벼재배 논에서 온실가스 측정을 위해 사용되는 closed 챔버법은 시·공간적으로 변동 폭이 큰 메탄 플럭스를 측정하는 데는 한계가 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하고자 메탄플럭스 측정에 있어 에디공분산을 기반으로 하는 open-path 방법과 closed 챔버법을 비교분석하였다. 벼 재배 기간 중 메탄 플럭스 변동은 두 방법 모두 비슷한 경향을 보였고 closed 챔버를 이용한 메탄 측정 시간대의 값은 open-path 측정에 의한 값과 고도로 유의한 상관을 보였다. 다만 총배출량에 있어서 두 측정 방법 간에 나타난 약 31%의 차이가 발생했는데 이는 closed 챔버법에 따른 과다측정과 open-path에 의한 과소측정으로 생각해 볼 수 있다. 정확한 원인 분석을 위해서 향후에도 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

형질전환 벼와 일반 벼의 환경위해성 평가 기초자료를 위해 경상남도 사천시에서 2013~2017년, 경상북도 군위군에서 2015~2016년 7월 말부터 10월 초까지 벼에 발생하는 곤충상을 조사하고 군집특성을 분석하여 비교하였다. 사천시에서 형질전환 벼는 경상대학교 LMO (Living genetically Modified Organism) 격리포장 내에서 재배되었고, 일반 벼는 경상남도 사천시 사천읍 두량리에서 재배되었다. 군위군에서 형질전환 벼는 경북대학교 LMO 격리포장 내에서 재배되었고, 일반 벼는 경상북도 군위군 효령면 화계리에서 재배되었다. 채집방법으로 육안 조사, 포충망 조사, 유아등 트랩, 끈끈이 트랩을 이용하였다. 5년 동안 사천시에서 총 15목 123과 464종 37,941개체가 채집되었고, 2년 동안 군위군에서 총 13목 111과 366종 10,030개체가 채집되었다. 다년간 LMO포장과 일반포장을 비교해본 결과 매년 상위 주요 목은 우점 순서를 제외하면 거의 같은 목이 나타나는 것을 보아 아직까지는 LMO포장과 일반포장의 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다고 사료된다. 그리고 LMO포장과 일반포장 사이의 유사도 지수와 일반포장 사이의 유사도 지수가 차이가 없는 것으로 보아 LMO로 인한 차이가 아닌 환경에 의한 차이로 사료된다.

기존에 주로 논 수서생물의 채집을 위해 사용된 방형구법과 뜰채법은 높은 노동력을 요구했기 때문에 광범위한 지역을 대상으로 한 모니터링이 어려웠다. 이 연구는 논 수서 생물을 보다 신속하게 채집할 수 있는 수중트랩을 사용하여 지역 및 시기별 논 수서생물의 군집 조성을 확인하였다. 수 중트랩은 논을 대표하는 수서생물 중 환경 변화를 지표하거나 수조류의 먹이가 되는 이동성이 높은 종이 포함된 분류 군을 채집하는 데 유용했다. 사과우렁이과 (Ampullariidae), 미꾸라지과 (Cobitidae), 물벌레과 (Corixidae), 물방개과 (Dytiscidae), 물땡땡이과 (Hydrophilidae), 물달팽이과 (Lymnaeidae) 등 15개 분류군은 논 수서생물 군집 조성을 결정했다. 주요 분류군 중 환경 교란에 강한 깔다구과 만이 논 수서생물 군집의 시기 변화를 대표했다. 인위적인 영향에 민감한 사과우렁이과, 물땡땡이과 그리고 물방개과는 지역 별로 분포가 상이했다.

The need for an efficient sampling technique to collect aquatic organisms has risen with the increase of interest in rice paddy fields, which have been recognized as important ecosystems supporting biodiversity. In the present study, a submerged funnel trap used with the assistance of attracting agents (fish meal and chemical light) was designed as an easy, objective and quantitative tool for collecting aquatic organisms in the rice paddy fields. The preference for collecting aquatic organisms as a means for attracting agents was analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model. Also, based on the data of previous research, we compared the community composition of the aquatic macroinvertebrates, which were collected using the quadrat method, and newly designed submerged funnel traps, by analyzing non-metric multidimensional scaling. The results showed that the catching efficiency of 18 of the total 65 taxa was affected by the attracting agents. 12 taxa including Pomacea canaliculata, Hippeutis cantori, Austropeplea ollula, Erpobdella lineata, Ostracoda spp. Branchinella kugenumaensis, Hydaticus grammicus, Rhantus pulverosus, Chironomidae spp., Rana nigromaculata, Cobitidae spp. etc., favored fish meal and 6 taxa including Ischnura asiatica, Coenagrionidae spp. Sternolophus rufipes etc., were attracted by chemical light. The submerged funnel trap used as a measurement tool for biodiversity was less applicable than the quadrat method; however, it was more effective for the selective collection of specific taxa. We expect that this newly designed trap can be a simple and quantitative method for collecting aquatic organisms, and could be used for long term and extensive surveys in rice paddy fields in the future.

The length frequency and weight-length relationships within the loach population of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were investigated in environment-friendly (EFP) and conventional paddy fields (CP) in South Korea, in order to identify the influences of farming practices to the loach population living in paddy ecosystem. The size-frequency of distribution of M. anguillicaudatus populations noted to differ significantly when the loach populations of the EFP and the CP were compared. The mean weight and length of the loach population in EFP was greater than those of the loaches in CP. The equations based on weight and total length relationship in EFP and CP were W=0.000004L3.0747 and W=0.000002L3.2106, respectively. The condition factor (K) against total length of loaches at two paddy field types with different farming practices indicates that the loach population in EFP (mean K=0.95) had access to better nutritional conditions than those in CP (mean K=0.67). It therefore appears that the size and structure of loach populations in rice paddy fields might be affected by farming practices.

식물체 내에서 HPPD(4-hydroxy phenylpyruvate dioxyge-nase)를 저해하여 카로티노이드 생합성을 억제하는 제초제benzobicyclon 및mesotrione+pretilachlor의 처리 약량에 따른통일형 벼의 약해 발생 정도와 약해발생에 따른 수량영향을조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Benzobicyclon과 mesotrione+pretilachlor(MP) 처리 후6~12일에 통일형 벼인 한아름벼, 한아름2호, 다산벼는 모두잎의 백화약해 증상이 나타났고, 기준량 처리시 약해는 각각34~64%, 63~75%이었으며, 배량 처리에서는 약해발생이 더심해 각각 76~83%, 83~89% 이었다. 또한 벼식물체는 기준량 처리시 고사되지 않았으나 배량 처리시 식물체 고사율은benzobicyclon은 6.5~11.5%로 MP 2.1~3.3% 보다 고사율이 높았다.2. 출수기는 benzobicyclon 및 mesotrione+pretilachlor처리에 따른 약해로 대조인 butachlor 처리보다 1~2일 지연되었다.3. Benzobicyclon과 mesotrione+pretilachlor 처리시 통일형 벼 생육은 butachlor 처리에 비해 한아름벼, 한아름2호 및 다산벼 모두 기준량 처리시 m2 당 수수가 14~67개가 적고 등숙비율이 2.7~8.6% 낮아져으며 현미천립중이 0.0~1.2g 가벼웠다.4. Benzobicyclon과 mesotrione+pretilachlor 처리시 쌀 수량은 대조인 butachlor처리의 644~725kg/10a에 비해 한아름벼는 5~9%, 한아름2호와 다산벼는 5~8% 감소되었고, 2배량 처리시 수량감소는 더욱 증가하여 한아름벼는 16~28%,한아름2호는 20~24%, 다산벼는 14~23% 감소하였다.

경주 방사성 폐기물 처분장 주변 논에 대한 방사성 요오드 및 테크네튬의 토양-쌀알 전이계수를 조사하 기 위하여 온실 내에서 포트재배로 방사성 추적자 실험을 2 년에 걸쳐 수행하였다. 모내기 전에 상부 약 20 cm 깊이의 흙을 125I(2007 년) 및 99Tc(2008 년)와 고르게 혼합한 다음 포트에 관개하여 물이 찬 논같 이 만들었다. 전이계수는 토양 중 방사성 핵종 농도에 대한 쌀알(현미) 내 농도의 비로 나타내었다. 쌀알 의 방사성 요오드 및 테크네튬 전이계수는 토양에 따라 각각 1.1×10-3∼6.4×10-3(세 토양) 및 5.4×10-4∼2.5×10-3(네 토양)의 범위였다. 이러한 변이에 대해서는 토양 간 점토 함량의 차이가 유기물 함량이나 pH의 차이보다 중요한 역할을 한 것으로 보였다. 쌀알의 방사성 요오드 및 테크네튬 전이계수의 대표치 로서 각각 2.9×10-3 및 1.1×10-3이 제안되었다. 앞으로 보다 대표성이 높은 값을 얻기 위하여 관심 부지 들을 대상으로 조사가 지속적으로 수행될 필요가 있다.

This study was carried out to survey the occurrence of stink bugs and pecky rice grain caused by the stink bugs in paddy fields in six districts of Gyeonggi-do. In the levee of the paddy fields, 30 species of the stink bugs were collected, and the dominant species were Paromius exiguus in Hwaseong and Siheung, and Stenotus rubrovittatus in Pyeongtaek, Icheon and Paju. In the paddy fields, 23 species were collected, and the dominant species were Paromius exiguus in Siheung, and Stenotus rubrovittatus in Pyeongtaek, Icheon and Paju. P. exiguus overwintered and proliferated mainly in the west coastal region, where its host plants, Imperata cylindrica and Calamagrostis epigeois, were abundant, and then moved to paddy fields later in the season, resulting in the peak density in September in paddy area. Stenotus rubrovittatus and Cletus punctiger were abundant in paddy area in August and September, and Eysarcoris aeneus was abundant in June and July. When the stink bugs were inoculated on the rice, the rate of pecky rice caused by E. aeneus and P. exiguus at milk ripe stage was 10.2% and 4.8%, respectively, and the rate by S. rubrovittatus and P. exiguus at dough ripe stage was 4.3% and 2.7%, respectively. The damage shape of pecky rice was distinctive according to the species. The surface of pecky rice by P. exiguus was very smooth but the surface of pecky rice by E. aeneus was rough and caved. In the pecky rice by S. rubrovittatus, the spot occurred at the topside of the grain.

To identify rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars suitable for Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)–rice double cropping systems, we investigated the yield and grain quality of four different midseason maturing rice cultivars (‘Daebo’, ‘Haepum’, ‘Haiami’, and ‘Samdeog’) and four midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars (‘Hyunpoom’, ‘Saeilmi’, ‘Saenuri’, and ‘Samkwang’) in single rice cropping and Italian ryegrass–rice double cropping systems in paddy fields of Miryang, South Korea. We found that organic matter and available P2O5 content slightly decreased, whereas Na content increased, in the soil where Italian ryegrass was cultivated during winter compared to that in the soil that remained fallow during winter. The pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and contents of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ decreased, whereas the available P2O5 content slightly increased, in the soil where rice was harvested in both single and double cropping systems. However, compared to the optimum soil conditions for rice cultivation, available P2O5 and K+ content were high and Mg2+ content was low in both single and double cropping systems. At the heading stage, the culm length and leaf color slightly increased in most of the rice cultivars, whereas the panicle length and number slightly decreased, in the double cropped system. After harvesting, spikelet number and milled rice yield did not show a significant difference between single and double cropping systems. However, the ripened grain rate and weight per thousand grains increased slightly in the ‘Saeilmi’ and ‘Samkwang’ cultivars but remained either stable or slightly low in other cultivars in the double cropping system. The milled rice yield was high (> 500 kg/10a) in ‘Daebo’ and ‘Haepum’ among midseason maturing rice cultivars, and in ‘Saeilmi’ and ‘Saenuri’ among midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars, in both single and double cropping systems. The head rice rate was high in midseason maturing rice cultivars in the double cropping systems, reaching > 70% in ‘Haepum’ and ‘Haiami’ cultivars, whereas it decreased in most midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars (excluding ‘Samkwang’ cultivar), in double cropping systems. Particularly, it exceeded > 70% in the ‘Saenuri’ cultivar in both single and double cropping systems. The protein content in milled rice increased, whereas the amylose content either remained stable or slightly increased, in double cropping systems. The Toyo taste value decreased in all midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars and slightly increased in the ‘Daebo’ and ‘Haiami’ cultivars among midseason maturing rice cultivars in double cropping systems. However, Toyo taste values in the ‘Haepum’, ‘Haiami’, and ‘Saenuri’ cultivars exceeding > 80% in both single and double cropping systems. Therefore, we recommend ‘Haepum’, ‘Haiami’, and ‘Saenuri’ cultivars as candidates for Italian ryegrass–rice double cropping systems due to high yield, head rice rate, and Toyo taste value.

It is known that the effect of traditional agricultural techniques of burning farmland such as paddy fields and fields gradually declines and affects both the fauna and flora of the rice paddy as well as pests. Therefore, in this study, a study was conducted to investigate the effects of burning rice paddy fields and rice paddy fields levee on the control effect of winter pests inhabiting agricultural land and the amount of pests generated and damaged during the growing season. As a result of this study, the pest control effect of incineration reduces not only the density of pests, but also beneficial insects (natural enemies) and non-reptiles. It is judged that burning has a very low insect control effect. It is expected to be used as basic data to create a sustainable agricultural environment, such as minimizing various negative effects such as pest control effects, wildfires, and air pollution caused by incineration, and suppressing unnecessary incineration and fine dust generation.

Paddy-upland rotation system is one of the important cropping system for improving soil quality and crop productivity. we conducted to investigate the effect of paddy-upland rotation system on soil properties and crop productivity in reclaimed tidal land. The paddy-upland rotation could be effective to conserve soil water contents and prevent from salt damage when cultivating upland crops. The first two years of maize cultivation after rice cultivation could be effective to secure stable production. However, in case of soybean crop, the rotation effect might be lower than that of maize. In the first year, the yield of soybean was 214 kg/10a. In the second and third year, the yields of soybean decreased consecutively to 152, 123 kg/10a respectively. In this paper, it would be suggested that maize be cultivated for up to two years and soybean be cultivated for one year after rice crop grown in reclaimed tidal land. This study could be provide basic data of the physico-chemical properties applicable to paddy-upland rotation system at reclaimed tidal lands.

After carrying out on-the-spot observation targeting each farmhouse of large-scale environment-friendly agricultural district (LEAD), Suncheon, Sancheong, Jangheung, Yeongam, Hamyang, Okcheon, and Jeongseon in 2015, only one LEAD, a farmhouse in Jangheung had used sustainable compost coming out under their own non-antibiotic livestock. The soil pH and EC at a depth of 0-20 cm in the seven LEADs were ranged between 5.3-6.6 and 0.4-1.2 dS m-1, respectively, with 0.03- 0.27% for T-N concentration, 22-322 mg kg-1 for P, and 0.05-0.29 mg kg-1, which were, in particular, low a farmhouse in Jeongseon. When intensively surveying on each farmhouse of Suncheon, Jangheung, and Okcheon for a growing period, seasonal soil pH was maintained above 6.0 and high in a farmhouse in Okcheon, with similar soil EC observed among the three LEADs. Seasonal soil T-N was 0.1% higher on the farmhouse in Suncheon than other two LEADs, with higher seasonal soil P observed on the farmhouse in Okcheon and higher soil K in the Jangheung. T-N concentration in rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops was the highest in Jangheung, and concentrations of T-N, P, and K decreased in a season. Plant height and number of tillers per hill were the highest on the farmhouse in Okcheon, where was similar or low plant diameter and SPAD levels compared to other two LEADs. Dry weight (DW) before harvest was ranged between 52-63 g, and DW, rough rice yield (kg), brown rice/rough rice (%), brown rice yield (kg), head rice (%), and broken rice (%) were not significantly different among the three LEADs. Total annual gross production ha-1 was the highest on the farmhouse in Okcheon (16,230,000 won) planting with high class of variety, ‘Milky queen’ atearly maturation, which was expected to be increased on an agricultural income. However, high amount of fertilizer was applied for growing the following crops on the farmhouse in Okcheon, affecting the highest balance of T-N, P, and K more than 200 kg ha-1.

우리나라 서남부평야지의 숙답과 간척답간 미질의 변이정도를 비교하기 위하여 각 지역별 표준 재배법에 따라 재배한 동률벼의 생육 및 수량특성과 미질특성을 비교 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 간장은 간척지에서는 지역간 변이폭이 1~2cm였으나 숙답에서는 4~5cm로 컸으며, m2 당 수수는 숙답에 비하여 간척답에서 많았으나, m2 당 수수, 등숙비율 및 천입중은 간척답에 비하여숙답에서 많거나 높은 편이었다. 2. 쌀수량은 숙답평균(511kg/10a)에 비하여 간척답이 12%정도 감수경향이었고, 숙답에서는 대전(511kg/10a)이, 간척답에서는 영암(530kg/10a)이 가장 높은 수량성을 보였다. 3. 현미 완전입율은 숙답의 쌀이 놓았고 미숙입과 피해입은 간척지 쌀이 많아, 외관상 미질은 숙답의 쌀이 우수한 경향이었다. 4. 전분함량과 알칼리 붕괴도는 숙답미에 미하여 간척답미가 높았고, 단백질과 지방 및 아밀로스 함량은 간척미가 낮았다. 5. 간척답미가 숙답미에 비하여 Ca, Mg,Na 및 K등 무기성분 함량이 높았고 Mg/K 및 Na/K 비율이 높은 경향이었다. 6. 호화개시온도는 지역간 및 숙답과 간척답간에 큰 차이는 없었으나 최고점도, 최저점도 및 강하정도는 대체로 간척답미가 높은 경향이었으며, 외관상 쌀품질은 숙답미에 비하여 간척답쌀이 떨어지는 편이었으나 식미는 약간 우수한 경향이었다.

다년생 잡초의 지하번식기관의 토양중 분포조사와 추경심도 및 AVIROSAN에 의한 다년생 잡초 가래 방제에 미치는 영향에 대하여 얻어진 예비결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 너도방동산이와 올미의 괴경은 주로 0∼5cm의 깊이에 얕게 분포하여 있으나 가래의 인경과 올방개의 괴경은 각각 87%, 65%가 주로 10cm 이상의 깊이에 분포하였다. 2. 추경 20cm는 무경운, 무제초에 비하여 약 63%나 가래의 발생을 적게 하였다. 3. AVIROSAN 10a당 3kg 처리는 가래 방제에 특효하였으며 수량도 손제초 2회에 비하여 4% 증수되었다. 4. 보리짚 10a 당 250kg 처리도 가래의 발생억제는 물론 손제초 2회보다 1% 증수한 결과를 보였다.