Germinated brown rice (GBR, Orysa sartiva L.) has been reported to have anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects in adipocytes are not fully understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of GBR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with GBR extracts (0-20 mg/mL) 1 h before LPS stimulation. The mRNA expression of adipokines and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were measured by RT-PCR. The protein expressions of TLR4- related molecules were detected by western blotting and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation was measured. Our results showed that GBR extract dose-dependently inhibited mRNA expression of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). GBR extract was found to inhibit LPS-induced mRNA expression of TLR4 and protein expression of both myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TNF receptorassociated factor 6 (TRAF6). Furthermore, GBR extract significantly inhibited extracellular receptor-activated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. These results suggest that GBR extract has the anti-inflammatory effects on LPSinduced inflammation via inhibition of TLR4 signaling, includingthe ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways, in adipocytes.

Germinated brown rice flour has received much attention due to its health-functional ingredients such as dietary fibers. However, the food industry has faced challenges of using germinated brown rice flour in processed foods because it causes undesirable quality attributes such as high cooking loss and sticky texture. In this study, three different types of food additives (starches, hydrocolloids, emulsifiers) were incorporated into the formulation of extruded rice cakes and their combined effects on the cooking loss and textural properties of the germinated brown rice cakes were investigated. The addition of emulsifiers had a tendency to increase cooking loss and soften the noodle texture. Most of the starches except gelatinized and high-amylose rice flours showed similar effects to the emulsifiers. Xanthan gum, gelatin, and HPMC were positively effective in reducing the cooking loss of the rice cakes and increasing their hardness. When the ingredients were combined, the mixture of saemimyeon rice flour, HPMC, and xanthan/agar reduced the cooking loss by 66.7%. Most of all, this study provided an ingredient map that was plotted on the axis of hardness and cooking loss, depending on single and combined treatments of various ingredients.

Brown rice, barley, and buckwheat contain a variety of functional ingredients, such as vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers. Germination is an effective technique for improving the digestion and absorption of the constituents in grains. In addition, germination could modify the chemical properties of grains and increase the content of biologically active substances. Many studies have reported that the intake of grains or germinated grains could ameliorate blood glucose level, stimulate the immune system, lower blood pressure, and result in anti-obesity effect. Therefore, grains and germinated grains are being utilized in a variety of functional products. The present study reviews the primary components and bio-functionalities of grains (brown rice, barley, and buckwheat) and germinated grains (germinated brown rice). The development of grain products for promoting health functional properties is also discussed.

This study investigated the changes in chemical components, antioxidant compounds, and activity before (BG) and after germinated (AG) brown rice in order to promote the availability of these beneficial factors. The GABA content of BG and AG brown rice were 0.07~6.61 and 11.13~49.72 mg/100 g, respectively. The α-amylase activity of AG brown rice was 1.77~70.25 unit/g fold higher than it was in BG brown rice. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, which are known to be related to antioxidation, were higher in BG brown rice than in AG brown rice. The total polyphenol contents of BG and AG brown rice were 10.52~36.38 and 11.38~26.33 mg/100 g, and the total flavonoid contents were 3.55~13.39 and 3.52~9.78 mg/100 g, respectively. Also, DPPH radical scavenging activity was 57.64~251.34 and 50.49~213.35 mg TE/100 g, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity and total tannin content showed a similar trend to DPPH radical scavenging activity. We expect that this data will be useful in the manufacturing of food products.

This study investigated the changes in the nutraceutical lipid components of brown rice oil after germination. Four different high-yielding cultivars (Dasan1, Segyejinmi, Hanareum1 and Hanareum2) of Korean brown rice were selected and brown rice oil was extracted from each cultivar before and after germination. Free fatty acid, squalene, policosanols, and isomers of phytosterol were analyzed using GC, and isomers of tocols (tocopherol and tocotrienol) and γ-oryzanol were quantified using HPLC from both brown rice oil (BRO) and germinated brown rice oil (GBRO). The contents of phytosterol isomers, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol were increased by 8.3%, 31.6%, 3.3% in GBRO, respectively. Furthermore, the squalene content showed the highest increase of up to 2.4 fold in GBRO compared to BRO. In addition, linoleic and linolenic acid composition increased whereas oleic and palmitic acid decreased in the GRBO. However, the contents of tocols (tocopherol and tocotrienol) in GBRO were lower than those in BRO, and there was no significant difference in policosanol and γ-oryzanol between GBRO and BRO. These results suggest that GBRO has the potential as a healthy and functional source due to its lipid profile on improved lipid metabolism.

The principal objective of this study was to determine the optimal mixing conditions for three amounts of onion powder, sugar, and butter to prepare onion powder cookies. The experimental design was based on the central composite design methodology of response surface, which included 16 experimental points including two replicates for onion powder, sugar, and butter. The mechanical and sensory properties of the cookies were measured, and these values were applied to the mathematical models. A canonical form and perturbation plot showed the influence of each ingredient on the mixed final product. The results of the spread ratio did not show significant results, but hardness increased with increasing quantities of onion powder and sugar but decreased with butter (p<0.01). The color lightness "L" value increased with increasing quantities of sugar and butter but decreased with added onion powder. In contrast, the redness color "a" value increased with increasing quantities of onion powder and sugar. Sugar did not affect the yellowness color "b" value, but the color b value increased with increasing onion powder and sugar. The results of a sensory evaluation using the predicted model showed significant values for flavor (p<0.01), texture (p<0.05), taste (p<0.05), and overall quality (p<0.01). As a result, the optimum formulation by numerical and graphical methods was calculated as 12.58 g onion powder, 35 g sugar, and 52.38 g butter.

Germinated brown rice (GBR) has received considerable attention over the last decade as a means of enhancing the nutritional value and health-promoting functions of rice. The effect of germination on the physicochemical and textural properties of brown rice (BR) was investigated in different rice varieties (Samkwang, Misomi, Chindeul, and Hyeonpum). Cooking properties, such as water absorption, expanded volume, and soluble solids were significantly increased by germination in all rice varieties. Textural properties (hardness, toughness, adhesiveness, and stickiness) of cooked samples were determined using a texture analyzer. Hardness and toughness were decreased by germination, whereas stickiness and adhesiveness increased significantly. These results revealed that germination leads to improvements in the cooking and eating properties of BR. In Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), significant reductions were observed for peak viscosity, break down, set back, and final viscosity after germination. Although the amylose content of Misomi was slightly decreased by germination, that of other varieties increased significantly. Germination induced no noticeable change in the average chain length of amylopectin in Misomi, Chindeul and Hyeonpum, but led to a significant increase in Samkwang.

The objective of this study was to evaluate quality properties including amylose, alkali digestion value (ADV), texture and GABA (Gamma Amino-Butyric Acid) of brown rice and 1~5 mm germinated brown rice of Keunnun and Samkwang culitvars. The protein content of germinated brown rice showed increasing tendency according to shoot length, however, the difference was not statistically significant. The amylose content of all samples ranged from 15.0% to 16.0% in Keunnun and 17.0% to 18.0% in Samkwang, without significant differences. Compared to regular brown rice, germinated brown rice from both cultivars demonstrated reduced gel consistency, which contributed to the improved cooked rice texture. Especially, germinated brown rice had significantly lower setback values, which is correlated with high palatability of cooked rice. However, there was no significant difference in gel consistency between 1 mm and 2~5 mm germinated brown rice. GABA content in Keunnun increased by 3~5 times after germination process. In Samkwang, GABA content increased by 50 times (from 0.005 μg/g to 0.243~0.247 μg/g) after germination. The hardness of germinated brown rice was significantly lower than that of brown rice. However, there was no significant difference in hardness according to shoot length. Consequently, when processing germinate brown rice, it is recommended to maximize functional ingredients by germination while maintaining shoot length less than 2 mm.

To investigate the possibility of brown rice and germinated brown rice as a functional food, the present study evaluates bio-active components of 70% ethanol extracts from brown rice and germinated brown rice of each 7 varieties. Reducing power have been used to investigate the relative antioxidant activities of extract. The contents of r-oryzanol was measured by spectrophotometric methods and vitamin E was carried out by HPLC. The mineral contents was also determined by ICP (Inductive Coupled Plasma) analysis method. In an anticancer test using NCl-H460 and MCF7 cell lines, the 70% EtOH extracts of brown rice and germinated brown rice showed inhibitory effect of approximately 30% against MCF cell lines (Breast cancer) at 100 ㎍/mL concentration. The extraction yield of tested brown rice and germinated brown rice were 2.05～3.80% and 1.36～3.32%, respectively. The r-oryzanol content from some germinated brown rice showed slightly higher than brown rice. The mean contents of most minerals were also higher in germinated brown rice than brown rice. However, vitamin E contents showed higher in brown rice than germinated brown rice except Keunnun, Hongjinju, Nokmi.

The present study describes the preliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activities of Phellinus linteus (PL) and Phellinus linteus Grow in Germinated Brown Rice (BRPL). In order to effectively screen for anti-inflammatory agents, we first examined the extracts' inhibitory effects on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines activated with lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, we examined the inhibitory effects of the PL and BRPL extracts on pro-inflammatory factors such as NO, iNOS, TNF-α and IFN-γ in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. NO production and iNOS expression was significantly augmented in LPS treated cell, the production of NO and iNOS was greater in the BRPL than in the PL group. In addition, protein and mRNA levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ in BRPL showed relatively more potent pro-inflammatory-activity inhibition compared to that of PL. These results suggest that BRPL may have significant effects on inflammatory factors, and may be a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic materials.

발아현미에 함유된 기능성 물질의 발아 전후 함량 변화를 평가하기 위하여 일반미, 녹미, 적미, 흑미, 찹쌀현미 등 5종의 현미를 대상으로 발아 전 상태 및 발아현미 제조 후 상태에서의 tocopherol 및 tocotrienol류, squalene 및 phytosterol 류 등 기능성물질 함량 변화를 평가한 본 실험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 비타민 E 함량은 발아전보다 발아후의 현미에서 약 10% 수준의 함량 감소가 관찰되었으나 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 2. Squalene 함량의 경우 발아찹쌀현미는 발아 과정 중 31% 증가하는 경향이었으나 다른 종류의 현미는 발아 전후 큰 변화가 없었다. 3. Phytosterol류 중 stigmasterol은 모든 종류의 발아현미에서 발아 전 대비 5-27%의 뚜렷한 증가가 관찰되었으며, campesterol, sitosterol 및 총 phytosterol 함량은 발아 전후 간 대차 없거나 다소 감소하는 경향이었다. 4. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때, 비록 현미 종류별 차이는 있었으나 대부분의 경우 발아 현미는 발아전과 비교할 때 stigmasterol은 뚜렷한 증가를 나타내며 본 실험 분석 대상이었던 tocopherol, tocotrienol, squalene, campesterol, sitosterol 등 기능성 물질은 발아 전후 대차 없는 것으로 판단되었다.

Recent consumption of germinated brown rice is increasing due to its health-beneficial effects. To clarify germination-dependent changes in functional compounds, 5 different types of (ordinary, glutinous rice, green-kerneled, red-colored and black-colored) rices were selected and pre- and post-germination vit E (α-, β-, γ-tocopherols and α-, γ-, δ -tocotrienols), squalene, and phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol) contents were evaluated. In the case of vit E generally decreasing tendency were observed in most cases, except for δ-tocopherol which increased by 8 to 28% in all types of rices. Significant increase in squalene contents were observed only in glutinous rice (by 31%), while other types of rices exhibited no changes or slight reduction after germination. In all tested rice types, germination significantly increased stigmasterol by 5 to 27%, while no changes or slight reductions in campesterol and sitosterol were observed. In conclusion most of tested functional compounds exhibited statistically not significant or slight changes except for stigmasterol which were increased by the process of producing germinated brown rice.

본 연구에서는 기능성이 강화된 배추김치 개발을 위하여 발아현미 농축액(A)과 발아현미 추출물 분말(B)이 첨가된 김치와 시판김치 4종의 품질특성을 비교하였다. 그 결과, pH와 총산은 시료들 간에 비슷한 수치를 나타내었다. (A)와 (B)의 배추김치 총당은 각각 29.86과 40.99 mg/g, 환원당은 각각 21.45와 22.88 mg/g으로 시판배추김치 4종의 총당과 환원당 함량에 비해 상당히 높은 함량을 나타내었다. L 및 b값은 시료들 간

본 연구에서는 동결건조 시킨 발아현미 추출분말첨가 배추김치의 기능적 특성을 조사하기 위하여 동결건조 시킨 발아현미 추출분말(GBREP) 첨가량을 0, 0.67, 3.35 및 6.70%(w/w)로 각각 달리하여 담근 배추김치를 에서 21일 동안 발효시키면서 유리아미노산 함량과 항산화능 및 아질산염 소거능의 변화를 조사하였다. 유리아미노산은 GBREP 첨가량이 많을수록 총 유리아미노산과 필수 아미노산 함량이 높게 나타났고, GABA 함량도 대조구와