To identify some significant phenotypic characteristics of maize(zea mays) seeds, we have obtained Red, Green, Blue(RGB) digital image data from 82 recombinant inbred lines. Based on the collected image data, their morphological and color data were analyzed, and seven significant parameters were selected, including area, perimeter, length, width, circularity, roundness, and surface texture. The extracted RGB data were converted into color hex codes to visualize the representative colors of the seeds. These visualized colors were categorized into six groups: gray, yellowish white, yellow, grayish orange, purple, and brown. The results of maize seed phenotypic analysis using the RGB digital images in this study will serve as a useful tool for constructing a database of seed phenotyping database and establishing a standardized classification system.

This study was analyzed to provide fundamental data of food safety education way on the recognition, knowledge and purchase attitude of GMO foods. Data was collected from 270 University students in the Gyeong-gi region through a self-administered questionnaire. According to the results of the reliability and factor analysis, the knowledge and purchase attitude of GMO foods showed 0.742 and 0.832 in Cronbach alpha coefficient, 0.791 and 0.831 in KMO. There were significant differences in the recognition and intake possibility and purchase will, safety and absorption to a GMO foods between the specialty person and non-specialist (p<0.05). By the kind of GMO foods it appeared highly by the order corn (70.0%), tomato (67.5%), beans (63.3%) and potato (51.3%). There were significant differences in the general knowledge of GMO foods (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences in question ‘There were no genes in ordinary beans’ by a presence of a specialty (p>0.05). After the purchase attitude difference to the GMO foods was analyzed by a presence of a specialty, I appeared most highly in the question to which I say ‘I think a GMO foods is ethical.’ by a negative question and ‘I think a GMO foods is mass-produced, and it's possible to make a food problem decrease.’ by an affirmative question. Therefore, the purchase attitude of GMO foods showed a significant differences of University students according to their major (p<0.05). Based on this study, it is considered that provision of detailed and continuous education must be accomplished by raising the recognition of GMO foods and its acceptance level, allowing a proper understanding of GMO foods to be conveyed and assisting subjects from receiving the information they desire effectively by various education mediums.

시스타틴(cystatin: CST)은 C1A류 시스테인 단백질분해효소에 대한 경쟁적 가역억제자로서 동식물류에서 파파인과 같은 캐셉신을 억제 대상으로 작용하게 된다. 바이러스 유래 CST (CpBV-CST1)이 폴리드나바이러스의 일종인 CpBV (Cotesia plutellae bracovirus)에서 동정되었 다. 기존 연구는 이 유전자의 과발현이 배추좀나방(Plutella xylostella) 유충의 면역 및 발육을 교란한다는 것을 보여 주었다. 본 연구는 이 유전자 의 단백질 기능을 분석하기 위해 세균발현시스템을 이용하여 재조합단백질(rCpBV-CST1)을 형성하여 단백질분해효소에 대한 활성억제효과를 결정하고, 곤충의 면역과 발육에 대한 생리적 억제효과를 분석했다. 이 유전자 번역부위는 138 개 아미노산으로 약 15 kDa 크기의 단백질로 추 정되었다. CpBV-CST1이 먼저 pGEX 발현벡터에 재조합되고, BL21 STAR (DE3) competent cells에 형질전환된 후 0.5 mM IPTG로 4 시 간동안 과발현되었다. 분리된 재조합단백질은 파파인에 대한 뚜렷한 억제효과를 나타냈다. 이 재조합단백질은 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)에 대 해서 혈구소낭형성의 세포성 면역반응을 억제하고, 경구로 처리할 때 배추좀나방의 유충발육을 처리 농도에 비례하여 제한시켰다. 이상의 결과 는 CpBV-CST1이 해충 밀도 억제에 응용될 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

혈액응고 제 8인자(FVIII)는 혈액 내 존재하는 당단백질의 하나로, 혈액응고의 내인성 기 작에 기능한다. 이러한 FVIII의 결핍은 A형 혈우병을 야기하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, A형 혈우병 환자는 FVIII의 지속적인 주사에 의해 치료되고 있다. 본 연구는 A형 혈우병의 치료 제로써 활용 가능한 B-domain이 변형된 재조합 인간 혈액응고 제 8인자 (dB747)를 유즙으 로 분비하는 형질전환 돼지의 유즙으로부터 크로마토그래피적인 방법으로 dB747의 효율 적 인 정제를 위한 방법을 제공하기 위하여 수행되었다. 연구는 dB747을 유즙으로 발현하는 형질전환 돼지의 유즙을 착유하여 원심분리를 통해 지질과 불순물을 제거하고, 유즙 내 복 합적으로 존재하는 수 많은 단백질을 분획하기 위한 전처리 과정으로써 일반적으로 유즙 단백질을 침전시킨다고 알려진 zinc chloride, calcium chloride와 일반적인 단백질 침전에 널리 이용되는 ammonium sulfate를 농도 별로 처리하여 분획의 정도를 확인하였다. 전처 리 과정을 통해 분획된 유즙을 이용하여 음이온 교환 크로마토그래피, 친화 크로마토그래피 방 법으로 정제하였다. 음이온 교환 크로마토그래피는 혈장 유래의 FVIII을 정제하는데 유리하 다고 알려진 Q sepharose FF 컬럼을 이용하여 대표적인 두 가지 sodium acetate와 sodium citrate buffer의 효과를 비교하였다. 또한, 친화 크로마토그래피는 B-domain이 결여된 재조합 인간 혈액응고 제 8인자(BDDrFVIII)을 정제하는데 이용 가능하다고 알려진 펩타이드 TN8.2와 EYHSWEYC를 리간드로 사용한 컬럼을 제작하여 수행하였다. 그 결과, dB747이 포함된 형질전환 돼지의 유즙을 분획하기 위해서는 ammonium sulfate의 연속적인 처리를 통해 포화도 30%의 상층액을 회수하여 포화도 50%가 되도록 ammonium sulfate를 첨가하 였을 때 생성되는 pellet을 이용하는 것이 가장 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 효율적인 전처리 과정을 거친 유즙을 이용한 크로마토그래피 결과, 혈장 유래의 FVIII의 정제에 대한 이전의 보고와는 다르게 dB747의 회수율과 순도가 낮았다. EYHSWEYC를 이용한 친화 크로마토 그래피의 경우, 알려진 것과는 다르게 dB747과 결합하지 않는 것으로 확인되었으며, TN8.2 를 이용한 친화 크로마토그래피 역시 dB747를 정제하는데 이용하기 어려웠다. 또한, 크로 마토그래피 용출액 내에 20～40 kDa의 단백질이 나타나는 것을 확인하였으며, 이는 문헌 조사를 통해 카제인으로 유추할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 dB747이 B-domain 영역이 변형 되는 과정에서 기존의 FVIII 또는 BDDrFVIII과 단백질의 성질이 달라짐으로써 기존에 알려 진 정제 조건이 알맞지 않기 때문에 회수율과 순도가 낮았던 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 dB747의 성질을 이해하고 최적화된 크로마토그래피 조건을 확립하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다. 또한, 카제인과 같은 유즙 단백질이 크로마토그래피 용출액에서 나타나는 것으로 보아, 유즙 단백질은 음이온 교환 크로마토그래피나 친화 크로마토그래피에 의해 제거되지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 초기 전처리 단계에서 유즙 단백질을 제거하기 위한 방 법의 연구가 유즙 내 목적 단백질을 정제하는데 있어서 중요한 문제가 될 것이다.

돼지 써코바이러스 2형(porcine circovirus type 2)은 단일가닥 원형DNA바이러 스이며 돼지에 심각한 질병을 일으키는 돼지이유자돈전신성소모성 증후군의 주요 한 인자로 알려져 있다. 돼지 써코바이러스 2형은 2개의 주요한 ORF를 가지고 있 으며 ORF1은 바이러스의 복제, ORF2는 캡시드단백질의 형성에 관여한다. 이 중, ORF2의 해독에 의해 생성된 캡시드단백질은 바이러스의 구조형성 뿐만 아니라 항 원단백질로써 알려져 있으며, 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 베큘러바이러스 다각체 단 백질과 부분 융합에 의한 돼지 써코바이러스 2형 구조단백질의 재조합 발현을 확 인하였다. 발현된 단백질은 SDS-PAGE 상에서 분석하였고, 항-돼지 혈청, 항 -PCV2 ORF2 단일항체 그리고 히스텍 항체를 사용하여 Western blot 분석으로 확 인하였다. 그 결과 재조합 단백질은 재조합 바이러스 접종 후 2일째부터 발현이 나 타나며 4일째 최대 발현하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 다각체 단백질과 부분 융합한 바이러스는 비융합 바이러스보다 재조합 단백질 생산이 증대 되었으며, 이는 다각 체 단백질과 부분 융합을 이용한 돼지 써코바이러스 2형 구조단백질 ORF2의 발현 을 향상 시킬 수 있음을 보여준다.

This study was a survey of consumer awareness and attitudes about genetically modified foods and their labeling regulations. Questionnaires were distributed to 4,620 consumers who lived in different areas of Korea, and 4,076 people responded. The consumers were asked about knowledge, labeling information, and their sources of information about GM foods. Respondents from Seoul, Jeonnam, and Gyeongnam answered mostly "nearly don't know > moderate > never know > know a little." Respondents from Gyeonggi answered "moderate > nearly don't know > never know > know a little." According to occupation, housewives, company employees, consultants, and students answered mostly "nearly don't know > moderate > never know > know a little. "Consumers answered about the intent to buy GM foods differently according to area, occupation, and education. Seoul and Gyeonggi residents said that reinforcing factors to relieve the insecurity of GM foods were "evaluating safety > management of GM foods by the government > GM food regulation system." There were other answers according to area, occupation, and education. About GM-related education methods that they wished to have, residents of the Seoul area said "books/leaflets" most often, but residents of the Gyounggi area said "attending a lecture" most often. Housewives also said "attending a lecture," but teachers and students said "Internetbased education" most often. About the kinds of education that they could join, Seoul residents answered "consumer groups > school parents > public institutions," but Gyeonggi and Chungnam area residents answered "public institutions > consumer groups > school parents." Housewives and students answered "consumer groups" most often, but consultants and private business owners answered "public institutions" most often. We realized that different education methods were necessary for different areas, occupations, and education levels.

A survey of consumer awareness and attitudes was conducted about genetically modified (GM) foods and the labeling regulations. The questionnaires were distributed to 4,620 consumers who lived in a variety of areas in Korea, and 4,076 people responded. The consumers were asked about knowledge, labeling information, and the source of obtaining information about GM foods. More than 11.5% of the consumers had never heard about GM foods and 86.9% of consumers had less than a normal level of knowledge about GM foods. No statistically significant relationship was found between genders, but the teachers group had moderate knowledge (p<0.001). In total, 28.4% of consumers did not know the GMO labeling regulations. They answered that the reason to buy GM food was do not know>nothing wrong>create benefit>think as safe>inexpensive. The answers to the question of what was the first benefit were: solve food shortage>functional and nutritious food>cultivate in bad condition>nothing>various cultivars. They answered that the worst factor was the next generation effect>environmental disruption. Regarding the development of GM food in Korea, males answered do not know>stronglyrecommend>defer>strongly suppress. Female answered: don't know>defer>strongly recommend>strongly suppress. More than half of the respondents did not have much information about GM foods; 88.3% of respondents answered they did not have educational experience about GM food.

hFSH is a glycoprotein secreted from anterior pituitary and consists of α and β subunits. Because of its major biological functions including sperm formation in the male and for follicular growth, FSH is used to cure woman's sterility. In this study we tried to produce recombinant hFSH in vitro using a retrovirus expression vector. Two major components of the vector we constructed are: (ⅰ) a DNA fragment containing α and β genes fused by a DNA sequence coding carboxyl terminal peptide (CTP) of human chorionic gonadotropin, (ⅱ) a DNA fragment corresponding woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE). Evaluation of expression profile of the recombinant FSH using reverse transcription PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among three cell lines tested, HeLa cells were the best for hFSH expression (5,395 mIU/ml), then followed by chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in the order of hFSH production. In addition to the amount, the FSH produced from HeLa cells was highest in terms of biological activity which was determined by measuring cAMP.

Abnormal prions are infectious agents involved in a neuro-degenerative disease, which occurs naturally such as Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in deer and elk, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, Scrapie in sheep and goats and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans. The cellular prion protein of the elk consists of 233 amino acids (residues 25-257), which represents an autonomous folding unit with three α-helices and two-stranded anti-parallel β-sheets. Here, we demonstrated elk-recPrP (Elk recombinant prion protein) which can be obtained as follows; (1) Cloning of elk PrP gene, (2) Expression of a histidine-tagged full-length elk PrP by induction with IPTG in E. coli and (3) Purification by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA agarose resin. In Western blot and ELISA analysis, elk-recPrP showed specific activity against anti-PrP monoclonal antibody. Thus, our elk-recPrP would be a useful tool for the understanding of basic structure and mechanism studies of PrPSC formation.

The regeneration of periodontium is the goal of periodontal therapy. Many periodontologists try to achieve this goal by using guided tissue regeneration(GTR) method. However, these procedures always include several disadvantages. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) stimulated ectopic bone formation when it was implanted in rat muscles with insoluble bone matrix by differentiating muscle cells into chondrocytes and osteoblasts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the osteoinductive potential of the mixture of rhBMP-2 (5 μg/ml) and heparin (0.25 or 25 μg/ml ) at the critically sized rabbit calvarial defects. And this study aimed to reveal that heparin also acts to enhance the bone forming activity of rhBMP-2. The 12 rabbits (4-month-old; NewZealand White) were used in the present study. 5 μg/ml of rhBMP-2 and 0, 0.25 or 25 μg/ml of heparin were mixed and blotted into anorganic bovine bone and filled cranial defects. The animals were sacrificed following a time schedule (1, 3, and 6 weeks). Sections were made in 7 μm thicknesses, stained with H&E and Masson's trichrome method, and examined under a light microscope. The differences among each obtained percent value were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance. A p value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant and an ANOVA test was performed to verify significant differences. To adjust for multiple comparisons when one-way analysis of variance showed a significant difference between groups (p<0.05), Scheffe`s post hoc test was used to identify which group differences accounted for the significant p-value. In control group, osteoinduction was not outstanding, however, in experimental groups, osteoinduction was significantly outstanding, and as the concentration of heparin mixed with rhBMP-2 increased, osteoinduction was increased. Mixtures of rhBMP-2 and heparin affect bone formation at initial bone formation, but that effect disappeared following a time lapse.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to promote osteogenesis, and clinical trials are currently underway evaluating the ability of BMPs to promote bone formation in grafting procedures and fracture healing. Some studies, have independently reported that sulfated polysaccharides particularly heparin, enhance the osteoblastic differentiation induced by BMPs in vitro, and another study demonstrated that heparin enhanced the bone formation induced by BMP‐2 in vivo. This study was performed to examine adipose stem cell responses to rhBMP‐2 alone and rhBMP‐2 with heparin at 0.25, and 25 μg/㎖ concentrations, respectively, in culture media. Adipose stem cells were cultured for 2, 4, and 8 days toward the osteoblastic differentiation in rhBMP‐2 alone and rhBMP‐2 with heparin at 0.25, and 25 μg/㎖ concentrations, respectively, in culture media. Verification of the stem cell lineage was performed in two ways. The first method was a continuous sequential culture until 5th generation. The second method was using monoclonal antibodies for STRO‐1 and CD 90. Naphthol AS phosphate‐fast blue BB staining for alkaline phosphatase was used for verifying osteoblastic differentiation because Alkaline phosphatase activity had been used as an osteoblastic differentiation marker and degree of osteoblastic activity. Alizarin red staining was also used as an osteoblastic differentiation marker because it quantifies the calcium levels in cells or tissues. During the 5th generation culture, cultured cells actively proliferated, and these cultured cells showed a positive reaction to STRO‐1 and CD90 cell surface molecules. Naphthol AS phosphate‐fast blue BB staining and Alizarin red staining were positive in most samples of each group at 2, and 4 days and positive reaction was proportioned to degree of morphological differentiation. In the concentration of 25 μg/ml of heparin, the ALP activity was highest at the 2nd day in the culture, and then the activities of ALP were decreased significantly at 4, and 8 days. The ALP activity was greatest at the 4th day of the culture, and then decreased significantly at the 8th day in 0 μ g/ml and 0.25 μg/ml of heparin concentrations, Adipose stem cells could be differentiated in rhBMP‐2 in culture media, and the addition of heparin to BMP‐2 promoted differentiation of osteoblasts. Moreover, morphological differentiation was associated with the activity of osteoblasts. This study was shown that, when heparin concentration increases, the early differentiation of the cells was brought about, but the early differentiated cells were rapidly progressed to degenerative changes

The aim of this study is to evaluate the estrogenic activity of Cucurbita pepo seed extract which includes β-sitosterol and other phytosterols. Sample was extracted from Cucurbita pepo seed by supercritical carbondioxide method and resuspended with ethanol. Estrogenic activity was measured by recombinant yeast assay which detects estrogenic activity using recombinant yeast with high level of estrogenic receptor. However, estrogenic activity of pumpkin seed extract was not found in this study. Based on this data, pumpkin seed extract will not cause estrogenic disturbance.

A survey on consumer’s awareness and perception toward genetically-modified (GM) foods was conducted on 2110 random samples of Korean consumers. More than 65% of the respondents were exposed to some information related to GM foods. The respondents answered that the greatest benefit of the development of GM foods is remedy of potential food shortages in the future. More than 90% of Korean consumers wanted GM foods to be labeled as such. More than 50% of the respondents would not buy until they know more about GM foods. Only 35.8% of Korean consumers were found to know that food items originating from plants contained genes. More consumers responded that they would not buy herbicide-resistant GM soybean but buy vitamin-enriched GM soybean. Many Korean consumers' decision of acceptance or rejection of GM foods depend not on the basis of biotechnology, but on the basis of the degree of benefit to the consumers. Only 6.4% of Korean consumers responded that GM foods were the greatest threat to the safety of Korean foods. The perception of Korean consumers on GM foods has not changed significantly during the past 5 years.

본 연구는 vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G)으로 피막이 형성되는 replication-defective MoMLV-based vector를 이용한 hTPO 헝질전환 닭의 생산에 관한 연구이다. 실험에 사용한 retrovirus vector의 구조는 hTPO 유전자의 발현 조절을 위해 internal promoter인 hCMV promoter를 이용하였으며 외래 유전자의 발현을 증가시키기 위해 woodchurk hepatitis virus posttranascriptional regulatory element (WPRE) 서열을 도입하였다. 재조합한 vector는 GP2 293 포장세포에 도입하여 virus를 생산하였으며 이 virus를 이용하여 감염시킨 여러 표적세포에서 hTPO의 발현과 생물학적 활성을 확인하였다. 재조합 hTPO의 생물학적 활성은 시판되고 있는 재조합 hTPO에 비해 우월한 것으로 확인되었다. hTPO 형질전환 닭의 생산을 위하여 1,000배 이상 고농도로 농축된 virus를 stage X 단계의 계란의 배반엽 층에 미세주입하여 대리난각 방법으로 배양하였다. 미세주입한 132개의 계란 중 21일 후에 11개의 계란에서 병아리가 부화하였으며 그중 4마리가 형질전환 개체로 확인되었다. 그러나 생산된 4마리 중 3마리가 부화 후 1개월 이내에 원인불명으로 사망하였다. 본 연구의 의의는 상업적 이용 가능성이 있는 생물학적 활성을 가진 사람의 cytokine 단백질의 대량 생산을 위한 생체 반응기로서의 형질전환 닭 개발의 시례를 제공하는데 있다.