This study explored the suitability of nurungji as a substitute for malt. Rice beers (R20, R40, R60) and nurungji beers (N20, N40, N60) were prepared by substituting 20%, 40%, and 60% malt with the rice and nurungji, respectively. All samples were fermented at 25oC for 5 days and stored at 2oC for 15 days to study quality characteristics. The pH value of wort solution was the highest at R60. The viable cell counts of all samples were not significantly different during fermentation and storage. As the amount of rice and nurungji increased, the L value in chromaticity increased, whereas the a and b values tended to decrease during fermentation and storage. The reducing sugar, soluble solid contents, and specific gravity of the wort solution were higher in nurungji beer than in rice beer. After fermentation and storage, the alcohol content of N40 was 5.83%, the highest among the prepared rice and nurungji beers. The total polyphenol, flavonoid contents, DPPH, and ABTS scavenging activity of beer decreased with increased rice and nurungji substitution ratios during fermentation and storage. Notably, nurungji beer showed higher antioxidant activity than rice beer during fermentation and storage.

Consumer demand for imported and craft beer is increasing. Almost all the malt used by craft beer companies is imported. This study sought to develop a malting technology to expand the use of domestic barley, the main raw material for beer, and to examine its influence on the quality of domestic malt. The Hopum cultivar of beer barley was purchased and used at the Jeollanam-do Seed Management Center. A pilot-scale malting facility built by the National Institute of Crop Science was used. One sack (40 kg) of barley was sieved through screening sieves, and the barley was classified according to size (3.1, 2.8, 2.5, 2.2, and 2.2 mm), with the size-related composition being 18.1, 48.9, 23.3, 6.4, and 1.0%, respectively. The malt yields were 89.0, 87.6, 86.6, 82.2, and 76.1%, respectively. The coleoptiles elongation decreased as the barley size decreased. The protein content of malt tended to be high at small particle sizes of 2.2 mm. The soluble solid content of wort prepared from malt revealed good values of 17.4-17.5oBx, except for 15.3oBx for particles <2.2 mm in size. According to barley size in the malting process, these findings should be valuable quality indicators of malt.

Korea depends almost entirely on imports for malt, the main ingredient in beer. However, the consumer market for domestic malt has not developed in Korea because of the prejudice that the quality of domestic malt is inferior to that of imported malt. This study aimed to analyze the quality of malt from Gwangmaeg (GM) and Hopum (HP), representative domestic beer barley varieties cultivated under varying nitrogen fertilizer application rates (standard fertilizer application, 50% increase in application, and 50% decrease in application), and use the findings as primary data to promote domestic malt consumption. GM’s crude protein and starch contents were significantly (Ρ<0.05) higher and lower, respectively, than those in HP. With decreased fertilizer application (GM: 14.0±0.8% and HP: 11.4±0.4%), the protein content was significantly lower than that with increased fertilizer application (GM: 15.5± 0.3% and HP: 13.1±1.3%). Although there was no difference in -glucan content, starch content tended to increase, indicating quality improvement. Acrospire length, yield, and enzyme titer, quality indicators of malt, increased with further fertilizer application, whereas friability and Kolbach index increased with decreased fertilizer application. For wort qualities, filtration time decreased from 36 to 34 minutes in GM and 55 to 42 minutes in HP, with the wort extraction rate increasing with decreased fertilizer application. These findings showed that decreased nitrogen fertilizer application improves the qualities of malt and wort.

This study evaluated the effects of different levels of malt extract on the hardness, moisture, water soluble starch (WSS) contents, and in vitro starch digestibility (IVSD) of Jeungpyun during storage at room temperature (25±1℃) and refrigeration temperature (4±1℃). Resistant starch (RS) and soluble starch (non-RS) contents were also evaluated. During storage at both temperatures, hardness increased in Jeungpyuns with the malt extract-added Jeungpyun groups (malt-added Jeungpyuns) exhibiting lower hardness than the control. The rate of retrogradation was faster upon storage at refrigeration temperature. Moisture and WSS contents as well as IVSD of Jeungpyuns decreased, whereas these levels were higher in malt-added Jeungpyuns compared to control. Storage increased RS contents in Jeungpyuns stored for up to 4 days, particularly at 4℃, whereas there was a decrease in RS content after 7 days of storage. However, RS content was lower in malt-added Jeungpyuns compared to control. Soluble starch (SS) contents of Jeungpyuns decreased. However, SS content was higher in malt-added Jeungpyuns than that of control. The reduced hardness and RS content as well as the rate of increase in other parameters of malt-added Jeungpyuns were dependent on the concentration of malt extract. These results reveal that addition of malt extract delayed retrogradation of Jeungpyun, whereas retrogradation possibly increased the content of RS during storage at both temperatures, however, that of RS decreased with increasing level of malt extract, suggesting that the level of malt extract as well as the storage conditions are important for obtaining acceptable texture and retaining the RS content of Jeungpyun, which is known to possess physiological activity.

Barley breeding program of RDA (Rural Development Administration) has been develop to new hulled barley variety that has been used for malt and beer material. Through this program, we developed new two-rowed covered barley, Imaeg, with disease resistant, lodging tolerant and good malt quality for beer and Korean traditional drink ‘Sikhye’ in 2013. Imaeg showed resistant to Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), lodging tolerant and early maturing. The regional yield trials were conducted for Imaeg as a breeding line ‘Iksan166’ during three years at four different regions. And then it was registered to Plant protection right, No. 5681 in 2015 after field experiment by KSVS (Korea Seed & Variety Service). Imaeg has I of vernalization and shorter stem length as 77cm than 7cm to control variety Hopum. Yield potential of Imaeg about 4.8ton/ha that higher about 3% in paddy field condition than control, however, it has no significant difference. In quality examination for beer usage, Imaeg has higher 1,000 grain weight (45.6g) and higher assortment ratio (93.6%) than those of Hopum as 42.6g and 90.4% respectively. In malt quality, Imaeg showed higher soluble protein, Kolbach index and diastatic power than those of Hopum significantly. In addition, Imaeg has better ‘Sikhye’ malt quality significantly in lightness of grain (58.4 L value) and growth rate (216.8%) than those of Hopum as 54.3 (L value) and 177.5% respectively. Imaeg would be suitable for cultivation at the area above -4°C of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

Improvement of winter hardiness, lodging resistance and good quality have been recently received more attention by covered barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) breeders than ever in Korea. ‘Hyeyang’, a new covered barley cultivar with early maturing and high yield was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2010. It was derived from the cross between‘Milyang87’and‘Wolsung8120’with good quality. The initial cross was done in 1999 and the selected line, ‘Iksan432’ (YB4494-B-B-21-2), showed high yield and good quality characteristics under yield trial test from 2008 to 2010. The following is the characteristics of‘Hyeyang’that is characterized as the vernalization of Ⅰ, green leaf, compact spike and long rough awns. The heading date of‘Hyeyang’were similar to‘Olbori’. The culm length was 82 cm which was 6 cm shorter than‘Olbori’. It showed the spike length of 4.3 cm, 798 spikes / m2, 56 grains / spike and 26.7 g for 1,000 grains weight. It showed similar winter hardiness and stronger resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) compare to‘Olbori’. It showed higher diastatic power 235DP than that of check cultivar, ‘Olbori’. Average yield of ‘Hyeyang’ was 4.44 MT/ha in the regional yield trials carried out in four location at double cropping system in Korea from 2008 to 2010, which was 8 percent higher than ‘Olbori’. ‘Hyeyang’would be suitable for the area above –8℃ of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

Improvement of winter hardiness, diseases resistance and good quality have been recently received more attention by covered barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) breeders than ever in Korea. “Hyegang”, a new covered barley cultivar with similar maturing and high yield was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2011. It was derived from the cross between “Milyang87/NWX-GB-G 2” and “Milyang87/Chalbori” with good quality. The initial cross was done in 2000 and the selected line, “Iksan445” (YB4625-B-B-6-2), showed high yield and good quality characteristics under yield trial test in 2008. It was cultivated three times for three years (2009～2011) in the four locations of regional yield trial (RYT) in korea and was investigated about agronomic and quality characteristics and released as “Hyegang”. The heading date was May 4 in upland and April 26 in paddy field which was 1 and 0 day lateness respectively than that of check cultivar, “Olbori”. The culm length was 77 cm which was 6 cm shorter than that with check cultivar. It showed the spike length of 4.7 cm, 800 spikes / m2, 64 grains / spike and 25.1g for 1,000 grains weight. It showed similar maturing and stronger resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) compare to check cultivar. It showed higher diastatic power 216DP than that of check cultivar, ‘Olbori’. Average yield of “Hyegang” in the RYT was 4.61 MT/ha in upland and 4.38 MT/ha in paddy field, espectively.

본 시험은 맥주맥 품종들의 수량과 맥아품질에 영향하는 질소 시비반응차를 구명할 목적으로 시도되었다. 1979년부터 1980년에 걸쳐 광주시 소재 전남대학교 농과대학 시험 포장에서 실시한 두 맥주맥 품종(Golden Melon과 향맥)의 질소시비(3, 6, 9, 12 및 15kg ai/10a) 반응은 다음과 같이 나타났다. 1. 질소 시비로 인한 생육촉진 효과는 Golden Melon보다 향맥에서 더욱 뚜렷하였으며, 주효과는 분벽수 증가와 건물중 증가를 용하여 성립되는 경향이었다. 2. 출수현상은 품종 특성에 의하여 주로 결정되는 경향이었고 Golden Melon보다 향맥이 약 1주일정도 빠른 조생성을 보였다. 3. 유효경비율은 품종 특성으로서 질소 반응이 둔하였고 성숙일수는 Golden Melon보다 향맥이 약 1주일정도 길어서 만숙성을 보였으며 양품종 공히 질소 증시로 지연되있다. 4. 대부분의 수량 구성요소들은 그 변이가 품종특성으로 결정되며, 질소 증시의 효과는 혜당입수를 통하여 표현되었다(향맥은 단위면적부 수수 증가도 안정되었다). 5. 수량성은 품종 특성상으로도 향맥이 Golden Melon보다도 높고 시비 질소의 수량화 효율도 향맥이 높은 것으로 판단되었다. 6. 양조 특성의 변이는 주로 질소시비량 차이에 기인되었으며 단백질은 정상관으로, 그리고 탄수화물과 β-Amylase활성은 역상관의 방향으로 변이하였다.