This study was conducted to investigate the residue amount of harmful materials on the 113 commercial fruit teas (Gugija, Omija, Sansuyu) in Gwangju area. It was performed using the GC-ECD, GC-NPD, GCMSD and the LC-UVD, LC-FLD, LC-MSD to analyze 200 pesticides. The heavy metals were determined using a Mercury analyzer and AAS. The sulfur dioxides were analyzed by modified Monnier-Williams method. The residual pesticides were detected in 4 samples (Gugija). The mean values of heavy metal contents (mg/kg) were Pb, 0.024; Cd,0.031; As, 0.010; Hg, 0.003. The measured values of Pb, Cd, As, Hg showed within MRLs. The sulfur dioxides were over MRLs in 4 samples (Gugija). These results will be used to establish on the regulation of commercial fruit teas in Gwangju area.

A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a needle, or via fingerprick. They are used to determine physiological and biochemical states, such as disease, mineral contents, drug effectiveness, and organ function. Although the term blood test is used, most routine tests (except for most haematology) are done on plasma or serum, instead of blood cells. Main advantage of using saliva in diagnostics is easy and non invasive sample taking compared to peripheral blood. According to the study published, saliva contains more than 20 percent of the proteins found in blood. The purpose of present study is to compare biochemical enzymes in saliva and in blood serum and to evaluate the usefulness of saliva specimens instead of blood in dental clinic. The saliva from 215 healthy over 50 years of aged people lived in Dong-gu district, Gwangu city was collected and the analysis was performed by six enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). ELISA results were compared with blood chemistry results. The values or patterns on Alanine Aminotransperase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransperase (AST), Cholesterol and Triglyceride in saliva were not correlated with those in blood serum. However, Albumine and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) were followed the positive relationship with blood chemistry. These result showed that detection and identification of Albumine and γ-GTP level could be established by saliva ELISA analysis, so that ELISA assay on saliva could be useful alternative to serum testing.

This Hee Kyeong Ru, a kind of "Nu-Gak” in Gwangju is a high storied old government official building memorizes the recovery of Gwangju area reputation. Hee Kyeong Ru, literally means, delightful and happy occasions. This kind of the buildings were build for the receptions and the banquets for the high government officials in travelling areas to areas. It provided very high formality as compared to the buildings in the mountains. Nu-Gak buildings have a lot in common, since they had been constructed under the influence of the then time period and for the common reasons. Several records about Hee Kyeong Ru can be found in the old literatures, poetries, pictures and atlases. Also, we can see the shape of the building and the location through the mark in the old map. According to the historic materials, Nu-Gak buildingsof other old goveenment offices with Hee Kyeong Ru are similar to that of the size and construction. So we can draw the common points of the existing old official buildings and could assume the original form of Hee Kyeong Ru. In conclusion, we need to restore Hee Kyeng Ru as the historical meaningful building and use it as a representative cultural building in Gwangju.

This study was conducted to improve the kimchi intake for high school students of various kimchi sub-ingredients and foods using kimchi. The students believed that kimchi is good for health. The overall satisfaction, baechu quality and the taste and degree of fermentation of kimchi was high, but there was a low preference for offered kimchi kinds, kimchi subingredient, foods using kimchi. The types of kimchi preferred and often offered in school meals were baechu-kimchi and kkakdugi. The common kimchi sub-ingredients were radish and welsh onion in vegetables, squid and oyster in sea foods, saeu-jeot and myeolchi-jeot in salted fish, and pear and apple in fruits. The preference for kimchi sub-ingredients were high for sesame leaf and yeolmu in vegetables, saeu-sal and squid in sea foods, saeu-jeot and nakji-jeot in salted fish, and pear and apple in fruits. The foods using kimchi preferred and often offered with school meals were kimchi-jjigae, bokkeumkimchi, kimchi soup, kimchi-bokkeum-bap, and kimchi-jeon. The kimchi sub-ingredient for which students had the greatest preference was meats. Among the foods using kimchi with meats, the most preferred were kimchi-pyeonyuk bossam, doejigogi kimchi duruchigi, and kimchi galbi-jjim. Among the foods using kimchi with noodles, the most preferred were kimchi- bibimmyeon, kimchi -naengmyeon, and kimchi-cheese spaghetti. Among the foods using kimchi with vegetables, the most preferred were kimchi-pa-jeon, kimchi- deopbap and kimchi- goguma gui. Of the foods using kimchi with processed foods, the most preferred were kimchi-mandu, kimchi-bacon jumeok-bap and kimchi- cheese omelet. Among the foods using kimchi containing sea food, kimchi-haemul bokkeum-bap, kimchi-hoe-deopbap, and kimchi-saeu-jjim were most preferred. Overall, these results suggest that various kimchi sub-ingredients and foods using kimchi should be improved for kimchi intake of school meals.

This study was conducted to investigate the residue amount of harmful materials on the 153 commercial medical herbs in Gwangju area. It was performed using the GC-ECD, GC-NPD, GC-MSD and the LC-UVD,LC-FLD, LC-MSD to analyze 200 pesticides. The heavy metals were determined using a Mercury analyzer and AAS. The sulfur dioxides were analyzed by modified Monnier-Williams method. The residual pesticides were detected in 7samples, and were over MRLs (Maximum Risk Levels) in 2 samples (1.3%). The mean values of heavy metal contents (mg/kg) were Pb, 0.570; Cd, 0.081; As, 0.082; Hg, 0.0093. The measured values of Pb, As, Hg showed within MRLs. The excess samples of MRLs were 3 samples (changchul 2, cheongung 1) on Cd. The sulfur dioxides were over MRLs in 7 samples (4.6%), hwanggi and gugija. These results will be used to establish on the regulation of commercial medical herbs in Gwangju area.

광주천의 5개 지점에서 2003년 4월부터 2004년 2월 까지 부유 및 부착 조류를 조사한 결과 총 8강 19목 6아목 35과 4아과 79속 274종이 동정되었다. 군집 구조는 규조류가 절대우점하는 가운데, 녹조류와 남조류 등이 포함된 다양한 종조성을 나타냈다. 조사기간 동안 부유조류는 방림교정점과 양동시장정점에서 총 137종이 채집되어 가장 다양한 부유조류 분포를 나타냈고, 유촌교정점에서 118종이 출현하였으며 동산타워정점에서는 50종이, 증심천정점

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between dietary habits and time spent watching TV and using internet, in elementary school children. The data were collected by a questionnaire survey of 712 elementary school children, within Gwangju and Jeonnam area. The SPSS 12.0/win program was used to analyze the 523 samples. Amount of TV-watching time was found to be related to the dietary habit score in the subjects. The children who watch TV “less than 1 hour/day” on weekdays had a better dietary habit score than those who watch TV “more than 1 hour” (p<0.0001). The children who watch TV “less than 2 hours/day” on weekends had a better dietary habit than the children who watch TV “more than 2 hours/day” (p<0.0001). The internet usage was also related to the dietary habit score in these children: those who use internet “less than 1 hour/day” on weekdays had a better dietary habit score than the children who use internet “more than 2 hours/day” (p<0.0001). The children who use internet “less than 2 hours/day” on weekends had a better dietary habit score than the children who use internet “more than 2 hours/day” (p<0.0001). These results indicate that the children tend to have a better diet when their TV and internet time is limited and thus healthy dietary behavior is negatively associated with a sedentary pattern of activity in elementary school children.

Candida albicans and their associated Candida species are opportunistic pathogens which exists as normal flora in the oral cavities of healthy individuals. In response to physiological changes in the host, these yeasts can become pathogenic, resulting in oral candidiasis. The rapid detection and identification of Candida species in clinical laboratories are extremely important for the management of patients with hematogenous candidiasis. The presently available culture and biochemical methods for detection and species identification of Candida are time-consuming and lack the required sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we have established a seminested PCR (snPCR) using universal and species-specific primers for detection of Candida species in saliva. The universal outer primers amplified the 3end of 5.8S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the 5end of 28S rDNA, including the internally transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), generating 350- to 410-bp fragments from the four commonly encountered Candida spp., viz., C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis. The saliva from 331 healthy and, over 50 years of aged people lived in Dong-gu, Gwangu city, was collected. Total DNA were extracted by Hoffman-Winston yeast total DNA prep. method and performed t he s nP CR. R esults appeared to b e negative on 292 people ( 88.2%), however, 2 6 people ( 7.9%) were p ositive Candida albicans, 6 people (1.8%) were positive Candida glabrata, 5 people (1.5%) were positive Candida tropicalis, and only 2 person (0.6%) were positive Candida parapsilosis. These result showed that detection and identification of Candida species could be established by saliva analysis, so that snPCR on saliva is useful method of diagnosis of clinical fields

This survey was conducted to monitor the total sugar, sodium, and artificial sweetener contents of light meals from the school zone in Gwangju, from November, 2008 to April, 2009. A total of 100 samples were tested. HPLC/ELSD was used for the determination of total sugar contents and AAS for sodium contents. Total sugar amounts were the sum of both mono-and disaccharide according to nutritional information standard defined by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. The results were as follows by the form of total sugar content(sodium content): 5.7 ± 1.9%(4.6 ± 1.6 mg/g) for Tteokbokki, 7.6 ± 5.1%(5.4 ± 2.7 mg/g) for Chicken(skewed), 15.4 ± 3.2%(3.0 ± 0.9 mg/g) for Bun(fish-shaped), 0.6 ± 0.3%(3.7 ± 1.0 mg/g) for Sundae, 0.9 ± 0.3%(7.4 ± 1.4 mg/g) for Oden(with broth), 20.5 ± 6.2%(2.9 ± 0.6 mg/g) for Waffle, 6.8 ± 2.2%(4.7 ± 1.0 mg/g) for Hotdog, 14.2 ± 2.8%(3.1 ± 1.6 mg/g) for Hotteok, 6.6 ± 2.1%(3.9 ± 0.6 mg/g) for Toast, 10.1 ± 3.7%(2.3 ± 0.7 mg/g) for Fry(sweet potato), 1.6 ± 0.7% (4.0 ± 0.7 mg/g) for Fry(etc), and 9.3 ± 2.4%(4.0 ± 0.6 mg/g) for Doughnut. In addition, sodium saccharin, one of the artificial sweeteners, was tested. Among 60 samples from February to April, 2009, 11 samples had sodium saccharin(6.7~101.0 mg/kg).

The purpose of this study was to determine conditions of dining behaviors, sleep patterns, rates of obesity and intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks deriving from the lack of sleep in academic high school students. The anthropometric characteristics, height and weight (p<0.05), and the distribution of obesity index (p<0.001) showed significant differences between males and females. Dining scores for both male and female students decreased as the frequency of day time napping increased. Although, there was no significant difference in obesity-related "lack of sleep" between males and females, the rate of "being overweight" was slightly higher in female students who indicated that they experienced a "lack of sleep" than female students that indicated "no lack of sleep". While, whether intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks or not, day time napping frequency affected not to male students. However, the frequency of day time napping among females who ate snacks one or more times a day was higher (p<0.05), and a greater frequency of eating self-purchased snacks correlated with a greater frequency of day napping (p<0.01). Consequently, lack of sleep was identified as one of the factors increasing the frequency of intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks in females. Thus, this study suggests that dining behavior guidance should be given along with systematic and continual nutrition education so that the intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks can be moderated to optimize the physical and mental growth and development of adolescents.

The government separated and established the industrial safety and health law from the Labor Standard law since 1981 to promote the labor's working environment and to improve the conditions of laborers. The government made a lot of effort to discharge the industrial safety and health law by continuous revision of the law thereafter. it is, however, difficult to establish clear-cut lines of authority and responsibility due to the fact that the substantial application of the industrial safety and health law is adapted by enterprise's autonomous management. There are frequent industrial disasters on the small and medium enterprises which have financial difficulty and it means this causes much more social cost. Finally, for the improvement of laborer's safety, health and working environment in the small and medium enterprises we need to raise the effectiveness of the industrial safety and health law through enhancing a government-office's administration and surveillance with the changing mind of a business proprietor. On this paper, we research on the actual condition of the administration, inspection and regulation of safety and health by means of the industrial safety and health law. Thereafter we analyze how much the Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency and vicarious businesses of safety & health management help. we used the survey method to gather data from 380 laborers directly and analysed the data by SPSS v17.0.

This survey was conducted to monitor the adulteration of sesame oil circulated in Gwangju, 2007. A total of 60 samples was tested by analysis of fatty acid composition. Of these samples, 22 were from large-scale manufacturer, 25 were from small-scale manufacturer and 13 from Bangagan. First of all, in goods manufactured by large-scale company, there are no sesame oils where linolenic acid (C18:3) exceed regulatory guidance (0.5%). 5 samples from small-scale manufacturer contained linolenic acid from 0.90% to 8.38%, which means that they have other cooking oil, such as corn oil, soybean oil and rape seed oil. Among Bangagan goods, only one sample have 1.20% of linolenic acid. On the other hand erucic acid (C22:1) was not detected in 60 samples at all, which means that they were not adulterated with rape seed oil. And among 6 samples of exceeding 0.5% of linolenic acid and 12 samples from Bangagan, 13 of them had benzo(a)pyrene from 0.2 μg/kg to 0.7 μg/kg and the other 5 samples did not.

This study examined the cultural dietary habits as well as attitudes toward food, within other life pattern elements, of students living in Gwangju City and Chonnam Province, Korea. Questionnaires from 1,000 student respondents were analyzed. The survey consisted of questions regarding physical condition and health status, dietary consciousness, food preference, knowledge of food and nutrition, and dietary culture. The results showed that 1.6% of the students considered their own physical condition to be extremely poor, and 2.7% and 2.1% also considered their father's and mother's physical conditions as extremely poor, respectively. Among the respondents, 18.3% were smokers and consumed an average of 14.8 cigarettes per day. With regard to their dietary habits, the students answered that they preferred to eat meals with friends rather than with family members, fruit was chosen for eating over health food supplements, and there was very little participation or interest in various food and cultural festivals. The female students had a tendency to alleviate mental stresses by eating, while the male students performed more physical activity to deal with stress. The female students also preferred cereal, fruit, fast food, and sweetened foods more than the male students. Between the smokers and non-smokers, significantly more non-smokers chose fruit (p<0.01), ethnic foods (p<0.05), and sweetened foods (p<0.05) as compared to the smokers. Body mass index (BMI) had significant positive correlations with soft drink (p<0.01), health food supplement (p<0.01), and alcoholic beverage (p<0.001) consumption, while BMI was negatively correlated with cereal (p<0.01), fruit (p<0.001), and sweetened food (p<0.01) intake. The health status of students was positively correlated with their father's health status (p<0.01), mother's health status (p<0.001), and BMI (p<0.05), as well as cereal (p<0.001), high protein side dish (p<0.01), fruit (p<0.01), vegetable (p<0.01), and traditional food (p<0.001) intake. The average body weight for female students was approximately 5 kg less than the Korean Nutrition Society's standardized weight, therefore, it is strongly recommended that measures be taken to develop a systematic nutrition education program that would help those students who often unintentionally skip breakfast or go on extreme diets to improve body image.

광주광역시 향등지역에서 화강암의 풍화에 따른 토양단면의 지화학적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 11개의 시료를 화학분석 하였다. 모암에서부터 풍화암까지 주성분원소 중 Si, Ca, Na, Mg, P, Mn은 감소하고 Ti, Fe, K는 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 미량성분원소의 경우 Rb, Sr, Pb, Ba은 증가하는 경향을 보이며, As, Co늘 감소하는 경향을 보인다. 또한 Zn, Cr, Ni등은 부분적으로 집적된 경향을 보이나 전체적으로는 모암과 풍화토에서 거의 비슷한 함량을 갖는다. 희토류원소는 전체적으로 상부로 갈수록 증가하는데 경희토류원소(LREE)는 풍화초기에 기반암에서 용탈되어 풍화암(saprock)에서 집적되지만, 중희토류원소(HREE)의 경우는 상대적으로 집적되지 못하여 풍화초기에 약간 감소하는 경향을 나타낸다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the satisfaction on the Gwangju Kimchi Festival. The results of this study were as follows: In terms of satisfaction on 'pre event publicity of the Festival', the satisfaction of '03 was high. It was founded that Publicity through TV was successful. The visitors' satisfaction on understanding regional cultures was low. It was consecutively low for three years. There should be strategic development plans to increase satisfaction about understanding regional cultures. It was found that TV was the major pre event information resource for the residents. Also word of mouth was the most important pre event information resource for domestic tourists. The satisfaction on access to festival was increased consecutively. Providing free shuttle buses to the festival place and placing festival placard influenced positively. There should be expansion of service facilities. There should be more strengthening of festival information services and guiding facilities. More professional interpretation systems and interpretation education are necessary. Visitors satisfied about festival products and quality of the products. Visitors satisfied with festival events programs and hands on experience based programs including making diverse Kimchi.

2003년 3월부터 10월까지 영산강 수계 중 광주시 권역에서 선택한 총 14개 조사지역에서 수질의 이화학적 환경과 수생식물의 분포를 분석하였다. 전체 수생식물은 35과 68속 85종 9변종으로 총 94분류군이 확인되었다. 수계별로 수질의 이화학적 환경에 따라 오염지역과 비 오염지역을 구분하고 수생식물 분포양상을 확인하였다. 그 결과 가장 오염이 심한 것으로 여겨지는 광주천의 하류인 유덕동 일대에서 오염된 곳에 주로 분포하는 흰 꽃여뀌와 소리쟁이 등이