The objectives of the study were to examine food waste generation and reduction efforts at home, and to identify factors affecting the intention to reduce food waste. A total of 3,321 food buyer responses were used from the 2022 Consumer Behavior Survey for Food of the Korea Rural Economic Institute. Statistical methods for a complex sample were applied by using a SPSS program (ver. 26.0). The average daily food waste generation per household significantly differed by the main food purchaser’s age and household size. Plate waste and food waste from preparation were the main types of food waste. A multiple regression analysis revealed that intention to reduce food waste was influenced by the main types of food waste, the average daily amount of food waste, the perceived amount of food waste, and the perceived importance of food waste reduction after adjusting for the age of the main food purchaser and household size. Since the amount of food waste was affected by a series of food behaviors as well as consumer’s intention to reduce waste, empirical research on the types and amounts of food waste generated in Korean households and qualitative research on behaviors and attitude affecting food waste are needed.

This study examined the intake status and the factors affecting intake of functional foods using the data from Consumer Behavior Survey for Food by the Korea Rural Economic Institute. Among the total respondents, 80.4% took functional foods, and the number of respondents who took two types of functional foods was the highest. The main reason for taking functional foods was to prevent disease, and the main places of purchase of functional foods were off-line large supermarkets, on-line shopping malls, and pharmacies. Compared to a year ago, the percentage of increase in functional food purchases this year was higher than the percentage of decrease. The most common reasons for not taking functional foods were ‘not feeling the need’ and ‘not trusting the quality’. As a result of conducting a complex samples logistic regression analysis to identify the factors affecting the intake of functional foods, gender, age, marital status, illness state, alcohol drinking, and convenience-seeking type among dietary lifestyles were significant.

This study aimed to examine relationships of water and dietary fiber intake with various health-related factors using data from the 2016~2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A total of 8,419 adults aged 19~49 years were categorized into four groups: (1) sufficient intake of both water and fiber (Type 1) (n=2,235), (2) water deficiency with sufficient fiber (Type 2) (n=1,470), (3) fiber deficiency with sufficient water (Type 3) (n=1,031), and (4) deficiency in both water and fiber (Type 4) (n=3,683). General characteristics, body composition, health behaviors, dietary habits, nutrient and food intake, and dietary quality were compared. Type 4 had more female (p=0.028), older adults (p<0.001), and higher socioeconomic status (p<0.001) than Type 1. Type 1 consumed breakfast more frequently (p<0.001). Nutrition label recognition, usage of nutrition label, and all nutrient intakes were the highest in Type 1 but the lowest in Type 4. Type 1 also had better dietary variety score and nutritional quality. These findings highlight the importance of adequate water and fiber intake for balanced nutrition and suggest that targeted nutrition education is needed, especially for male and low-income groups with insufficient intake.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of cultural competence of hospital nurses and identify factors influencing cultural competence based on general and cultural characteristics. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design and 167 nurses who had been caring for foreign patients for past 1 year. Cultural competence, which is composed of four sub-dimensions (values related to cultural perception, cultural knowledge, cultural sensitivity, and cultural skills), personal and cultural characteristics were measured. Results: The participants were all women, with the mean age of 31.81±6.88 years, and clinical career was 8.76±6.81 years. Cultural competence score was 5.28±0.63 out of 7. Having a foreign friends, position, participation in foreign language classes, and working place had significant influence on hospital nurses’ cultural competence. The explained variance for cultural competence was 21.8%. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that nurses provide care by understanding patients with diverse cultural backgrounds and their health-related needs. To enhance the cultural competence of hospital nurses, systematic practical education and active organizational support based on standardized guidelines for caring for foreign patients are necessary.

Skin color is primarily determined by the amount of melanin pigmentation in the skin. In recent years, cosmetic compositions have been developed to reduce the melanin pigmentation in the skin. Treatment of the skin with whitening agents, from the pharmacological and cosmetological views, should provide safety and efficacy without side effects. Currently used whitening agents which are mostly cause many harmful and cytotoxic effects. In view of the lack of safe whitening agents, this study has been conducted to find the stable and harmless compounds inhibiting melanogenesis. The use of light and Herbal extract for the purpose of skin whitening has been formally reported. So, this study is to investigate the effects of LED irradiation and Bletillae rhizoma (Br) extract on tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in B16F0 melanoma cells. Melanin biosynthesis was induced by α-MSH. Experimental group were conducted five groups; 1) Pre-LED group (LED light irradiation, followed by 1 μM α-MSH) 2) Post-LED group (α-MSH treat, followed by LED light irradiation) 3) Pre-Br extract group (Br extract treat, followed by 1 μM α-MSH) 4) Post-Br extract group (α-MSH treat, followed by 10 μg/ml Br extract) 5) LED and Br extract group. The melanin contents, tyrosinase activity, dendrite length of cells and expression of melanogenesis-related genes under LED light irradiation and Br extract treatment were investigated. Pre-635, Post-425 nm and Post-Br extract group were significantly reduced melanin contents and tyrosinase activity compared with other group. But both for LED irradiation and Br extract group, melanin contents and tyrosinase activity were increased. However, Pre-425 nm and Post-Br extract group could reduce the melanin contents, tyrosinase activity and dendrites length of cells. In addition, the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, including microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase (TYR) is inhibited. The Pre-425 nm and Post-Br extract group activated Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and involved in the inhibition of melanogenesis via stimulation of MITF degradation. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of Pre-425nm irradiation and Post-Br extract on melanogenesis are derived from reduced TYR expression via the downregulation of MITF signaling, as well as acceleration of ERK phosphorylation. Thus, these results suggest that Pre-425nm irradiation and Post-Br extract could prevent and treat melanin hyperpigmentation or useful in whitening agents.

This study examined differences in breakfast habits, mental health, and the prevalence of allergic diseases among 9,549 adolescents from father-headed and mother-headed families, using raw data from the 2017~2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. Of the total participants, 44.6% came from father-headed families, while 55.4% were from mother-headed families. Single-parent adolescents showed the highest likelihood of eating breakfast every day of the week (24.5%), but they also had a significant tendency to skip breakfast entirely (24.3%). There was no significant difference in breakfast frequency between those from father-headed and mother-headed families. The perception of stress and subjective health status did not differ significantly between adolescents from the two types of families, although subjective health status did show significant differences among boys. Depressive experiences were notably higher in adolescents from mother-headed families (33.0%) compared to those from father-headed families (30.8%). Additionally, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis was significantly greater in adolescents from mother-headed families (24.2% and 32.1%, respectively) than in those from father-headed families (21.1% and 26.5%, respectively). These results indicate the need for tailored nutrition and health guidance programs for adolescents from single-parent families to support the role of the absent parent.

단풍취의 생육환경조사는 남덕유산(거창), 지리산(중산리, 치밭목, 만복대), 망산(통영), 망운산(남해), 삼신봉(하동) 등 7지역을 대상으로 2023년 4월부터 2023년 10월까지 실시하였다. 단풍취의 높이는 211.76~371.00㎜이고, 평균 298.26㎜이며, 잎의 수는 2.46~4.08개이고 평균 3.43개이다. 엽신의 길이는 63.17~98.10㎜이고, 평균 77.66㎜이며, 엽신의 너비는 85.86~113.70㎜이고, 평균 99.52㎜이며, 엽병의 길이는 53.80~109.40㎜이고 평균 71.34㎜이다. 뿌리의 길이는 172.75~249.55㎜이고, 평균 214.21㎜이며, 뿌리의 수는 13.38~35.85개이고 평균 25.08개이다. 화서의 길이는 107.28~215.88㎜이고, 평균 181.99㎜이며, 화서의 직경은 0.36~1.02㎜이고 평균 0.66㎜이다. 종다양도는 1.1278~1.6393으로 나타났다. 조사지의 토양 pH는 3.9~5.1이고 유기물 함량은 23~92g/kg이며 유효인산은 7~54mg/kg이고 EC는 0.1~1.5Sm-1으로 나타났다.

This study aimed to compare food procurement and dietary behavior of single-person households in Korea. A total of 949 single-person households that participated in the 2022 Food Consumption Behavior Survey were divided into three age groups: 20~39 years (n=204), 40~59 years (n=317), and 60~74 years (n=428). Monthly expenditure on eating out was similar for the 20~39 and 40~59 age groups at around 145,000 KRW, while the 60~74 age group spent 79,823 KRW (p<0.001). The frequency of eating out was the highest at 2~3 days per week for the 20~39 age group, with take-out occurring 1 day per week (p<0.01). Regarding online food purchases, 35% of the 20~39 age group bought food online once every two weeks, whereas 40~59 and 60~74 age groups had higher percentages of those buying non-online food (44.7% and 89.0%, respectively, p<0.001). Regarding dietary competency index, healthy eating scores were the highest in the 60~74 age group (p<0.01). As the dietary competency index increased, monthly expenditure on take-out decreased for the 40~59 age group while satisfaction with current diet increased across all age groups (p<0.01). This study is expected to be helpful for developing nutrition education materials tailored to different life stages.

This study compared the dietary perceptions, food labeling behaviors, and purchasing patterns of vegetarians and nonvegetarians. The data from 5,811 adults aged ≥19 years who participated in the 2023 Consumer Behavior Survey for Food were analyzed. The participants were divided into vegetarians and non-vegetarians according to their dietary practices. Vegetarians were further divided into strict, semi, and occasional vegetarians. Non-vegetarians regularly consumed plantand animal-based foods without dietary restrictions. Vegetarians comprised 15.4% of the participants, and health (50.4%) was the primary motivation for adopting a vegetarian lifestyle. Compared to non-vegetarians, vegetarians prioritized their rights and responsibilities as citizens and identified a vegetable-centered diet as the most crucial factor for health. Vegetarians showed greater interest and trust in food labeling than non-vegetarians. Vegetarians selected a wider variety of food and had different purchasing motivations when purchasing eco-friendly foods than non-vegetarians. Vegetarians exhibited higher purchase frequencies across all categories than non-vegetarians and had different reasons for purchasing convenience foods. These findings highlight the diversity of vegetarian dietary motivations and behaviors, emphasizing the need for tailored dietary policies and education.

2023년 2월부터 11월까지 부산에서 유통되고 있는 어린 이 기호식품인 과자 105건에 대하여 곰팡이독소 11종(아 플라톡신 B1, B2, G1, G2, 푸모니신 B1, B2, 오크라톡신 A, 제랄레논, 아플라톡신 M1, 데옥시니발레놀, 파튤린)에 대 한 실태를 조사하였다. 영유아용 과자는 38건 중 과자류 7건에서 곰팡이독소가 검출되었다. 검출된 곰팡이독소는 푸모니신 5건(0.8-97.0 μg/kg), 제랄레논 4건(1.6-6.3 μg/kg) 이 검출되었으며, 총아플라톡신, 오크라톡신 A, 아플라톡 신 M1, 데옥시니발레놀 및 파튤린은 검출되지 않았다. 검 출된 시료는 기준이 있는 경우 적합하였으며, 기준이 없는 경우 최대 검출량이 기준의 5.4% 수준으로 오염도가 낮았 다. 일반과자 67건 중 과자류 22건, 곡류가공품 4건에서 곰 팡이독소가 검출되었으며, 푸모니신 14건(0.8-109.6 μg/kg), 제랄레논 11건(1.2-7.0 μg/kg), 오크라톡신 A 7건(0.4-0.8 μg/ kg), 아플라톡신 B1 2건(1.2-1.6 μg/kg)이 검출되었으며, 아 플라톡신 M1, 데옥시니발레놀 및 파튤린은 검출되지 않았 다. 검출된 시료는 기준이 있는 경우 적합하였으며, 기준 이 없는 경우 최대 검출량이 기준의 3.2-16.0% 정도로 오 염도가 낮았다. 곰팡이독소가 2종 이상 검출현황은 영유 아용 과자 중 2건에서 곰팡이독소가 동시에 검출되었으며, 일반과자 중 5건에서 곰팡이독소가 동시에 검출되었다. 2 종 이상의 곰팡이독소에 오염된 시료 중 가장 많은 조합 은 푸모니신과 제랄레논으로 나타났다. 곰팡이독소의 위 해 평가 결과, 영유아용 과자에서 푸모니신과 제랄레논은 1일 섭취한계량의 0.08-1.91% 수준이었고, 일반과자에서 푸모니신과 제랄레논은 1일 섭취한계량의 0.06-1.69% 수 준이었고, 오크라톡신 A는 주간 섭취한계량의 0.05-0.33% 수준이었다. 아플라톡신 B1의 1일 인체노출량은 0.0001- 0.0010 μg/kg b.w./day으로 나타났으며, 영유아용 과자와 일 반과자 모든 시료에서 1-2세의 인체노출량이 가장 높았으 며, 3-5세, 6-11세, 전연령 순으로 낮은 수준을 보였으며 모든 연령에서 위해 우려가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연 구는 어린이 기호식품인 과자류에 대한 곰팡이독소 오염 실태를 조사함으로써 과자류에 대한 안전성 관리에 필요 한 기초자료로 이용할 수 있을 것이며, 시민들에게 건강한 먹거리 선택에 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

식품의 가공 및 조리에 정제 가공유지를 사용하면 2- monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDEs), 3-monochloropropane- 1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDEs)와 glycidyl esters (GEs)가 다양한 유형의 식품에 포함될 수 있다. EU뿐만 아니라 최근 대만에서는 식용 혹은 식품가공원료로 공급 하는 시중 판매 식용유지에 대해 GEs 1 mg/kg 이하, 홍콩 에서는 3-MCPDEs에 대해 영유아 분유 50 μg/kg 이하, 영 유아 액상 분유 6 μg/kg 이하로 기준·규격을 관리하고 있 다. 최근 다양한 한국 식품의 수출이 확대되고 있어 많은 식품에 사용되는 식용유지류의 국외 기준·규격에 대한 검증이 필요하다. 본 연구는 시중에서 판매되고 있는 식용유 지류 샘플을, AOAC Cd 29a-13 방법 및 EFSA 방법을 참 고하여 GC/MS를 사용하여 시험법을 검증하고, 지방산 유 래 유해물질(2-MCPDEs, 3-MCPDEs 및 GEs)을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 시험법의 결정계수(r²) 평균은 0.9999, 검출한계 (limit of detection, LOD)와 정량한계(limit of quantification, LOQ)는 각각 9.6-20.4 μg/kg와 29.0-62.0 μg/kg이었다. Intraday 및 inter-day 정확도는 2-MCPDE 93.07%±9.58%- 107.92% ±5.19%, 3-MCPDE 92.14%±11.05%-108.60%±2.86% 및 GEs 87.68%±9.32%-105.66%±8.50%이었고, 정밀도는 각각 5.91- 11.72%RSD, 2.63-11.99%RSD 및 7.50-12.96%RSD로 AOAC 가이드라인에 적합함을 확인하였다. 또한 Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) 국제 숙련도 시험 에 참가하여 적합한 z-score를 얻었으며, Quality Control (QC) material의 회수율은 89.16-108.14%로, 외부 및 내부 검증을 통해 분석 결과의 신뢰성을 확보하였다. 확립된 시험법을 토대로 시판 중인 식용유지류(n=272)를 분석한 결과, 2- MCPDEs는 N.D.-1,753 μg/kg, 3-MCPDEs는 N.D.- 2,492 μg/kg, 그리고 GEs는 N.D.-985 μg/kg이었으며, 이는 EU 기준·규격에 적합한 수준이었다. 샘플의 특성에 따라 liquid oil과 semi-solid oil로 구분하였으며, 지방산 유래 유 해물질 검출 결과가 EU 기준·규격에 근접(90-100%)한 샘 플은 각각 3-MCPDEs는 3개, 13개이고, GEs는 1개, 6개 로, liquid oil보다 semi-solid oil에서 근접하는 샘플이 더 많았다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내 유통 중인 식용유지류의 지방산 유래 유해물질을 모니터링함으로써 식용유지류의 안전 확보를 위한 기초자료로 활용되고, 수출품목 유지 및 기업체 저감화 연구에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 2023년 전라남도 내 유통 수산물 중 동 물용의약품 모니터링을 하였다. 수산물 124건에 대하여 동 물용의약품 136종을 식품공전 수산물 중 동물용의약품 동 시 다성분 시험법으로 모니터링 하였다. 검사결과 잔류허 용기준 이하로 검출된 시료는 16건(13%), 검출되지 않은 시료는 108건(87%)으로 나타났다. 동물용의약품이 검출된 수산물은 광어, 조피볼락, 도미, 미꾸라지 4종으로, 검출된 잔류동물용의약품은 엔로플록사신, 옥시테르라사이클린, 트리메토프림, 아목시실린이 각각 검출되었다. 동물용의약 품 잔류허용기준이 초과한 수산물은 없었으나 동물용의약품이 잔류한 수산물이 꾸준히 검출되고 있어 안전한 수산 물 유통을 위해서는 모니터링을 강화하여야 할 것으로 생 각된다.

본 연구에서는 국내 유통 유제품 중 안식향산, 소브산, 프로피온산 함량을 HPLC와 GC로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 유제품 25건 중 안식향산은 7건, 소브산은 2건, 프로피온 산은 1건에서 검출되었으며, 검출률은 각각 28%, 8%, 4% 였다. 안식향산, 소브산, 프로피온산은 각각 최고 농도 14.19, 416.91, 244.03 mg/kg까지 검출되었다. 소르빈산 칼 륨이 표기가 된 시료는 총 3건으로 그 중 2건에서 소브산 이 검출되었으나 국내 유제품 중 소브산 사용 기준에 모 두 적합한 수치였고 프로피온산이 첨가되었다고 표기된 시료는 없었다. 안식향산과 프로피온산이 검출된 시료의 경 우 천연에서 유래할 수 있는 메커니즘이 알려져 있고 미생 물 최소 저해 농도 이하의 수치로 검출되어 보존 효과를 나타낼 수 없기 때문에 의도적으로 첨가되지는 않았을 것 으로 사료된다. 본 연구는 향후 유제품 중 보존료 사용에 대한 소비자의 불안감 해소와 보존료의 안전성 관리 및 천연유래를 판단하기 위한 중요한 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

국내 유통 중인 과·채류음료 64건을 대상으로 비타민 C, 폴리페놀, 무기질 함량에 대해 분석하였다. 분석 결과 비 타민 C는 1.851-251.108 mg/100 mL의 범위를 나타냈고, 비 가열 처리 사과주스에서 평균 함량 89.646 mg/100 mL로 가장 높게 나타났다. 폴리페놀은 260.767-1895.095 mg GAE/L의 범위를 나타냈으며 비가열 처리 사과주스에서 평균 함량이 1042.311 mg GAE/L로 가장 높게 나타났다. 무기질의 경우에는 100 mL 당 평균 함량이 가열 처리 오 렌지주스에서 셀레늄, 구리가 각각 0.101 μg, 22.875 μg으 로 가장 높게 나타났다. 비가열 처리 딸기주스에서 마그 네슘, 인, 철의 평균 함량이 각각 4.281 mg/100 mL, 16.085 mg/100 mL, 0.400 mg/100 mL으로 가장 높게 나타 났으며, 가열 처리 딸기주스에서 아연의 평균함량이 149.344 μg/100 mL으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 성인남성기준 일일권장섭취량과 비교해보았을 때, 200 mL의 주스 한 컵 을 마실 경우, 비타민 C는 하루 권장섭취량의 최대 5배 섭 취가 가능했고, 무기질 중 철은 50% 이상 충족이 가능했다.

This study was carried out to get information on the concentration and species of airborne fungi in wood ear mushroom (Auricularia heimuer) cultivation houses. Air samplings were conducted at three wood ear mushroom farms located in Iksan and Wando in 2022. Two out of the three cultivation houses exceeded the Ministry of Environment’s recommended indoor air quality standards for fungi concentration in multi-use facilities. A total of 12 genera and 15 species of airborne fungi were isolated and identified. There were species belonging to 6 genera at the genus level. Overall, the genus Cladosporium accounted for the majority with three species. Among the identified species, there were fungi that affect the human body, such as Aspergillus niger, Lichtheimia ramose, and Rhizomucor pusillus, as well as Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium ramotenellum, Cladosporium subuliforme, and Curvularia lunata, which cause diseases in plants. Penicillium brevicompactum was detected as a fungus affecting mushroom cultivation. This study is the first report in Korea on airborne fungi in wood ear cultivation houses and provides useful information for environmental hygiene management of cultivation houses.

물 흡수-팽윤성 엘라스토머(water-swellable elastomer)는 연성 로봇, 센서 및 에너지 수확 장치에 사용할 수 있는 한 종류의 연성소재(soft material)이다. 대부분의 엘라스토머(elastomer)는 소수성(hydrophobicity)으로 인해 물에 대한 용해도 가 매우 낮지만, 물 흡수-팽윤성 엘라스토머는 내부 포함된 수용성 액적으로 인해 본래의 부피 이상의 물을 흡수할 수 있다. 엘라스토머 내부에 분산된 수용성 액적은 주변 수용성 매질보다 삼투압이 높은데, 액적과 주변 유체 사이의 삼투압 차이가 외부의 물이 액적으로 흡수되도록 한다. 외부 수용성 매질 환경의 조건에 따라, 삼투압이 다르기 때문에, 물 흡수 팽윤성 엘 라스토머는 다양한 팽윤 거동을 보일 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이온 강도(ionic strength), 매질에 용해된 염의 종류, 온도 등이 물 흡수-팽윤성 엘라스토머의 팽윤 거동에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대한 체계적인 연구결과를 보여준다. 물 흡수-팽윤성 엘라 스토머를 만들기 위하여, 물과 글리세롤 혼합물 액적을 실리콘 엘라스토머(두께 150 μm)에 전단응력을 이용하여 분산시켰다. 이러한 실리콘 복합체는 외부 수용성 매질의 삼투압과 복합체 내부 수용성 액적의 삼투압의 차이에 따라 팽윤 거동이 결정되 는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서, 이러한 다양한 매질에서의 팽윤 거동에 대한 연구는 삼투압 센서 혹은 반투성막 등을 설계하는 데 필요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다.

본 연구에서는 방사선조사 유발 체적팽창(RIVE)이 원자력 발전소의 콘크리트 생체 차폐벽의 구조 건전성에 미치는 영향을 확인하 고자 하였다. 이를 위해 원자로 압력용기 감시 프로그램의 데이터를 사용하여 콘크리트 생체 차폐벽의 누적 중성자 조사 수준을 추정 하는 방법으로 원자로 압력용기(RPV) 내부 표면에서 차폐벽 외부까지의 누적 조사량의 감쇠를 계산하는 과정을 설명하고 콘크리트 의 방사선 조사 유발 체적팽창에 대한 모델을 제시하였다. 콘크리트 생체 차폐벽의 응력 상태는 온도의 영향을 받을 수 있기 때문에 방사선조사유발 체적팽창 효과와 더불어 운전 중 차폐벽의 온도 상승 효과도 고려하였다. 콘크리트 생체 차폐벽 구조에 대한 방사선 조사 유발 체적팽창과 온도의 영향을 평가한 결과, 차폐벽의 안쪽 표면 부근 영역의 압축 응력이 국부적으로 콘크리트의 압축 강도 한 계를 초과할 수 있으며, 외부 영역의 인장 응력은 균열을 유발할 가능성이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 중성자 누적 조사량이 증가 하면 응력도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 온도도 차폐벽의 응력 상태에 영향을 미치지만, 그 영향은 방사선조사 유발 체적팽창의 효과에 비해 그다지 크지 않았다. 향후 추가 연구를 통해 차폐구조물의 보다 현실적인 기하학적 구조, 중성자 조사량 분포, 그리고 차폐벽 내 부 보강 철근 요소 등을 포함하는 상세 모델을 바탕으로 콘크리트 생체 차폐벽에 설치되는 압력용기 지지 구조물 및 앵커 시스템에 대 한 영향 평가를 수행할 계획이다.

This study was conducted to establish a range of sodium reduction acceptable to consumers through collaboration between food and nutrition experts and franchise restaurants to reduce sodium in franchise restaurants. This study was conducted sequentially in 2018 using focus group interview and in-depth interview with experts, development of low-sodium pizza. Sodium content of low-sodium pizza was then analyzed along with preference evaluation of low-sodium pizza. Results of expert interviews showed that gradual sodium reduction was desirable. Sodium-reduced pizzas were manufactured using sauces and toppings that gradually reduced refined salt and soy sauce. Results of physicochemical analysis showed that sodium contents of pizzas were reduced by 5.3%, 7.9%, and 12.7% in the experimental groups P1, P2, and P3, respectively, compared to the control group (487.43 mg/100g). As a result of evaluating the intensity of pizza taste, saltiness and greasiness were lower in sodium-reduced pizza group, while sweetness and spiciness were higher. The preference and willingness to recommend sodium-reduced pizza were the highest for pizza with a 12.7% reduction. A 7-12% reduction in sodium in currently commercially available pizzas had no effect on taste preference. It is viewed positively by consumers. Thus, such reduction can be applied at a realistic level in franchise restaurants.

This study analyzed the status of agrifood consumer competencies and the factors influencing them to provide useful information to improve the quality of life by strengthening the agrifood consumer competencies. The raw data of the 2022 Consumer Behavior Survey for Food collected by the Korea Rural Economic Research Institute were used. The data from 3,321 responses were used for the final analysis. Among the competencies, the average score of the cognitive and practical competencies were 3.543 and 3.459 points, respectively. In addition, the average scores of the specific areas within cognitive competency were 3.587 points for dietary competency, 3.557 points for civic competency, and 3.489 points for purchasing competency. Within practical competency, the average scores of the specific areas were 3.569 points for dietary competency, 3.422 points for civic competency, and 3.392 points for purchasing competency. Gender, age, monthly household income, marital status, administrative district, interest in health, and interest in food safety issues were the significant factors affecting the specific areas within cognitive competency. On the other hand, gender, age, educational level, monthly household income, marital status, administrative district, interest in food safety issues, and each of the areas within cognitive competency had a significant impact on the specific areas of practical competency.

The winter forage triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivar ‘Onggoljin’ was developed in 2018 by Central Area Crop Breeding Division, the National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, as a winter forage. ‘Onggoljin’ has green leaves with medium length and narrower blade width compared to ‘Joseong’. ‘Onggoljin’ has shorter length spikes, a slightly longer awn than ‘Joseong’, and it’s anther without anthocyanin color. The seeds of ‘Onggoljin’ was shorter in both length and thickness than those of ‘Joseong’, with a yellowish-brown grain coat color. The heading date of ‘Onggoljin’ was at April 23 nationwide on average, two days later than ‘Joseong’. It exhibits stronger winter hardness, and simmilar lodging and desease resistance compared to ‘Joseong’. The plant height of ‘Onggoljin’ was longer than that of ‘Joseong’, and its fresh matter yield and dry matter yield were 46.31 tons/ha and 15.75 tons/ha, respectively, representing 18% and 17% higher than ‘Joseong’. The forage quality characteristics of ‘Onggoljin’ at late milky stage were crude protein content of 6.2%, neutral detergent fiber content of 59.5%, acid detergent fiber content of 34.4%, and total digestible nutrients content of 61.8%, and the silage quality was grade 2. The grain yield of ‘Onggoljin’ was 6.57 tons per ha.