The most significant threat to the ecosystem is emerging pollutants, which are becoming worse each year and harming the planet severely and permanently. Many organic and inorganic contaminants are present and persistent due to various world events and population growth. As a result, there is a greater need for new technology and its application to address the problems caused by developing pollutants. Carbon composite nanomaterials have significant potential in the fight against numerous environmental contaminants due to their distinctive attributes. This review discusses the reports of customized carbon composite nanomaterials to meet the need for specific elimination of emerging contaminants. Physical and chemical features such as high surface area, conductivity (thermal and electrical), and vibroelectronic properties, size, shape, porosity, and composite nature are making these tailored materials of carbon-based nanomaterials an emerging and sustainable tool to remove persistent compounds like emerging contaminants in aqueous solution. Different composite materials are well discussed in this review, along with their adsorption efficiency of diverse emerging contaminants, including Bisphenol A, estradiol, metformin, etc. This review provides insight into the recent trends limited to 2017–2023. The limitations of carbon-based nanomaterials, such as regeneration and cost-effectiveness, have also been overcome in recent years by diverse modifications in the production process, which can be further improved to make these materials well suited for an extended group of emerging contaminants.

과거 다른 국가로부터 해외 원조를 받은 경험이 있는 신흥공여국은 자 국 경제가 성장함에 따라 현재는 국제사회 빈곤 감소를 위해 UN SDGs 이행을 주도하고 있다. 특히, 신흥공여국은 인접 국가와의 교류, 협력을 통해 지역 경제 발전과 역내 안정을 도모한다. 또한 자신들의 개발 경험 을 토대로 기술 이전, 지식 전수 등의 사업에 초점을 맞춰 개발도상국의 발전을 촉진한다. 그렇다면 전통공여국과 신흥공여국의 가장 큰 차이는 무엇이며, 개발협력 이행에 있어 어떤 차이를 보이는가? 본 연구는 이러 한 질문을 중심으로 동남아시아 지역의 신흥공여국이라 불리는 인도네시 아와 태국 사례를 집중 조명한다. 이를 위해 국제사회의 남남협력과 삼 각협력이 신흥공여국 개발협력 이행에 어떻게 활용되고 있는지 제도와 정책 수립 사례를 통해 살펴본다. 분석 결과, 두 국가 모두 개발협력 이 행에 있어 제도와 정책 수립을 공고히 하고 있으며, 남남·삼각협력을 적 극적으로 활용하고 있음을 확인하였다. 태국은 인도네시아에 비해 상대 적으로 메콩 유역 중심, 그리고 역내 개발협력 이행에 적극적으로 참여 하고 있다는 차별성도 보인다. 국제사회에서 신흥공여국의 등장은 지속 적인 개발재원 마련, 다자협력과 지역협력 강화, 파트너십 다변화에 영향 을 주며, 이러한 요인들이 복합적으로 작용하고 있기 때문에 전통공여국 과 신흥공여국 상호 간의 네트워크 구축이 강화될 필요가 있다.

본 연구는 신흥시장에서 활동하는 자회사 CEO의 기업가정신 지향성이 자회사 성과에 미치는 영향에 개방형 혁신과 자회사 자율성이 미치는 매개효과를 검증함으로써, 자회사 성과에 CEO의 특성뿐만 아니라 조직의 특성이 자회사 성과에 어떤 영향을 주는지 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 중동과 중국에 진출한 한국기업 자회사를 상대로 설문 조사를 진행한 후, 305개의 유효표본을 PLS-SEM을 통해 검증을 진행하였다. 첫째, 자회사 CEO 기업가정신 지향성은 자회사 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 자회사 자율성은 자회사 CEO 기업가정신 지향성과 자회 사 성과의 관계에 매개효과를 주지 못했다. 셋째, 개방형 혁신은 자회사 CEO 기업가정신 지향성과 자회사 성과의 관계에 매개효과를 주는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 CEO의 기업가정신 지향성이라는 특성이 자회사의 조직적 상황 요인에 의한 매개효과를 입증하여 기존 연구를 확장하였다. 추가로, 본 연구는 자회사 CEO의 기업가정신 지향성의 중요성을 밝힘으로써 본사에서 자회사의 CEO를 선정할 때 고려해야 할 주안점을 제시하였고, 신흥시 장에 진출한 자회사의 성과를 증진할 수 있는 방안으로 개방형 혁신을 제안하였다.

This study quantitatively analyzes the inter-sectoral linkages of emerging security based on the network of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in North Korea's Voluntary National Review Report (VNR) using Social Network Analysis (SNA). As a result of the analysis, North Korea's overall linkage score for each emerging security sector was high in the following order: health security (7.8), environmental security (5.9), food security (5.4), and energy security (4.0). This refers to the degree of interconnectivity with other security sectors. The ranking of security with high connectivity by the emerging security sector is as follows. Food security was in the order of environment > health > energy security, health security was in the order of environment > food security, energy security was in the order of health > environment > food security, and environmental security was highly connected in the order of health > energy > food security. This quantitative analysis indicates the importance of emerging security sectors and the need for mutual linkage in North Korea's SDGs implementation strategy. This will help set priorities for future cooperation in emerging security areas between North and South Korea and seeking organic linkage plans for each security sector.

Emerging technologies are innovative technologies currently under development or in the early stages of introduction. These technologies have the potential to impact a wide range of industries and sectors significantly and may, therefore, be subject to export controls. The list of emerging technologies subject to export controls varies from country to country and constantly changes as new technologies are developed. For example, the U.S., EU, and South Korea have responded to these changes by adding software and technologies related to artificial intelligence and machine learning to their export control lists. Nevertheless, export control of emerging technologies still presents challenges and limitations. The rapid pace of technological advancement makes it difficult for export control regulations to keep up. For export control purposes, international cooperation on information sharing and control methods is necessary for most countries to control similar items. Several new technologies in the nuclear field may be subject to export controls. These technologies include advanced reactors, nuclear fuel cycle technologies, and nuclear waste management technologies. Small modular reactors (SMRs) and fourth-generation reactors are being developed as advanced technologies, and new technologies are being developed to improve the nuclear fuel cycle. There is also active development of technologies for space applications utilizing nuclear reactors, such as the Nuclear Thermal Propulsion System and the Nuclear Electric Propulsion System. As these technologies may include new systems and items not in existing export control, they may pose a proliferation risk or may include software design know-how for advanced materials, it is necessary to consider whether and how they should be subject to export control to prevent nuclear proliferation. Overall, export controls are an essential issue in the emerging technology and nuclear energy sectors. Countries are moving toward strengthening regulations and international cooperation to overcome these challenges and ensure safe technology transfer, and South Korea should actively participate and lead this trend.

In this study, the effect of crown heating on the cultivation environment, budding, flowering and yields of strawberry was analyzed. In December, January, and February, when the outside temperature was low, the average strawberry crown temperature at daytime in the test zone was 1.3°C higher than that in the control zone, and the average strawberry crown temperature at nighttime in the test zone was 2.7°C higher than that in the control zone. The average bed temperature at daytime in test zone was 1.7°C higher than that in the control zone, and the average bed temperature at nighttime in test zone was 2.4°C higher than that in the control zone. As a result of performing correlation analysis and regression analysis on strawberry crown temperature and budding period, the correlation coefficient was -0.86, which tended to be shorter as the crown temperature was higher, and the determination coefficient was 0.74. The total yields of strawberry during test period were 392.6 g/plant for test greenhouse and 346.0 g/plant for control greenhouse respectively. As for the quality of strawberries, the ratio of 2L (very large) grades and L (large) grades was 62.4% in the test greenhouse and 58.5% in the control greenhouse, indicating that the proportion of high quality strawberries was higher in the test greenhouse.

We explore how young, educated consumers in a collectivist emerging market, utilize social media (SM) to increase self-esteem through interaction with retailers and achieve emotional well-being. Primary data were collected in Vietnam through a survey. 192 responses were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The findings show that SM provides an online space for value co-creation, where young consumers feel more closely connected with the service provider and express themselves to retailers. Close interaction via a retailer’s mediation “responsiveness” facilitates consumer learning and provides opportunities for consumers to convert initial knowledge to second stage knowledge through conversion. In the process of mediation and interaction, SM is used to facilitate the learning cycle. Also, retailers apply the value-in-use concept by adapting relevant information to better suit a particular individual’s needs. This imbues a sense of self confidence and results in consumers gaining self-esteem.

To successfully expand their business activities in overseas markets, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) must first acquire a thorough knowledge and understanding of prevailing environmental and market conditions. This study examines the crucial role that a learning orientation can play in the generation of relevant foreign market knowledge. It also investigates the impact of foreign market knowledge on strengthening internationalizing SMEs’ operational adjustment agility and market capitalizing agility, which in turn enhance firms’ international venture performance. Our empirical effort is based on data collected from 209 Nigerian industrial SMEs which internationalize their efforts. To test our research model and hypotheses we collected data by means of a survey conducted among Nigerian small- and medium-sized firms (i.e., employing 250 or less people) which internationalize their efforts and launch their products in B2B markets. The positive role of learning orientation, foreign market knowledge and organizational agility is confirmed by our results on driving international venture performance.

We investigated an emerging magnetic loop dynamically formed on the Sun, which has the effective footpoint heating source that may play a key role in heating a solar atmosphere with free magnetic energy in it. It is suggested that the heating source could be related to local compression of a plasma in the emerging loop by means of Lorentz force, which converts the magnetic energy to the internal energy of the plasma that is used to reaccelerate a decelerated downflow along the loop, eventually generating the source when the kinetic energy of the downflow is thermalized. By analyzing very high-cadense data obtained from a magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we demonstrate how the local compression is activated to trigger the generation of the heating source. This reveals a characteristic of the emerging loop that experiences a dynamic loop-loop interaction, which causes the local compression and makes the plasma gain the internal energy converted from the magnetic energy in the atmosphere. What determines the characteristic that could distinguish an illuminated emerging loop from a nonilluminated one is discussed.

이 연구는 간호대학생의 신종감염병지식과 임상실습스트레스가 스트레스대처방식에 미치는 영 향을 파악하고 이를 통해 자가성장하는 간호사를 육성할 실습교육 및 심리적 지원 전략의 근거를 제공하고 자 한다. 연구 참여자는 서울 및 충북지역에 거주하는 간호대학생으로 2022년 9월 10일부터 10월 10일까 지 총 259부의 자료를 수집하였다. 통계프로그램 SPSS 21.0을 활용하여 피어슨 상관계수를 통해 신종감염 병지식, 임상실습스트레스, 스트레스대처방식 간의 상관관계를 분석하였고 진입(Enter)방식의 다중회귀분 석을 통해 임상실습스트레스가 스트레스대처방식에 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 연구결과, 실습교육환경, 업무부담으로 인한 임상실습스트레스와 적극적 스트레스대처방식 간에 양의 상관관계를 보였고(r=.17 p<.005, r=.15 p=.017), 대인관계 갈등, 환자와 갈등, 업무부담, 바람직하지 않은 역할모델로 인한 스트레 스는 소극적 스트레스대처방식과 양의 상관관계(r=.18 p=.040, r=.28 p<.000, r=.17 p=.006, r=.19 p=.003)를 보였다. 임상실습만족도에서 만족한다(B=.25, p=.003), 실습교육환경 스트레스(B=.17 p=.004), 성별(B=-.19, p=.023)순으로 적극적인 스트레스대처방식 총 변화량의 15%를 설명하였고, 실습업무부담으 로 인한 임상실습스트레스는 소극적인 스트레스대처방식 총 변화량의 7%를 설명하였다. 따라서 이 연구는 임상실습스트레스에 보다 적극적이고 자발적으로 대처할 수 있도록 상담이나 교육프로그램을 제안하는 근 거가 될 것이다.

There is no doubt that the BRICS countries established in 2000-01, have already made their mark on the international stage. Increasing relations among BRICS countries with less developed nations through south-south cooperation, especially, China, India, and Russia and with least developed countries are of significant importance. BRICS has been the forerunner of cooperation, collaboration and reformation of the present international governance structure and to move towards multilateralism. Over the years, BRICS has become a platform of, and for the developing countries. The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has created divisions in the world, impacting diplomatic relations that BRICS needs to address. The fact that Russia is the member of BRICS makes things complicated and new challenges has emerged for the bloc to take necessary actions and policy considerations. The article examines the challenges and opportunities for BRICS (as a bloc) amid Russia-Ukraine conflict in a post pandemic world.

피부를 대상으로 한 살균을 목적으로 하는 외용소독제 의 경우 식품 취급자에 오염된 미생물의 사멸 또는 제거 를 목적으로 활용될 수 있으며, 최근 개인위생에 대한 관 심 증가에 따라 제품 소비 증가와 제품 다양화가 두드러 지게 나타나고 있다. 살균 효능은 소독제의 핵심 품질 평 가 요소로서 수행 절차 및 조건에 따라 상이한 결과가 나 타날 수 있기 때문에 시험법의 효율성과 정확성을 높이기 위한 연구가 필요하다. 이에 본 총설논문에서는 주요 제 형별(겔형, 액제형, 와이프형) 시험법 개발 현황을 파악하 고 시험법별 특장점 분석 결과와 최근 관련 연구를 통하 여 제시된 시사점을 기반으로 향후 효능 평가 체계의 발 전 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 인체 대상 시험법의 경우 시험 유형에 따라 소독제를 시험 대상 피부 표면에 처리 하는 조건이 다양화되어 있어 시험법 간 동등성에 대한 평가를 통해 소독제 제품의 성분이나 특성에 따라 최적의 시험 유형을 파악하고 그에 대응되는 적절한 평가 체계 및 관련 규제의 표준화의 필요성을 시사하였다. 특히 와 이프형 소독제의 경우 처리 방식이 미생물 제거 및 살균 에 직접적으로 영향을 미침에도 불구하고 피부에 노출하 는 손 대상 처리를 위한 사용 패턴의 표준화 사례가 부족 하였다. 한편 [전처리 - 소독제 노출 - 미생물 회수] 등 각 시험 절차별로 결과에 영향을 미치는 주요 결정 요인을 발굴하는 연구의 지속 수행을 통해 기존 시험법을 개선하고 신규 시험법을 개발하고자 하는 노력이 요구된다. 최 근 활발하게 개발되고 있는 ex vivo 시험법은 인체 시험 의 제한적인 연구 재현성과 같은 한계를 극복하면서도 인 간 피부 환경을 구현하기 위한 기술의 적용을 통해 연구 결과의 신뢰도를 확보할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 한편 손 피부를 대상으로 한 균총 연구 등 소독제 처리 전후 미생물의 특성과 분포 분석 관련 연구가 최근 다수 보고 되고 있어 이를 활용한 미생물 군집 단위의 소독제 효능 평가 시험법의 확립이 기대된다. 본 연구를 통해 제시된 소독제 효능 시험법의 현황 기반 발전 전략은 보다 효과 적인 개인위생 관리 확립을 통해 손을 통해 교차 오염되 는 미생물에 의한 감염성 질병 발생을 최소화하여 공중보 건 및 식품 안전성 향상에 기여할 수 있다.

The purpose of this research is to understand Ko Yu-seop’s perception of ‘contemporary emerging architecture’ in the West by investigating into his two early 1930s’ articles: ‘On Emerging Arts, Particularly the Cutting-edge Architecture’ (Jan. 1931) and ‘Russian Architecture’ (Dec. 1932). As a result of the investigation, it is argued that he attempted to systematically describe his contemporary architecture, from the concept of ‘modern’ to representative architectural theories, and his suggested reference list is considered meaningful since it illustrates one aspect of how modern architectural knowledge was transferred to Korea at that time. As his limitation, however, it should be pointed out that a significant part of his writing was a verbatim translation of the Japanese critic Takao Itagaki’s New Art Acquisition (1930). Nevertheless, the two articles give us a valuable understanding related to his socialist tendency, his preferred commune-type city-cum-architecture that reflects the ideology, etc. Hereafter, this understanding needs to be further discussed in both study areas of art history and architectural history in Korea.

60+ Years of nuclear power generation has led to a significant legacy of radioactively contaminated land at a number of nuclear licenced “mega sites” around the world. The safe management and remediation of these sites is key to ensuring there environmental stewardship in the long term. Bioremediation utilizes a variety of microbially mediated processes such as, enzymatically driven metal reduction or biominerialisation, to sequester radioactive contaminants from the subsurface limiting their migration through the geosphere. Additionally, some of these process can provide environmentally stable sinks for radioactive contaminants, through formation of highly insoluble mineral phases such as calcium phosphates and carbonates, which can incorporate a range of radionuclides into their structure. Bioremediation options have been considered and deployed in preference to conventional remediation techniques at a number of nuclear “mega” sites. Here, we review the applications of bioremediation technologies at three key nuclear licenced sites; Rifle and Hanford, USA and Sellafield, UK, in the remediation of radioactively contaminated land.

Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) is the cross-border capital flow with the objective of the long-term association having at least a ten percent stake in the equity of the host country firm. In the case of new investment, the total equity is OFDI. This research aims to analyze OFDI in the context of China. The lasting interest is considered 10% equity, thereby saying that if the cross-border investment is at least 10% of the equity share capital, the investment would be considered FDI; if below 10%, it is considered to be a Portfolio Investment. We have applied a more emic approach and discussed the determinants of multinational companies (MNCs) from China. Using an exploratory and qualitative approach, case studies of Chinese MNCs are discussed. Secondary data is utilized to obtain a closer insight into the determinants of OFDI from Chinese MNCs. At the end of this paper, suggestions for OFDI policymakers and study limitations are discussed. This research makes recommendations to the Chinese government regarding OFDI in connection with their economic development.