 질소 및 규산 염의 유입 역시 함께 증가하였다. 탄소 안정동위원소 비 측정 결과 11월과 8월에 정점 별 유기물의 기원이 크게 차이 났으며, 안정동위원소 비 값을 이용하여 주요 유입 원 추정이 가능하였다. 11월에 모든 정점에서 질소 안정 동위원소 비가 무거운 값을 보였고, 인산염의 농도가 가 장 높게 나타났는데 이는 축산폐수 및 농경지를 통한 유 입이 영향을 준 것으로 판단된다. 또한 다른 정점에 비해 영산강 하구둑에서 모든 조사 기간 동안 비교적 높은 질 소 안정동위원소 비를 보였으며, 이를 통해 축산폐수 및 농경지를 통한 유기물 유입이 다른 정점에 비해 높을 것 으로 추정된다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 안정동위원소 비 분 석은 입자성유기물의 기원을 추정하는데 유용한 방법임 을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구는 나리 인편자구 포장정식 시 재배시설에 따른 바이 러스 감염률 등을 조사하여 포장 구근생산체계를 확립하고자 하 였다. 맹아률은 비가림하우스 및 망실하우스에서 높았으며, 품종 별로는 ‘Yelloween’이 ‘Star Gazer’보다 높았고 ‘Yelloween’ 의 망실하우스에서 맹아률은 90.3%였다. 총생체중 및 구근특성 도 ‘Yelloween’이 ‘Star Gazer’보다 높았으며 ‘Yelloween’ 노 지 정식구에서 총생체중은 15.8g이었으며 구중은 10.7g으로 가장 양호하였다. 진딧물 비래의 최성기는 5월이었고 노지 38마리 에 비해 비가림 및 망실에서 8마리, 2마리로 월등히 낮았으며, 바이러스 이병률은 CMV가 LSV보다 높았으며 노지에서 CMV 이병률은 17.8%로 비가림 및 망실보다 4배 이상 높았다. Pyrethroid처리는 250mg • L-1이상에서 바이러스 방제효과가 있 었다.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects on reliability of equipment or product which spends a great deal of its time in the non-operating condition. The paper will look at the effects on the failure modes, the failure rates, the failure distribution and the possible reliability models. Many military and commercial systems experienced periods of non-operating stage throughout their life cycle, such as periods of operational storage where the system waits, ready for use. The design of such systems must account for how these periods of non-operating effects system performance. The simulation methodology for reliability analysis was developed to support the evaluation of nonoperating modes of operation of systems and subsystems. For proper handling of the non-operating environment, issues relating to non-operating failures need to be taken into consideration from design stage of the life cycle. Furthermore, the relevant environmental concerns and issues that need to be taken into consideration are discussed.

This research presents that seismic performance of steel moment resisting frame building designed by past provision(UBC, Uniform Building Code) before and after retrofitted with BRB (Buckling-Restrained Brace) was evaluated using response modification factor（R-factor). In addition, the seismic performance of the retrofitted past building was compared with that specified in current provision. The past building considered two different connections: bilinear connection, which was used by structural engineer for building design, and brittle connection observed in past earthquakes. The nonlinear pushover analysis and time history analysis were performed for the analytical models considered in this study. The R-factor was calculated based on the analytical results. When comparing the R-factor of the current provision with the calculated R-factor, the results were different due to the hysteresis characteristics of the connection types. After retrofitted with BRBs, the past buildings with the bilinear connection were satisfied with the seismic performance of the current provision. However, the past buildings with the brittle connection was significantly different with the R-factor of the current provision.

In this study we aimed to examine the co-doping effects of 1/6mol% Co3O4 and 1/4mol% Cr2O3 (Co:Cr=1:1)on the reaction, microstructure, and electrical properties, such as the bulk defects and the grain boundary properties, of ZnO-Bi2O3-Sb2O3 (ZBS; Sb/Bi=0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) varistors. The sintering and electrical properties of Co,Cr-doped ZBS, ZBS(CoCr)varistors were controlled using the Sb/Bi ratio. Pyrochlore (Zn2Bi3Sb3O14), α-spinel (Zn7Sb2O12), and δ-Bi2O3 were formed inall systems. Pyrochlore was decomposed and promoted densification at lower temperature on heating in Sb/Bi=1.0 by Cr ratherthan Co. A more homogeneous microstructure was obtained in all systems affected by α-spinel. In ZBS(CoCr), the varistorcharacteristics were improved (non-linear coefficient, α=20~63), and seemed to form Zni..(0.20eV) and Vo.(0.33eV) asdominant defects. From impedance and modulus spectroscopy, the grain boundaries were found to be composed of anelectrically single barrier (0.94~1.1eV) that is, however, somewhat sensitive to ambient oxygen with temperature. The phasedevelopment, densification, and microstructure were controlled by Cr rather than by Co but the electrical and grain boundaryproperties were controlled by Co rather than by Cr.

We aimed to examine the co-doping effects of 1/6mol% Mn3O4 and 1/4mol% Cr2O3 (Mn:Cr=1:1) on the reaction,microstructure, and electrical properties, such as the bulk defects and grain boundary properties, of ZnO-Bi2O3-Sb2O3 (ZBS;Sb/Bi=0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) varistors. The sintering and electrical properties of Mn,Cr-doped ZBS, ZBS(MnCr) varistors werecontrolled using the Sb/Bi ratio. Pyrochlore (Zn2Bi3Sb3O14), α-spinel (Zn7Sb2O12), and δ-Bi2O3 (also β-Bi2O3 at Sb/Bi≤1.0)were detected for all of the systems. Mn and Cr are involved in the development of each phase. Pyrochlore was decomposedand promoted densification at lower temperature on heating in Sb/Bi=1.0 system by Mn rather than Cr doping. A morehomogeneous microstructure was obtained in all systems affected by α-spinel. In ZBS(MnCr), the varistor characteristics wereimproved dramatically (non-linear coefficient, α=40~78), and seemed to form Vo.(0.33eV) as a dominant defect. Fromimpedance and modulus spectroscopy, the grain boundaries can be seen to have divided into two types, i.e. one is tentativelyassigned to ZnO/Bi2O3 (Mn,Cr)/ZnO (0.64~1.1eV) and the other is assigned to the ZnO/ZnO (1.0~1.3eV) homojunction.

목적: 어린이를 대상으로 정시군과 근시군으로 분류하여 조절 자극량에 대한 반응량과 반응 조절성폭주 대 조절비를 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 본 연구의 취지에 동의하는 11~13세(평균 12.17±0.70세) 어린이 58명을 대상으로 검사하였으며, 자각식 굴절검사를 통해 정시군(28명)과 근시군(30명)으로 구분하였다. 조절반응은 개방형 자동굴절계 (NVision-K5001, Shin-Nippon)를 사용하여 양안시 상태에서 측정하였으며, 근거리 시표를 50, 33, 25, 20 cm에 위치시켜 조절을 자극하였다. 결과: 조절 자극량에 대한 반응량을 함수의 기울기로 나타내었을 때, 정시군보다 근시군에서더 완만하게 나타났다(정시군: 1.01, 근시군: 0.82). 정시군과 근시군 모두 약 33cm 거리에서 조절 오차량이 최대로 나타났다. 반응 조절성폭주 대 조절비는 정시군보다 근시군에서 유의하게 높았다(t=4.54, p < 0.05). 결론: 정시 어린이보다 근시 어린이에서 조절반응량이 더 낮았고, 반응 조절성폭주 대 조절비는 더 높게 나타났다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 근시와 조절반응의 연관성을 알 수 있었으며, 근시안의 처방과 관리를 위 해 조절반응 검사에 대한 필요성을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Bill Viola(1951-) has dealt with the most underlying problems facing human beings-life, death and existence using video as the medium, and Viola tries to find a solution to these problems in nature. In the 1970s when Viola was in full activity, Westerners came to have interest in diverse religions, such as Zen Buddhism in Japan, Taoism and philosophy. In such a social atmosphere, Viola also became interested in the Eastern religions which are in pursuit of the harmony between nature and human beings, thus reflecting this in his works. In other words, Viola, in his works, handles the representative substance elements- ‘water, fire' as main subject matter in an effort to explore the human existence in nature. The ‘water, fire' have frequently come on in myths, religions, history and cultures as the underlying elements forming the human world since ancient times regardless of the East and West. Particularly, Gaston Bachelard(1884-1962) can be pointed out as a representative philosopher among the philosophers who systematized the individual characteristics of water, fire' more concretely by applying them to the human spirit. Bachelard, in the same way as Viola, thinks that human existence bases the source of its root on nature as a human is a part of nature, and tries to look for the source of human existence in the circulation system of the natural elements-‘water, fire' Further, Bachelard applies ‘water, fire' to the human psyche and thinks that should these natural elements be born as a work in communion with an artist's imaginative action, the work would have the strength to communicate feelings to people beyond regions and the ages. Accordingly, this study is aimed at looking into what symbols and meanings such elements manifested in Viola's work have by bringing forth a question about Viola's steady work using the natural elements, ‘water, fire' as subject matter on the basis of Bachelard's argument. Viola is showing the process in which a human is endlessly linked to new creation in the natural circulation system where life and death coexist through ‛water’ and ‘fire’ among natural elements. In other words, Viola is dealing with the source of human existence using the dramatic, restrained image and the natural elements ‘water, fire' discovered in the image. Accordingly, the work of Viola, which throws a basic, intrinsic question, is inducing a variety of audiences' participation away from the boundaries between the East and West and beyond the ages, and suggesting the need to explore the matter of human existence through nature.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise training on % body fat and insulin resistance in obese middle school male students. Subjects were composed of 20 students(exercise training group: 10, control group: 10, body