본 연구는 2020년 미국 대선 결과를 중심으로 도시, 농촌, 그리고 교 외 지역 주민의 투표행태를 분석하고 있다. 2000년대 이후 미국에서 지 역기반 정체성이 강화되며 도농 양극화가 높은 수준에 이르고 있다. 이 에 따라 도시 지역은 민주당, 시골 지역은 공화당의 강한 당파색을 드러 내고 있다. 그 결과 도시와 시골 지역에 거주하는 주민들은 도덕성이 낮 은 후보자를 선거를 통해 배제하지 못하고 있다. 통계 및 사례분석 결과 2020년 미국 대선에는 재임 당시 많은 도덕적 논란을 빚었던 도널드 트 럼프 후보가 출마했음에도 후보자 도덕성을 중요하게 생각하는 도시, 시 골 거주민들의 투표 행태는 그렇지 않은 주민들과 차이가 없었다. 이와 는 달리 도시와 시골의 특징을 모두 갖고 있는 교외 지역에서는 후보자 도덕성을 중요하게 여길수록 트럼프 후보에 대해 표를 주지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 교육 수준이 높은 경우 이러한 경향이 더욱 명확하게 나 타났다.

본고는 중국 도농관계의 문화적 구성에서 발견되는 양가성에 초점을 맞추어 개혁 개방 후 40여 년이 지난 오늘날에도 여전히 지속되고 있는 도농이원구조의 정치경제 적·문화적 원리를 조명하는 연구이다. 본고의 요점은 크게 네 가지로 압축된다. 첫째, 개혁개방 후 발생한 도농관계의 급진적인 재구성에도 불구하고 중국의 도농이원구조 와 도농불평등은 여전히 지속되고 있다. 둘째, 도농관계의 문화적 구성을 관통하는 양가성 그리고 이를 기반으로 한 도농관계 재현의 유연성이 중국의 도농이원구조를 재생산하는 문화적·이데올로기적 기제로 작용한다. 셋째, 도농관계의 문화적 구성 그리고 이와 연동되어 재생산되고 있는 도농이원구조가 중국에서 “항구적인 본원적 축 적”을 가능하게 하는 특정한 조건으로 작용하고 있다. 넷째, 이러한 중국 특색의 도 농이원구조가 해체되지 않는 한 농촌부문으로부터의 대규모 가치전유를 기반으로 한 시장사회주의 중국의 본원적 축적은 당분간 지속될 것이다

Background: South Korea is one of fastest aging countries in the world. Poor balance and falls of the elderly are main health issues. Objects: The goal of this study was to understand the association between the socioeconomical factors and the standing balance of elderly living in the rural and urban area. Methods: One hundred sixty-six elderly participants who were older than 65 and were able to walk without an assistive device were recruited in the city of Gwangju and in the rural area of Jeonnam, South Korea. All participants performed the static and dynamic standing balance tests. Static standing balance was measured with chronometer in seconds while standing on one leg. Dynamic balance was tested with the timed up and go test (TUG), measured in seconds while getting up from a chair and walking 3 meters and back to sit. The static and dynamic standing balance was analyzed using analysis of variance and the Fisher’s Least Significant Difference post hoc test. Results: Male participants from both areas had no difference in one leg standing and TUG. The female elderly living in rural area took shorter in TUG than females living in urban area. Age decreased the one leg standing time in both areas while did not affect the TUG significantly. As the monthly income increased, both of one leg standing and TUG increased in urban area, while the medium monthly income showed best performance (it was not statistically significant) in both of one leg standing and TUG in rural area. Conclusion: Socioeconomical factors affects differently the standing balance of the elderly living in rural and urban South Korea. Female living alone in urban area with low monthly income demonstrated worst standing balance in this study.

Level of urbanization in China has reached 53.73% in 2013, indicating a tremendous progress on the urbanization of China. On the other hand, the number of villages in China reduces by around one million from 3.6 million in 2000 to 2.7 million in 2010 (Zhang, 2014). Issues in both urban and rural areas of China appear, including the imbalance between increased population and limited resources in urban region, and more significantly, the increasing disparity between rural and urban areas. Chinese researchers interpret and analyse these matters from different perspectives. For instance, Zheng (2006) and Ma (2006) suggest the importance of the infrastructure construction and public service. Wu (2006) advises that the government should pay attention to the development of the secondary and tertiary industry. Wen (2005) proposes that the improvement of social institution and the recovery of social cultural environment are required to achieve sustainability in the urbanization process in China. Previous studies in environmental psychology put quality of life, attachment to place, and residence satisfaction at the center to understand the relationship between inhabitants and their neighborhood of residence. However, there are gaps in this research realm in both practice and theories. Firstly, very limited research studies this environmental psychology issue in China (e.g. Mao, Fornara, Manca, Bonnes, & Bonaiuto, 2015). Secondly, there are different opinions on the causal order between quality, attachment, and satisfaction. Research on the relationship between perceived residential environment quality (PREQ), place attachment, and environmental satisfaction has not reached a consensus. The debate on the direction of the causal relationship between perceived quality and satisfaction has been summarized by Bradya and Robertson (2001). They conclude that the quality to satisfaction causal order holds up well across diverse cultures. However, relevant debate is still ongoing. A number of research articles place satisfaction as an antecedent to attachment, e.g. Chen, Dwyer, and Firth (2014); Lee, Kyle, and Scott (2012); Ramkissoon and Mavondo (2015); etc. Some argue that place attachment is an indicator of satisfaction. Kyle et al. (2004) investigate the effect of place attachment on the perceived values of tourists and find that place attachment is an important factor explaining the variance of perceived values. This is supported by research e.g. Hwang, Lee, and Chen (2005); Prayag and Ryan (2012); Yuksel, Yuksel, Biljm (2010); etc. As to the relationship between perceived quality and attachment, the debate has not stopped. Through comparisons, Mesch and Manor (1996) conclude that the residents who give a higher evaluation of the social and natural environment may have greater place attachment. Brown, Perkins, and Brown (2003) also suggest that the residents who agree that the street environment is better would attach to this place. Sam, Bayram, and Bilgel (2012) have certified the relationship between residential environment quality and place attachment. Furthermore, Borrie and Roggenbuck (2001) and Walker and Ryan (2008) find that the connection between human beings and the nature environment would affect their affection toward the environment. It means that the closer the relationship with the nature environment is, the stronger the attachment would be, which in turn, enhances the intentions to protect the environment. This quality to satisfaction relationship is supported by other research such as Bonaiuto, Aiello, Perugini, Bonnes, and Ercolani (1999); Grisaffe and Nguyen (2011); Yu, Chen, and Chen (2015); etc. Nevertheless, a different opinion arguing that attachment to a place may affect one’s perception on the quality related to a place is emerging in tourism research (e.g. Neuvonen, Pouta, & Sievänen, 2010). This paper takes the credit of quality → attachment → satisfaction causal order as the initial model and proposes three hypotheses as follows. H1a: One’s PREQ has a positive impact on his/her attachment to this place; H2a: One’s attachment to a place has a positive impact on his/her satisfaction to the environmental settings in this place; H3a: Place attachment in addition performs as a mediating role between PREQ and environment satisfaction.To be noted, the initial model has its theoretical basis as discussed above but is not necessarily the absolute optimal model. Relatively, this model provides more theoretical interpretation and practical implications in the specific research context: residential psychology in urban and rural areas of China. On this basis, this article further examines a competing model illustrating an alternative theoretical framework on the relationships between these three constructs (satisfaction → attachment → quality). Relatively, another group of hypotheses in this competing model is listed as follows. H1b: One’s attachment to a place has a positive impact on his/her PREQ; H2b: One’s satisfaction to the environmental settings in this place has a positive impact on his/her attachment to this place; H3b: Place attachment in addition performs as a mediating role between environment satisfaction and PREQ. A survey approach is employed and data are collected from several backgrounds. Dataset A (rural) is collected from three villages from Heilongjiang Province and two villages from Shandong Province in China from July to August 2014. The choices of the provinces, rural areas, and the sampling process are random. 490 valid questionnaires are included in the data analysis. Dataset B (urban) is collected via an online survey portal, which allows a nationwide sampling reach. In total 1368 online survey entries are recorded and 420 valid questionnaires are included, resulting in a valid rate of 30.7%. The measures for each construct are based on an extensive literature review. The measurement of perceived residential environment quality is from Sam, Bayram, & Bilgel’s (2012) development on the perception of residential environment. The measurement of place attachment in this study is adopted from Kyle, Graefe, and Manning’s (2005) and Chen, Dwyer, and Firth’s (2014) evaluation based place attachment dimensionality and scales. As for the scale of environmental satisfaction, Pelletier, Legault, and Tuson’s (1996) measure was applied. All the entire variables adopted multiple-item, 5-point Likert scales were adopted, where “1” indicated “strongly disagree” and “5” indicated “strongly agree”. After pre-testing the preliminary version of the survey instrument, a revised version was developed. This study adopts structural equation modeling (SEM) based on partial least squares (PLS) modeling given the small sample size and the explorative purpose of this study (Dijkstra & Henseler, 2015a). The software used was Smart PLS 3.0. The reliability and validity of the constructs were assessed. Cronbach’s alpha and the value of CR of each construct were found to exceed the cut-off value of 0.70 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981), except for adequacy of education which is close to 0.70 (only for Cronbach’s alpha but not for CR). Furthermore, the AVE of each construct exceeded the variance attributable to its measurement error cut-off value of 0.50 (Chin, 1998; Fornell & Larcker, 1981). In addition, heterotrait-monotrait ratio (HTMT) is recommended as a better method to test discriminant validity (Henseler, Dijkstra, Sarstedt, Ringle, Diamantopoulos, Straub, Ketchen, Hair, Hult, & Calantone, 2014). The result shows that there is neither value of the HTMT higher than the threshold of 0.85 nor confidence interval containing the value one, indicating that all the constructs exhibit satisfactory discriminant validity. The hypothesized effects in the theoretical model were tested by structural equation modeling (SEM). The first group of models tested the effect of perceived environmental quality on environmental satisfaction through place attachment i.e. initial model (Model A, Model B, Model C), while the second group of models tested the reverse effect of environmental satisfaction on perceived environmental quality through place attachment (Model D, Model E, Model F). Both the full model and the multi-group model were tested. The value of SRMR of the full model that tests either the effect of perceived environmental quality on environmental satisfaction (SRMR = 0.104, t = 41.826, p < 0.001) or the reversed effect (SRMR = 0.106, t = 37.736, p < 0.001) shows that the models fit the data quite well (Dijkstra & Henseler, 2015b). However, the former is little bit more significant. In this study, PREQI is found different impacts on place attachment and environmental satisfaction. This provides evidence to support a similar mechanism of studying residents’ psychology with SERVEQUAL model. However, the model testing is found significantly different between rural and urban samples, indicating a systematic difference in the psychology of rural and urban populations. Quality  attachment  satisfaction causal order is found significant and supported by both samples in this study. However, a reversed causal order model (satisfaction  attachment  quality) is also supported by the samples. Although the results may not be able to end the debate on alternative models between PREQ, place attachment, and environmental satisfaction, this paper provides empirical evidence from a specific context (urban and rural China) for further research. Specifically, PREQ has a significant impact on place attachment in both urban and rural areas in China. As for the impact of place attachment on environmental satisfaction as well as the indirect impact of PREQ on environmental satisfaction, the influence is more significant in cities of China compared to rural areas. This suggests in the urban areas in China, affective and emotional responses to their lives play an important role to residents. Local government in cities should balance between improving and maintaining quality of the environment and strengthening local residents’ psychological attachment to the place. Governments in rural areas, on the other hand, should lay great focus on the physical aspects of the environment including nature, health, education, commerce, and venture of the rural areas, to enhance residents’ living experience and satisfaction. Further, there are some limitations. Although this study attempts to clarify the framework of “perception-affection-attitude” in the field of environment management, considering the practical implications, the future study could bring the individuals’ behaviors or intentions into this model such as willingness-to-pay for environment-friendly products. It will also benefit from reviewing more literature on community-based social marketing.

PURPOSES: The operational characteristics of roundabouts are generally influenced by location as well as traffic volume. The goal of this study is to develop urban and rural roundabout accident models and to discuss safety improvement guidelines based on the model. METHODS : To analyze accidents, count data models are utilized in this study. This study used accident data from 2010 to 2013 for 56 roundabouts collected from the Traffic Accident Analysis System (TASS) of Road Traffic Authority. Poisson and negative binomial regression models were developed for this study using NLOGIT 4.0. RESULTS : The main results are as follows. First, the hypotheses that there are distributional differences in the number of accidents and injuries/fatalities among rural and urban roundabouts were accepted. Second, Poisson and negative binomial regression accident models, which were all statistically significant, were developed. Seven independent variables, which were statistically significant, were adopted. Third, the common variable of models was evaluated to be traffic volume. CONCLUSIONS : This study developed two negative binomial roundabout accident models and suggested some accident reduction strategies. The results are expected to give some implications to the safety improvement of roundabout.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to compare the participation and influencing factors between rural and urban elderly and to identify their affecting factors.Methods : Data were collected from 77 rural and urban elderly. The instruments used in this study were Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Log (OPTIMAL), Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation (USER-Participation). Data were analyzed using a chi-Square test, t-test, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression.Results : All four functions had a statistically significant correlation with their participation. There were significant differences in factors relating to participation between the rural and urban elderly. A high level of negative correlation was found between participation and depression in rural elderly (r=-.486, p<.01), and a high level of positive correlation was found between participation and self-esteem in urban elderly (r=.598, p<.05). The main affecting factor was self-esteem in the urban elderly (p<.01).Conclusion : There were differences in the participation and influencing factors between rural and urban elderly, and the rural elderly were found to have more weaknesses than those from an urban area. An intervention program for participation should be designed differently between those from rural and urban areas.

This study was carried out survey to compare using status of physical therapy for elderly persons between urban and rural area in Honam. There were 16 places consisting of general clinics, departments of family medicine, pain medicine, and orthopedics that run outpatient physical therapy. This study distributed 636 questionnaires in total and collected 400 responses. Regionally, 200 responses out of 311 questionnaires from Gwangju and 200 responses out of 325 questionnaires from Jeollanam-do and Jeollabuk-do were collected. Regionally speaking, Gwangju was 62% while Jeollanam-do and Jeollabuk-do regions were 88%, indicating patients in rural areas employed more public transportation, which was statistically significantly different. There was a difference between urban and rural areas with regard to questions regarding improvement with physical therapy. Factors related to the number of physical therapy visits per week that showed a significant difference between urban and rural areas found by the linear regression analysis result were working hours, whether the patient exercised or not, and pain stress. This result suggest that it is necessary to reduce working hours and pain stress experienced by rural elderlies as well as to encourage regular exercise via national polices.

본 연구는 도농 복합 도시 산촌 지역의 사유림 파편화 현상을 분석하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 조사대상지는 울산광역시 울주군 상북면에 있는 소호리 지역으로서, 전체 산림면적의 약92.7%가 사유림이며, 우리나라 최초로 협업체가 조성된 곳으로서 도농복합도시 지역의 사유림 활성화 가능성을 분석하기 위한 최적의 장소라 할 수 있다. 토지 대장이 만들어진 시기인 1910년부터 2014년 2월 3일 현재까지 파편화 현상을 파악하기 위하여 10년 단위의 기간으로 나누어 소유규모별, 소유자 거주지별, 연령별, 용도별, 필지수별 현황을 토지·임야대장 등기부와 주민 청취조사를 통하여 분석하였다. 분석결과를 보면, 필지수가 198개에서 757개로 3.8배 증가하여 평균 필지면적이 5.9ha에서 1.7ha로 급감하였고, 파편화는 주로 소유규모 1ha이하에서 발생하였으며, 2000년대 들어와 그 경향이 심해졌다. 울주군 관내에 살지 않는 부재산주 비율이 64.4%에 이르고 있으며, 필지의 19.3%에 이르는 146개 필지가 주택이 들어섰거나 전원주택으로 개발할 예정인 것으로 분석되었다. 임업용 필지는 필지수의 48.6%에 불과하나 면적은 97.7%에 달하고 있는 것으로 나타나 면적기준으로 볼 때 임업 활성화의 가능성은 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 도농복합도시지역 산촌의 특수성을 감안해 볼 때 현재와 같이 비임업용을 목적으로 하는 사유림 파편화가 진전되면 임업 활성화에 미치는 부정적 영향이 클 것으로 예상되므로 지역차원에 서 산림자원을 관리하고 이용할 수 있는 대책수립이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 도시와 농촌이 혼재되어 있는 도농복합도시인 밀양시를 대상으로 도시온도 상승에 관한 영향요인을 분석하고자 수행하였다. 이를 위해 1974년부터 2010년까지 36년간의 온도자료와 온도에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 도시환경변화 요소를 살펴보았다. 도시환경변화 요소는 생활패턴의 변화로 나타나는 사회적 요소와 도시 토지이용 변화에서 나타나는 구조적 측면에서 각각 살펴보았다. 연구결과 온도는 연평균기온과 연평균최고기온의 상승이 통계적으로 유의미하였으며 이에 가장 영향력이 높은 요인으로는 경작지 감소이었다. 일반적으로 경작지의 감소는 시가화지역확대로 이어지므로 이는 동일한 관점에서 바라볼 필요성이 있었다. 경작지의 감소는 평균기온상승보다 한낮의 온도상승에 미치는 영향이 더 큰 것으로 나타나 경작지가 일중 가장 뜨거운 시기에 냉섬으로 작용한다고 볼 수 있었다. 경작지 면적의 1㎢ 감소는 약 0.08℃의 연평균최고기온 상승을, 연평균기온의 약 0.06℃ 상승을 유발하는 것으로 예측되었다.

목적 : 도시와 농촌 간 만성질환이 있는 65세 이상의 노인을 대상으로 일반적 특성에 따른 신체활동 실천율과 신체활동에 따른 삶의 질 차이를 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 만성질환을 갖고 있는 65세 이상 노인 1,039명을 연구 대상으로 하였다. 신체활동으로는 걷기, 유연성 운동,근력 운동을 조사하였고, 삶의 질은 EQ-5D (Euroqol-5 dimension)를 사용하여 삶의 질에 대한 자료를 수집하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 신체활동 실천율은 도시의 경우 연령, 성별, 배우자, 주택유형, 소득수준, 교육수준에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였고, 농촌의 경우 주택유형과 교육수준에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 삶의 질에서, 도시의 경우는 걷기, 유연성 운동, 근력 운동을 실천 한 군의 운동능력, 자기관리, 일상생활활동, 통증/불편 영역에서 유의한 차이를 보였고, 농촌의 경우는 걷기를 실천 한 군의 운동능력에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 결론 : 도시와 농촌 모두 만성질환 노인의 신체활동 실천율은 낮은 편이었고, 특히 도시보다 농촌에 거주하는 만성질환 노인의 신체활동 실천율이 더욱 낮게 나타났다. 만성질환노인의 신체적 기능을 높이고, 삶의 질에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 신체활동의 중요성에 대한 인식이 필요하다.

To investigate acute drug intoxication trends in the elderly visited Emergency Medical Centers, Data was collected from the records of poisoning patients visited Five different Hospitals from January 1. 2007 to December 31. 2007. The analysis was conducted by using 135 cases of 624 cases. When considering only the elderly and making comparisons between the urban areas and the rural areas the following data was produced. In regard to patients with acute drug intoxication, the main substance of choice was pesticides. Cases of acute drug intoxication are definitely higher for those categorized as the rural elderly (75.0%) when compared with those categorized as the urban elderly (44.1%). The male to female ratio, those living together as a family, past suicide attempts, mental state and sobriety condition when they came, monthly distribution etc. between the two groups did not demonstrate a difference between them. In regard to reasons given for acute drug intoxication, suicide was the highest at 60.7% of the cases. When comparing accidental reasons for poisoning, the urban elderly, at 34.2% of their cases, were higher than in the rural elderly, at 23.7%. After first aid was administered, the admission rate was higher for the rural elderly (47.4%) than for the urban elderly (33.9%). This shows that the rural elderly have a more severe acute drug intoxication poisoning problem than the urban elderly do.

This study was performed to compare the dietary intake and food sources of zinc (Zn), using a database of Zn composition developed in this study, between elementary schoolchildren in a remote rural area (RA, n=58, 9.9±1.7 yrs) and those in an urban area (UA, n=60, 9.4±1.8 yrs) in Chungnam province in Korea. A dietary survey for three days by food record method was performed. All kinds of foods (n=273) consumed by subjects were collected by aliquot sampling method, and the Zn content of these foods were analyzed by wet technique. The results showed that the daily mean intakes of energy, calcium, iron, and vitamin C from diet in the RA were in the range of 49-88% of the Korean DRI (KDRI), while those in the UA were similar to or greater than the KDRI, except for calcium and iron. The daily mean intake of Zn from the RA diet was 7.0±0.5 mg/d (114.1±8.4% of the KDRI), and 16.0±1.0 mg/d (258.3±16.3% of the KDRI) in that of the UA (p〈0.001). The percentage of dietary intake of Zn less than 2/3 of the KDRI was 19.0% in the RA, in comparison to 1.7% in the UA. Those in the RA consumed Zn from plant foods more often than did those in the UA (p〈0.001). Beef rib stew was the food source with highest Zn amount for the total subjects, followed by beef rib meat, roasted; and beef soup w/seasoned red pepper sauce. These results showed that some children in the RA had poor Zn nutrition based upon low intakes and poor food sources of Zn, while overall, children in the UA had good Zn nutrition. Therefore, those in RAs should have their Zn nutrition improved through government policy and nutrition education.

To investigate acute drug intoxication trends in the elderly visited Emergency Medical Centers, Data was collected from the records of poisoning patients visited Five different Hospitals from January 1. 2007 to December 31. 2007. The analysis was conducted by using 135 cases of 624 cases. When considering only the elderly and making comparisons between the urban areas and the rural areas the following data was produced. In regard to patients with acute drug intoxication, the main substance of choice was pesticides. Cases of acute drug intoxication are definitely higher for those categorized as the rural elderly (75.0%) when compared with those categorized as the urban elderly (44.1%). The male to female ratio, those living together as a family, past suicide attempts, mental state and sobriety condition when they came, monthly distribution etc. between the two groups did not demonstrate a difference between them. In regard to reasons given for acute drug intoxication, suicide was the highest at 60.7% of the cases. When comparing accidental reasons for poisoning, the urban elderly, at 34.2% of their cases, were higher than in the rural elderly, at 23.7%. After first aid was administered, the admission rate was higher for the rural elderly (47.4%) than for the urban elderly (33.9%). This shows that the rural elderly have a more severe acute drug intoxication poisoning problem than the urban elderly do.

목적: 농촌과 도시 거주 초등학생의 굴절상태에 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인을 분석하였다. 방법: 경상남도 소재 농촌 지역의 3개 초등학교와 도시지역의 1개 초등학교에 다니는 166명의 어린아이(저학년 36명, 고학년 47명)를 대상으로 자각식 굴절검사와 설문조사를 실시하였다. 결과: 나안시력은 농촌과 도시 학생에서 각각 0.75±0.34, 0.45±0.38로 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=5.689, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년 학생과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 0.84±0.25와 0.54±0.37(t=4.088, p=0.000) 및 0.68±0.39와 0.39±0.38(t=3.989, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 등가구면 굴절이상도는 농촌학생(-0.52±1.02D)과 도시 학생(-1.60±1.80D)간에 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=4.869, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년 학생과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각, -0.14±0.48D와 -0.97±1.32D(t=5.048, p=0.000) 및 -0.81±1.21D와 -2.08±1.98D(t=5.051, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 설문조사에 의한 시력 관리와 시력에 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인을 분석한 결과, 시력 검사 주기는 농촌 학생은 74.7%가 `6개월~1년`, 도시 학생은 66.3%가 `6개월`이었으며, 시력검사 장소는 농촌 학생은 `학교`, 도시 학생은 `안과`가 가장 많았다. 평일 TV 시청 시간과 공부 시간, 전기스탠드의 사용 여부는 지역간 유의한 차이를 보여 거주 환경에 따라 시력 관리 실태가 다른 것으로 나타났다. 그 밖에 영양제 복용, 컴퓨터 사용 시간, 전기스탠드의 위치, 공부 자세 책과의 거리, TV와의 거리 등은 지역간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론: 도시 지역이 농촌 지역보다, 고학년이 저학년보다 시력과 관련된 환경적 요인에 따른 영향이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 환경에 맞는 효율적인 시력관리 증진 프로그램의 개발이 필요하다고 사료된다.

경남 소재 농촌 초등학교 3곳과 도시 초등학교 1곳의 166명 (저학년 각 36명 고학년 각 47명)을 대상으로 나안시력과 자각식 굴절검사를 실시하여 지역별 학년별 및 성별간 비교 분석하였다. 나안시력은 농촌과 도시 학생에서 각각 0.75±0.34, 0.45±0.38로 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=5.689, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 와 0.84±0.25 와 0.54±0.37(t=4.088, p=0.000) 및 0.68±0.39 0.39±0.38(t=3.989, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 성별 비교에서 남학생과 여학생은 각각 0.65±0.40, 0.55±0.38로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 안경 착용률은 농촌과 도시 학생에서 각각 12%와 51.8%로 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=7.356, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 0.0%와 44.4%(t=-5.291, p=0.000) 및 21.2%와 57.4%(t=-5.105, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 성별 비교에서 남학생과 여학생은 30.7%(27명)와 33.3%(26명)으로 차이가 없었다(t=0.412, p=0.680). 등가구면 굴절이상도는 농촌 학생(-0.52±1.02D)과 도시 학생(-1.60±1.80D)간에 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=4.869, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 -0.14±0.48D와 -0.97±1.32D(t=5.048, p=0.000) 및 -0.81±1.21D와 -2.08±1.98D(t=5.051, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 성별 비교에서 남학생(-0.85±1.24)보다 여학생(-1.31±1.78)이 높게 나타났으나 유의성은 없었다. (t=-1.952, p=0.052). 근시 유병률은 저학년보다 고학년에서, 농촌보다 도시에 거주하는 학생에서 더 높았으나, 성별 비교에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이상으로부터 초등학생의 시력저하를 예방하고 효율적인 시력관리를 위해서는 거주 지역과 연령에 적합한 다각적인 시력 증진 프로그램의 개발이 필요하다고 사료된다.

The purpose of the study w3s to investigate the consumption pattern of the Korean traditional foods of the elementary schoolchildren living in urban and rural area. For the investigation, 373 fifth-grade elementary schoolchildren in Incheon and Gangwhado were surveyed by a questionnaire and the data were analyzed by the SPSS 10.0 program. As for the frequency to take the Korean traditional foods, bab and kimchi are taken almost everyday, and gug, jjigae, jorim, gui, namul are taken frequently. And juk, jeongol, jeon, sanjeog, jutgal, hangwa and umryo were shown to be taken occasionally. There were statistical differences in the frequencies of the Korean traditional food consumption by the residence and the gender. The students in urban area take hinbab, jabgokbab, hobakjuk deonjanggug, sangsunjorim, jangiorim more frequently than the students in rural area. The students in rural area take mandu, kuksoo, yeongunjorim and kongiorim more frequently than the students in urban area Female students take sangsunjorim, jangiorim, sangsungui, bulgogi, sangsunjeon, hobakjeon, sukchae, jutgal and oiji more frequently than male students. Most of the schoolchildren answered that in the future they would like to take the traditional foods more frequently than now. There was statistical difference by the gender. As for the food such as bibimbab, gug, jjigae, jeon, namul and jang-aji, female students responded to take more frequently than male students. The 39.1% of them responded that the taste is the point to be most improved in the future. But there was no statistical difference by gender and the residence In order to make the taste of traditional food more attractive to modem people, the 37.8% of them replied it does not need to change the traditional preparation method. However, similar percentage of the schoolchildren(35.7%) answered it is needed to change partly the traditional preparation method. As for the effect of traditional foods on health, the 68.4% of schoolchildren thought that the our traditional foods are healthier than western foods.