In this study, we tried to find out the most appropriate pre-processing method and to verify the feasibility of developing a low-price sensing system for predicting the hardy kiwis sugar content based on VNIRS and subsequent spectral analysis. A total of 495 hardy kiwi samples were collected from three farms in Muju, Jeollabukdo, South Korea. The samples were scanned with a spectrophotometer in the range of 730-2300 nm with 1 nm spectral sampling interval. The measured data were arbitrarily separated into calibration and validation data for sugar content prediction. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was performed using various combinations of pre-processing methods. When the latent variable (LV) was 8 with the pre-processing combination of standard normal variate (SNV) and orthogonal signal correction (OSC), the highest R2 values of calibration and validation were 0.78 and 0.84, respectively. The possibility of predicting the sugar content of hardy kiwi was also examined at spectral sampling intervals of 6 and 10 nm in the narrower spectral range from 730 nm to 1200 nm for a low-price optical sensing system. The prediction performance had promising results with R2 values of 0.84 and 0.80 for 6 and 10 nm, respectively. Future studies will aim to develop a low-price optical sensing system with a combination of optical components such as photodiodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and/or lamps, and to locate a more reliable prediction model by including meteorological data, soil data, and different varieties of hardy kiwi plants.

The rate of salt and sugar into pickled cabbages was determined, and physicochemical characteristics, such as sensory, texture, and pH, of vinegar pickled cabbages during storage were examined at different storage temperatures and vinegar concentrations. The rate of salt and sugar penetration was faster in smaller size and on leaves rather than the stem of cabbage. Also, higher salt and sugar concentration and higher storage temperatures led to increase in salt and sugar permeation rate. As a result of sensory test, lower storage temperature is the most suitable, and 6% vinegar concentration was the mostly appropriate. Hardness and cohesiveness were decreased significantly at the initial 1st week storage time, but storage temperature did not show any significant effect. Addition of vinegar contents enhanced the hardness, but decreased cohesiveness. The pH was lowered with increasing vinegar content, indicated most significant factor on pickled cabbage. In general, salt and sugar contents rather than storage temperature have greater influence on permeation rate, and especially, addition of vinegar affects the texture of pickled cabbage.

This study was conducted to optimize the level of sugar added (20 (control), 15, 10, 5%) during the preparation of soy sauce-salted mushrooms (Pleurotus eryngii) jangachi without affecting the degree of preference. The salinity and sugar content during storage of soy sauce-salted mushrooms (Pleurotus eryngii) jangachi decreased significantly as the level of sugar added decreased. The moisture content was found to increase as the level of sugar added decreased. Additionally, the pH increased, while hardness decreased as the level of sugar added decreased during 3 weeks of storage. The L value (lightness) was not different from that of the control group until the addition of 10% sugar, while the a value (redness) and b value (yellowness) increased. The antioxidant activity of vitamin C content and DPPH radical scavenging activity increased as sugar content decreased. Upon sensory evaluation of mushrooms (Pleurotus eryngii) jangachi, the highest value in appearance was observed for the 5 and 15% treatments, while 5% had the highest flavor value, 15 and 10% had the highest taste values, 10 and 15% had the highest texture values, the control and 5% had the greatest clarification values, and the 15 and 10% groups had the greatest overall acceptance. These results suggest that a sugar level of 15% can be used without significantly affecting the overall acceptance.

본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 제6기 자료를 이용하여 한국인의 가공식품 유래 당류 섭취율이 높은 사람의 특성을 분석하고, 당류 섭취율에 영향을 주는 요인에 대해 분석하였다. 이를 위해 군집분석과 일원배치분산분석(ANOVA)을 사용하여 통계적인 차이 유무를 분석하였다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 군집분석을 활용하여 분석대상자의 당류 섭취율을 5개 집단으로 나누었다. 가장 낮은 섭취율군은 전체 섭취 열량 중 약 3.89%를 가공식품에서 유래하는 당류로부터 섭취하고 있다. 이에 비해 가장 높은 군은 하루 평균 약 34.23%를 나타내었다. 둘째, 인구사회학적 특성 중 당류 섭취율이 높은 집단은 통계적으로 남성보다 여성이, 나이가 적을수록, 교육수준이 낮을수록, 가구원수가 많을수록, 키가 작을수록, 체중이 작게나갈수록, 허리둘레가 작을수록, BMI가 작을수록 당류 섭취율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 행동특성에서는 음주빈도가 낮을수록, 스트레스 인지가 많을수록, 고혈압, 당뇨병, 고지혈증 진단을 받지 않을수록, 아침 및 저녁 식사 빈도가 작을수록, 영양교육을 받지 않을수록, 영양표시 이용을 하지 않을수록 당류 섭취율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 한국인의 가공식품 유래 당류 섭취율에는 성별, 나이, 교육수준 등 인구사회적 특성과 음주, 스트레스, 아침 및 저녁 식사 빈도, 영양 교육 등 행동특성이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 식품위생법 제70조의 7에는 식품의 나트륨, 당류, 트랜스지방 등의 영양성분을 건강위해가능 영양성분이라고 정의하고 있으며, 이들의 과잉섭취로 인한 국민보건상 위해를 예방하기 위해 노력해야 한다고 하고 있다. 이를 위해 식품의약품안전처는 적정섭취 실천방법 교육 및 홍보, 모니터링 및 정보제공, 이들을 줄인 급식과 외식, 가공식품 생산 및 구매 활성화 등의 사업을 운영 또는 계획 중에 있다. 국민보건 상 위해를 예방하기 위해서는 본 연구에서 도출된 가공식품에서 유래한 당류 섭취율이 높은 사람의 특성을 반영한 차별화된 소비자 교육 및 홍보가 우선되어야 한다. 이를 통해 당류 섭취율이 줄일 수 있으며, 나아가 국민 건강 증진에 기여할 수 있다고 판단된다.

본 연구 결과, 숙성처리는 지황의 비소화성 당류의 분해로 환원당이 증가하고, 쓴 맛의 원인인 카탈폴을 감소시킴으로서 지황의 소화성과 단맛의 증가에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 비소화성 당류로부터의 환원당 증가와 카탈폴 감소를 위한 최적 온도는 각각 50℃와 30~40℃이었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제안하는 숙성처리가 낮은 소화성과 쓴맛으로 인해 활용성이 낮은 지황의 소화성과 관능적 품질 개선에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are defend on feeds for their larvae and adult bees` healthy life. The nectar is carbohydrate source for making energy. We are extract several sugars from plants for using carbohydrate source to bee. 3 sugar source was extracted from plants (watermelon, cabbage, and mandarin). Almost sample showed high level of insecticidal rate and low level feed intake rate. We were selected 2 type of cabbage sugar syrup that low level insecticidal rate and high level feed intake rate (No 6 cabbage(+fructose) was mixed with 10% fructose and No. 7 cabbage(+pollen) was made with 10 % pollen). Cabbage sugar solution has much more impurities than purified sugar. So, No.6 and No 7 sample can do up-regulation of antimicrobial genes (apideacin, defencin, abacin, and hymenopteacin). Cabbage sugar solution has much more impurities than purified sugar. Our results suggest that up-regulation of antimicrobial genes might be involved in worker through carbohydrate impurities related immune pathways.

This study examined the sweet taste perception, perception of sugar reduction, and utilization of nutrition labeling according to the awareness of the self-perceived sugar intake reduction of university students in Chungbuk Area. The subjects (n=419) were divided into two groups: Awareness of Sugar Intake Reduction (ASIR) group, male=110, female=109; Non Awareness of Sugar Intake Reduction (NASIR) group, male=115, female=85. The overweight/obesity was significantly higher in the ASIR group than in the NASIR group for both male and female students. The sweet taste perception was significantly lower in the ASIR group in male students than in the NASIR group. The purchase level of a product with reduced sugar instead of the original products was significantly higher in the ASIR group in male students than the NASIR group. Beverage purchases after identifying the sugar content were significantly higher in the ASIR group in male students than in the NASIR group. The necessity of nutrition labeling education was significantly higher in the ASIR group both male and female students. Based on these results, the correct perception of sugar reduction and continuous and practical nutrition education of sugar intake reduction need to maintain healthy dietary habits in university students.

장미는 품종보호대상작물로 신품종에 대한 지적 재산권이 인 정돼 외국품종에 대하여 로열티 지불이 많고 소비자 기호가 빠 르게 바뀌어 품종갱신 연한이 4~5년으로 묘종구입 비용이 꾸준 히 증가하여 외국품종에 대응할 화색, 화형, 수량, 절화수명, 절화장 등을 고려한 국내육성 우수품종 개발이 필요하다. 따라 서 2011년도에 화형이 크고 우수한 흰색의 스탠다드 ‘White Sapir’ 품종인 모본과 꽃이 크고 절화장이 우수한 핑크색 스탠다 드 ‘Peach Coat’ 품종을 부본으로 인공교배하여 2012년에 11개 체의 실생을 획득하여 이들을 대상으로 2013~2015년까지 3차에 거쳐 특성검정을 실시한 후 최종 선발 된 ‘원교 D1-271’을 ‘Sugar Ball’로 명명하였다. ‘Sugar Ball’의 화색은 세먼핑크로 RHS 칼라 차트번호 49B이며 화형은 고심형으로 꽃잎수는 28.3개로써 ‘Nobless’의 50.7개보다 적었으며, 화폭은 8.4cm로 ‘Nobless’보 다 약간 작았다. 평방미터당 연간 절화수량은 122본으로 ‘Nobless’보다 14본정도 많았으며, 절화장은 84.6cm 절화경경은 6.3mm로 ‘Nobless’와 비교해 우수하였다. 또한 절화수명은 15.0 일로 ‘Nobless’보다 우수하였으며, 기호도 평가에서도 ‘Nobless’ 보다 우수한 경향을 나타내었다.

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information for developing sugar related nutrition education programs for children in child-care facilities and their parents. The results showed that the total score of parent’s dietary attitudes towards sugar-rich foods was 17.94 and the total score of parent’s nutritional knowledge was 3.67. A positive relationship was observed among items of parent’s dietary attitudes (p<0.01), and some correlations were also observed between the total score of parent’s nutritional knowledge and the total score of parent’s dietary attitudes (p<0.05 or p<0.01). The total average score of children’s eating behaviors for sugar-rich foods was 23.98, and the item with the highest score was ‘I often eat candy, chocolate and jelly’. For children, food that received the highest preference was chocolate, and soft drinks received the lowest preference. The most frequently consumed food item was candy or caramel, and the least frequently consumed food item was soft drinks. There were positive correlation among the total score of children’s eating behaviors, food preferences, and food intake frequency (p<0.01). When parent’s tried to reduce the sugar intake, children’s total score of eating behaviors (p<0.001) and food intake frequency (p<0.001) for sugar-rich food was lower. We conclude that parent’s dietary attitudes may influence children’s eating behaviors, food preferences, and food intake frequency for sugar-rich foods.