The purpose of the livestock industry is to pursuit economic profits by increasing the economic productivity of livestock. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that is characterized by one variation out of every 1000 polymorphisms, to increase economical benefits in stock breeding has been extensively studied. Particularly, replete number of investigations have been put forward that has associated SNPs of candidate genes with economically important traits such as carcass weight (CW), longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat thickness (BFT) and marbling score (MS) in beef cattle. Bovine genome sequencing and HapMap projects have provided, millions of SNPs in the cattle genome. However, till date studies related to the association of the SNPs with economic traits in beef cattles are meager. Discovering of SNPs bovine whole genome would certainly be useful genetic assets for the development of SNP marker for economically important traits in beef cattle.

The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic interrelationships between economic or meat quality traits (birth weight, weaning weight, average daily gain, market weight, carcass weight, backfat thickness, water, ash, fat, protein, water holding capacity and pH) and 6 SNPs located on six selected candidate genes (MC4R, PGK2, TNNI1, TNNI2, PIK3C3, and CTSK) in Korean native pigs. The genotypes were identified in the 6 SNPs by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) procedure, and association of the genotype on economically important traits was analyzed by general liner model. According to the analyzed results, the MC4R c.1426A>G was correlated with birth weight (p=0.032) and the PGK2 g.122T>G was associated with pH (p=0.026). These findings obtained in the present revealed that the each SNPs of MC4R and PGK2 could be useful as potential genetic markers for birth weight and pH in Korean native pigs, respectively.

The melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R) gene is expressed in the hypothalamus and regulates energy intake and body weight. Recently, it has been reported that obesity and energy balance in human were also regulated by the MC4R gene. Therefore the objective of this study was to identify the polymorphism on the MC4R gene SNP C1786T and its association with economic traits in Korean native cattle (brindle and black cattle) by PCR-RFLP. A total of 125 cattle from the two breeds were tested for economic traits (meat quality index, backfat, thickness, carcass weight, longissimus muscle area and marbling score) and data was analyzed using SAS program. In the results, C allele had highest frequency than G allele frequency in the both breeds and the gene was significantly associated with meat quantity index and backfat thickness in brindle cattle breed. However, in black cattle, the gene was significantly associated with longissimus muscle area (p<0.05). These results suggest that C1786T SNP of the MC4R gene may be useful as a genetic marker for economic traits in the brindle and black cattle.

PURPOSES : Lots of criticism such as over/duplication investment, inconsistency of the policies among local governments and national plans etc. has been aroused due to the policy of supply-driven construction for transportation facilities. Recently, according to the environmental-friendly transportation policy, the investment of railroad has been expanded gradually, however the duplication with existing road facility makes it difficult to construct railroad. Thus it is necessary to evaluate the interrelationship between new project and existing facilities in the planning stage. However the method and the criteria for analyzing the duplication and over-investment of projects are not established in the manual, thus the feasibility of these projects are carried out from the economic point of view. METHODS: First, It reviewed about interrelationship criteria(domestic, overseas) and proposed implications and this study directions. Next, It developed the methods of evaluating independency, competitiveness and complementarity. RESULTS : In this study, the methods of evaluating independency, competitiveness and complementarity etc. are suggested to analyze the interrelationship between transportation facilities. The case study was carried out to examine the applicability of the methods. CONCLUSIONS: The methods raise rationality of decision-making compared to existing one. In the future, these methods are introduced into the manual of pre-feasibility study and feasibility study, more efficient decision-making and investment are expected.

본 연구는 농촌진흥청 국립축산과학원에서 사육중인 제주재래돼지와 랜드레이스의 상호교차교배를 통해 생산된 417두의 F2집단을 대상으로 성장형질(생시체중, 3주령 체중, 10주령 체중, 20주령 체중)을 측정하고, 개체별 혈액으로부터 Illumina Porcine SNP 60k BeadChip을 이용하여 유전자형 분석을 실시하여 성장형질과 유전체 전장의 단일염기다형의 유전자형 간에 연관성을 알아보았다. 단일연기다형의 유전자형 분석은 돼지의 성염색체를 제외한 18개의 상염색체 내에 나타난 52,574개의 SNP표지인자 중다형성이 나타나지 않은 7,564개의 표지인자, 모든 개체에서 이형으로 나타난 47개 표지인자 및 결측률이 10 % 이상인 1,830개의 표지인자가 나타나 분석에 앞서 사전 제거를 실시하였으며, 남은 44,133개의 표지인자를 체중형질과 표지인자간 연관성 분석하는데 이용하였다. 체중에 영향하는 고정효과에 대해 일반선형모형을 설정하여 사전 보정을 실시하였으며, 여기서 얻어진 잔차값을 이용하여 표지인자와 월령별 체중간의 연관성 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 전장의 유전체 정보 중 통계적 판단의 오류를 고려하여 연관성이 강한(p <10-6)표지인자가 생시(BWB), 3주령(BW3), 10주령(BW10) 및 20주령(BW20) 체중에서 각각 657개, 846개, 49개, 122개로 추정되었다. 생시와 3주령 체중에 공통으로 유의적 영향을 하는 표지인자가 286개로 나타났으며, BWB와 BW10에서 5개, BWB와 BW20에서 8개, BW3와 BW10에서 13개, BW3과 BW20에서 11개, BW10과 BW20에서 1개로 나타났다. 또한 염색체별 성장형질에 영향하는 표지인자의 분포를 조사한 결과, 주령별 체중에 영향하는 표지인자는 전장의 유전체에 고르게 분포하는 것으로 조사되었으며, 특히 생시 및 3주령 체중에 영향하는 표지인자는 특정 염색체(SSC9)에서 고도의 통계적 유의차(p <10-15)를 나타내는 유전자 좌위가 있는 것으로 추정되었다.

The bovine fatty acid binding protein 4 and 5 (FABP4 and 5) is a major positional and physiological candidate gene for the bovine marbling and carcass weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between economic traits of Korean cattle (Hanwoo) and genetic variation in fatty acid binding protein 4 and 5 (FABP4 and 5) genes within carcass/meat quality traits and the before/after of fatting in breed Hanwoo. Here, we characterized the nucleotide polymorphism of FABP4 and 5 in 86 cattle. We were detected the variability of three types (GG, AG, and AA) by PCR, and economic traits were analyzed by the mixed regression model implemented in the ASReml program. As the result of statistical and supersonic analysis, FABP4 gene was highly showed significant effect (p<0.006) on marbling score (MS), in contrast FABP5 gene was lowed (p<0.084) on MS before fatting. But, FABP4 gene was highly showed significant effect (p<0.0054) on MS, in contrast FABP5 gene lowest (p<0.0899) on MS in the after of fatting. Compare to supersonic result before fatting in FABP4 gene, it was detected type GG: (p<7.18), AG: (p<8.50), and AA: (p<10.50) (n=50), showed type GG: (p<4.88), AG: (p<2.33), and AA: (p<0.00) after weed out (n=20). Futhermore, it was detected type GG: (p<9.30), AG: (p<7.95), and AA: (p<7.40) (n=50) before fatting in the FABP5 gene. It was shown type GG: (p<2.67), AG: (p<3.50), and AA: (p<5.00) after weed out (n=50). Our results indicate that FABP4 and 5 gene transcription is regulated by the environment of feeding and management, and suggest that feeding and management could be potential key in determining FABP4 and 5 genes transcription for carcass/meat quality traits in breed Hanwoo.

본 연구의 목적은 무용동작 발현과정에서 호흡과 동작의 연관성을 분석하는 것이다. 연구의 대상은 무용전공 20세 이상의 대학생, 대학원생, 안무가 및 무용 지도자 총 184명이 응답하였으 며 총 1,630개의 반응이 도출되었다. 원자료에 대한 귀납적 내용분석의 결과, 무용동작 발현과정 에서 경험된 호흡의 무용동작 외적측면은 동작의 연결성(49.8%), 동작의 범위(31.6%), 동작의 정확성(18.6%)의 3개의 일반영역이 도출되었고, 무용동작 발현과정에서 경험된 호흡의 무용동작 내적측면은 표현력(55.5%), 동작의 질적 변화(36.6%), 메시지 전달(7.9%)의 3개의 일반영역이 도출되었다. 마지막으로 무용동작 발현과정에서 경험된 호흡의 자기 신체적 측면은 무용동작의 수행지속력(51.38%), 집중력상승(41.2%), 신체의 변화(7.5%)의 3개의 일반영역으로 도출되었 다. 이러한 결과는 호흡이 우리 몸속의 에너지를 분출해 내는 원천적인 요소이며, 외형적인 움직임 뿐만 아니라, 무용수의 내재된 감정을 표현해 내는 원리로서 기존에 핵심개념으로 강조되어온 사 실에 경험적 사실을 뒷받침하고 있다. 따라서 무용동작의 완성도를 높이기 위한 효율적인 호흡의 사용법과 호흡훈련법을 위한 연구가 필요하다고 하겠다.

경극의 시작은 오래되었으나 중국 중부지역의 양자강 일대에서 발전하기 시 작하여 각 지방의 특색을 포함하면서 오랜 시간 동안 변화해 왔다. 지금 의 형태로 나타난 경극은 청나라 시기(1736~1796)에 북경에 정착하면서 극의 내 용과 음악의 곡조, 그리고 표현방법 등이 어우러져 춤과 노래가 동시에 진행되는 형태로 변화했다. 이 경극은 극본에 연기와 음악 ‧ 노래 ‧ 소도구 ‧ 분장 ‧ 의상에서 너무나 중국적인 특색을 보이기 때문에 중국전통 문화의 엑기스로 일컬어진다. 경극은 시간과 공간의 제약을 받지 않는다는 특징 때문에 극의 배경과 시대적 상 황 등, 모두가 상징적으로 처리된다. ‘상징’은 중국 극의 중요한 요소라고 할 수 있 다. 그리고 경극은 장식성과 과장적인 면이 있다. 따라서 경극의 이해는 어떻게 보 면 근대연극과 비교해 볼 때 무대의 장치 면에서 조악하게 보일 지도 모른다. 이 런 것들이 문화적 특색이라 평가할 수 있다. 또, 배역으로 등장하는 배역들이 공연 할 때 표현하는 행동 들이나 배우들이 갖추는 분장 등 역시 중국 문화에 대한 관 련성을 보여준다.

집권정당과 관련하여 개인투자자들은 자신이 지지한 정당이 집권을 하였을 경우 경제상황이 좋아질 것이라는 기대감(expectation)을 갖게 된다. 이에 따라 미국의 경우공화당을 지지하는 개인투자자들은 민주당정부가 들어섰을 경우 자국 경제에 대하여 비관적인 태도를 취하게 되고 반대로 민주당을 지지하는 개인투자자들은 공화당정부가 들어섰을 경우 자국 경제에 대하여 비관적인 생각을 갖게 된다. Jones(2009)는 갤럽조사를 인용하여 오바마 민주당정부가 들어선 이후 민주당원의 85%가 향후 1년 안에 경제가 좋아질 것이라고 응답하였음을 지적하고 있다. 반면에 공화당원의 50%와 양쪽 정당을 지지하지 않는 사람들 중의 57% 만이 향후 경제에 대하여 낙관적(optimistic)인 견해를 보였다고 보고 있다.

The objective of this study was to find out candidate genes associated with litter size trait in pigs of inbred Large Yorkshire and Landrace populations. 86 sows were screened for candidate genotypes along with litter size data recordings. Association of litter size with genotypes of candidate genes were investigated to verify the usefulness of each gene's genotypes as markers for the trait. For the lines of Large Yorkshire, PRLR3 and RBP4 genes were genotyped. Frequency distribution of PRLR3 with genotypes AA, AB and BB were each 0.14, 0.44 and 0.42. And the average litter size by PRLR3 genotypes were 8.83, 10.81 and 10.70 piglets per litter, the average estimated breeding values of which were 0.243, 0.332, 0.365, respectively for AA, AB and BB genotypes. Genotypic frequencies of RBP4 by AA, AB and BB genotypes were 0.10, 0.44 and 0.46. The average litter size by genotypes of RBP4 were 10.40, 10.57 and 10.35 piglets per litter and their corresponding average estimated breeding values were 0.451, 0.353 and 0.261, respectively for genotypes AA, AB and BB. Significance in differences among genotypes were not observed, but B allele of RBP4 seems to be associated with litter size. In Landrace lines, frequencies of RBP4 genotypes, AA, AB and BB were 0.29, 0.55 and 0.16. And the average litter size of these genotypes were 10.50, 11.08 and 11.00 piglets per litter. The corresponding averages of estimated breeding values of each genotypes were 0.172, 0.135 and 0.104. In Landrace lines, allele A was more likely to be associated with litter size, even if differences among average litter size were not significant. We conclude that genotyping of two candidate genes is a helpful tool to identify genetic potentials of litter size in pigs.

Micro speakers are used to reproduce sound in small electric and information and communications devices, such as cellular phones, PMPs, and MP3 players. The acoustical properties and sound quality, which are changed due to the decreased size of the speaker, are often adjusted varying the type and thickness of the diaphragm. The most widely used diaphragm material is thin polymer. It was previously reported by the author of this paper that the resonance frequency of a micro speaker is changed by the type and thickness of a polymer diaphragm. In this paper, the frequency response near the resonance frequency of a micro speaker was studied as functions of the type and thickness of the polymer diaphragm. While Rmax and RDC were affected by the type and thickness, an analysis of the electrical impedance curve revealed that Ro(= Rmax/RDC) and δf were not changed. Thus, QTS which was function of Ro, δf, and the resonance frequency, is only related to the resonance frequency. The increase of the resonance frequency led to a proportional rise of QTS. The change of the frequency response near the resonance frequency was not dependent on the type or thickness of the polymer diaphragm, but was affected by the resonance frequency.

Information technology devices, such as cellular phones, MP3s and so on, due to restrictions of space, require thin and small micro-speakers to generate sound. The reduction of the size of micro-speakers has resulted in the decrease of sound quality, due to such factors as frequency range and sound pressure level. In this study, the acoustical properties of oval microspeakers has been studied as a function of pattern shape on the diaphragm. The other conditions of micro-speakers, except for the pattern, was not changed. When the pattern is present on the diaphragm and the shape of pattern was a whirlwind, the resonance frequency was reduced due to the decrease of tensile strength of diaphragm. The patterns presented in the semi-minor axis of diaphragm did not effect a change of resonance frequency. However, increasing the number of patterns in the semimajor axis of diaphragm became a reason for the decrease of resonance frequency on edge side. When the depth of pattern on edge side was increased, the resonance frequency was decreased due to reduction of geometrical stiffness. If the height of edge and dome were increased, the resonance frequency and geometrical stiffness rapidly increased. After reaching the maximum values, they began to decrease with the continuous increase of height.

The relationship of several candidate genes polymorphisms with breeding values of economic traits were investigated in Korean Native Pigs. Record (2001-2006) of 546 Korean native pigs were obtained from National Institute of Animal Science, Korea having data on average daily gain (ADG), age at 70 kg (D70 kg) and backfat thickness (BF). The data's obtained were analyzed by the DF-REML (Derivative-Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood) program of Boldman using a single-trait animal model to analyse the genetic parameters. The analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was conducted on 68 Korean native pigs (KNP) using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Different genotype frequencies of 5 candidate genes such as MC4R, PRKAG3, FABP3, ESR and PRLR3 were observed in KNP. Significant relationship of AA and AB genotype between MC4R polymorphic site and breeding value for average daily gain (ADG, p<0.05) was observed. PRKAG3 polymorphic sites were also found to be significantly related to breeding values for ADG, AA, AB genotype (p<0.05) and also, for Backfat thickness (BF), days to 70 kg and BB genotype (p<0.05). In conclusion, selection method would be more effective if it encompasses significant genotype for performance traits and that would further aid in the selection of seed stock in KNP.

The transcription factor nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) plays an important role in regulating cell growth, apoptosis, and metastatic functions. Constitutive activation of NF-KB has been observed in various cancers; however, molecular mechanisms resulting in such activation remain elusive. Numerous evidences showed that over expression of TGase 2 might be linked with constitutive activation of NF-KB. To understand the pathways responsible for constitutive activation of NF-kB is important for rational design of NF-kB inhibitors for cancer therapy. Human salivary gland adenocarcinoma has been most aggressive solid tumors. Current therapy does not significantly improve survival rates. Thus, to investigate new therapeutic modalities against this adenocarcinoma is necessary. The purpose of this study was to study a constitutive activation of NF-kB with the expression of TG2 in SGT cell line origianted from human salivary gland adenocarcinoma by TGase 2 activity, RT-PCR and immunoslot blotting method. SGT cell line showed the highest TGase 2 activity and NF-kB activation than any other cell line. All the cell lines showed increased NF-kB mRNA activation after A231027 treatment than that of control. In immunoslot blotting, SGT cell line showed NF-kB activation correlated with TGase 2 expression after A231027 and BSA. It suggested that there might be a direct correlation between TGase 2 expression and NF-kB activation in SGT cell line.

본 연구는 부산지역의 먼지 농도와 황사발원지의 기후학적 요소를 주기분석 함으로써 부산지역의 먼지농도 주기에 영향을 주는 기후학적 조건, 특히 황사 발생과의 관련성에 대하여 고찰하였다. 부산지역에서 관측된 먼지 농도 시계열 자료를 이용한 단일스펙트럼분석을 수행한 결과 배출량이나 강수 효과 등에 의해 나타난 일반적인 주기(1년, 7일) 이외에, 상대적으로 3-4년 주기가 우세하게 나타났으며, 먼지 농도와 부산지역의 기상자료 및 황사발원지에서의 풍속과의 교차스펙트럼 분석을 통한 주기 분석을 수행해 본 결과, 3-4년 주기일 때 먼지농도와 풍속, 기압은 양의 상관관계, 기온, 상대습도와는 각각 음의 상관관계가 나타났다. 이는 황사 발생 조건과 잘 부합되는 것으로 나타나, 3-4년의 먼지 농도 주기는 황사의 장거리 수송과 관련이 있는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 황사 발생은 발원지의 지표 상태에 따라 발생빈도가 달라지므로, 여러 기후학적 요소들 중 황사발원지에서의 강수량과의 주기 분석을 수행해 본 결과, 발원지에서의 강수량 그 자체보다는 발원지에서의 가뭄지수(EDI)의 시계열이 우리나라 먼지 농도의 3-4년 주기와 더 연관이 있는 것으로 나타났고 이는 기후학적으로 황사 발원지에서의 지표건조 특성의 변동성과 연관이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

One of the most notable architectural aphorisms in modern period must be undeniably Louis Sullivan's, 'Form Follows Function.' The aphorism has been not only an important source of new aesthetic but also an formal principle of machine age. Other most famous source in order to justify modern aesthetic was the short essay by an cynical critic, Adolf Loos(1870-1933), 'Ornament and Crime' of 1908. Apart from what the essay asserted it is also famous for the influence of Sullivan's architectural notion during Loos' States staying. For Architectural historians of the early 20th century this connection is so useful to create a legacy of modern architecture. The historians seemed to believe that Loos understanded Sullivan's aphorism on which the historians wanted to focused. When we however look into two buildings designed and built in the period of publishing both aphorism and essay there must be a big fissure between the buildings and the historians interpretations. With this view point this study aims at showing the true meanings of Sullivan's aphorism and Loos' essay and also the big difference between the machine age's aesthetic and theirs.

목 적 : 굴절이상도 및 굴절이상과 안광학 상수의 상호연관성을 알아보기 위하여 수행되 었다. 방 법 : 안질환이 없는 건강한 젊은 성인 68명, 68안(우안)을 대상으로 Topcon KR-8800 을 사용하여 등가구면 굴절력, 각막 굴절력, 각막 곡률반경을 측정하였다. 전방 깊이, 수정체 두께, 유리체 깊이, 안축장 길이는 A-Scan Ultrasonography를 사용하여 측정하였으며, AL/CR비는 안축장 길이를 평균 중심 각막 곡률반경으로 나누어 계산하였다. 결 과 : 등가구면 굴절력은 -3.55±2.84D(남자 -3.73±3.21D, 여자 -3.40±2.55D)로 남녀사이의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 전체 68안 중 근시 60안(88.24%), 정시 6안(8.82%), 원 시 2안(2.94%)으로, 등가구면 굴절력은 근시 -4.02±2.69D, 정시 -0.33±0.13D, 원시 +0.88±0.18D로 측정되었다. 원주 굴절력이 0.75D 이상은 35안(51.47%)으로, 직난시 33안 (94.29%), 사난시 2안(5.71%)으로 나타났으며 전난시와 각막난시는 높은 음의 상관관계를 보였다(r = -0.84, p < 0.0001). 굴절이상에 의한 AL/CR비는 정시 2.93±0.02, 근시 3.12± 0.14, 원시 2.87±0.01로 측정되었으며, 등가구면 굴절력과 가장 높은 상관관계를 나 타냈다(r = -0.88, p < 0.0001). 결 론 : 굴절이상은 안축장 길이에 의한 것이 중요한 원인으로 본 연구에서도 안축장 길 이는 등가구면 굴절력과 높은 음의 상관관계를 보였으며, AL/CR비가 등가구면 굴절력과 가 장 높은 음의 상관관계를 보여 선행연구와 일치하였다. 난시분포는 도난시와 사난시에 비해 직난시가 많은 것으로 나타났으며 전난시와 각막난시는 높은 음의 상관관계를 보여 전난시의 중요한 원인이 각막난시에 의한 것임을 알 수 있었다.