일본뇌염은 모기에 의해 전파되는 대표적인 감염병으로 플라비바이러스속(Flavivirus)의 일본뇌염바이러스가 원인 병원체이다. 국내에서 매개 모기종은 주로 작은빨간집모기(Culex tritaeniorhynchus)로 알려져 있고 동남아시아에서는 본종외에 Cx. vishnui, Cx. annulirostris등을 포함하여 잠재적 매개능력을 지닌 여러 종의 모기들이 보고되고 있다. 지금까지 국내에서 일본뇌염매개종에 대한 연구는 이(1971)에 의해 서울 및 근교에서 여름철 채집된 작은빨간집모기와 금빛숲모기(Aedes vaxans) 그리고 월동 중인 빨간집모기(Cx. pipiens)로부터 일본뇌염바이러스를 분리한바 있다. 최근 Takhampunya 등 (2011)은 경기도 파주지역에서 채집한 작은빨간집모기와 반점날개집모기(Cx. bitaeniorhynchus)에서 일본뇌염바이러스를 검출한바 있다. 과거 국내 일본뇌염 환자의 발생분포는 한반도의 남쪽에 높은 밀도를 보였는데, 이는 인구밀집 지역을 제외하고 매개모기의 발생지역과 대체로 일치하였다. 그러나 최근의 경향은 전국에서 산발적인 형태를 보이며, 매개모기의 분포 양상과 다르게 나타났다. 따라서 저자 등은 일본뇌염 발생의 역학적 규명을 위해 매개모기의 재확인이 필요하다고 판단하여 일본뇌염환자 발생지역과 철새도래지를 중심으로 산, 습지, 축사주변, 주거지역에서 Black light trap, BG sentinel trap, Fay prince trap, Gravid trap을 사용하여 모두 9속 20종의 모기를 채집하였다. 채집된 모기를 분류 동정하여 바이러스 감염 조사를 한 결과 기존의 매개종으로 알려진 작은빨간집모기와 빨간집모기 이외에 동양집모기(Cx. orientalis)와 큰검정들모기(Armigeres subalbatus)에서 일본뇌염바이러스가 처음으로 검출되었고, 검출된 바이러스의 genotype은 모두 5형이었다. 결론적으로 국내의 일본뇌염바이러스 전파는 작은빨간집모기 뿐만 아니라 다양한 종류의 모기가 관여하는 것으로 판단되며, 이들 중 사람에게 바이러스를 전파시키는 종은 바이러스에 대한 감수성이 높은 것과 생태적으로 인체흡혈 기호성이 큰 종이 보다 중요한 역할을 할 것이라고 사료된다. 향후 정확한 일본뇌염바이러스의 전파 경로를 규명하기 위해 매개모기류의 흡혈원 규명, 바이러스의 월동 기전 및 국내 유입 등의 추가적 후속 연구가 필요하다.

한국에서 개발된 팽이버섯 균주 Fv 3-6과 일본에서 수집한 팽이버섯 균주 Fv 0-1, Fv 1-5 및 Fv 11-4의 핵형을CHEF gel electrophoresis 방법으로 분석 하였다. 그 결과4종류의 균주 모두 chromosome의 전체 길이가 달랐으며,chromosome의 개수 또는 특정 chromosome의 길이가 다른 것을 확인하였다. 특히 Fv 3-6의 경우에는 다른 3 종의 균주와 비교했을 때 Fv 0-1, Fv 11-4 보다는 2개의chromosome이 더 존재하였고 Fv 1-5 보다는 1개의chromosome이 더 존재하였으며 핵형패턴이 유사한 일본수집 균주들과는 다른 핵형패턴을 나타내었다. 이러한 CHEF gel electrophoresis 방법은 품종간의 차이를 SSR이나 ITS 정보를 이용한 방법보다 더 정확하게 구분할 수있을 것이라고 생각한다.

SME is a major company to keep employment in Korea and highly depends on large company as vendor. R&D is critical to keep its position under the global competition. Government makes a policy to support SME R&D investement. We reviewed SMBA(Small and Medium Business Administration) policy for SME R&D and try to find alternatives. One of the alternatives is to increase a budget for large and SME co-development program.

경북농업기술원 구미화훼시험장에서는 2003년 오렌지색의 스프레이 장미 ‘Illsse’를 모본으로, 밝은 보라색의스프레이 장미 ‘Heidi’를 부본으로 인공교배하여 양성한실생개체를 2005년에 1차 선발하고 2006년부터 2008년까지 3년 동안 생육특성검정을 실시하여 최종적으로 진한 분홍색 스프레이 장미 ‘Pink Grace’를 선발육성하였다. ‘Pink Grace’는 진한 분홍색의 스프레이 장미로 화형은 반고심형이고 꽃잎은 타원형이며 꽃 직경은 5.4cm,꽃잎 수 26매 이다. 연간 절화 수량은 116.7본/m2이고특히, 절화장이 60cm 이상인 상등품 수량이 41.7본으로대비품종 33.7본 보다 8본이 더 많았다. 절화 수명은12.8일 이고 소비자 기호도가 4.0으로 대비품종 ‘Pinocchio’의 3.8 보다 우수하였다.

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of electrodeposition conditions on the microstructural characteristics of copper thin films. The microstructure of electroplated Cu films was found to be highly dependent on electrodeposition conditions such as system current and current density, as well as the bath solution itself. The current density significantly changed the preferred orientation of electroplated Cu films in a DC system, while the solution itself had very significant effects on microstructural characteristics in a pulse-reverse pulse current system. In the DC system, polarization at high current above 30 mA, changed the preferred orientation of Cu films from (220) to (111). However, Cu films showed (220) preferred orientation for all ranges of current density in the pulse-reverse pulse current system. The grain size decreased with increasing current density in the DC system while it remained relatively constant in the pulse-reverse pulse current system. The sheet resistance increased with increasing current density in the DC system due to the decreased grain size.

This study was to investigate the effects of differences in the temperature of steamed rice powder at the additionof wheat flour on the quality characteristics of Injeolmi after storage for 7 days at 4℃. The L values in color ofthe control and with 75℃ and 95℃ treatments decreased after storage whereas that of the 55℃ treatment increasedfrom 94.24 to 96.07. The amylose content of the control increased from 4.13% to 12.43%, while that of the 55℃,75℃, and 95℃ treatments increased from 5.10%, 5.28%, and 5.14% to 20.43%, 19.8%, and 19.34% respectively.Hardness of the 55℃, 75℃, and 95℃ treatments after storage increased by 109.2%, 2,023.2%, and 2,886.5%respectively compared with that at the initial storage stage. Hardness of the 55℃ treatment after storage was 3.17%compared with that of the control, which shows that the 55℃ treatment significantly reduced retrogradation inInjeolmi during storage. Total aerobic bacteria content of the control and the 55℃ treatment was 3.55 and 3.98 logCFU/g respectively, which were slightly higher numbers than those of the 75℃ (3.62log CFU/g) and 95℃ (3.30logCFU/g) treatments after storage for 7 days at 4℃.

This study was performed to analyze the degree in the reduction of retrogradation in Garaetteok during 3 days at4oC with the addition of 0.8% wheat flour. The water holding capacity of the control (CO) and Garaetteok with0.8% wheat flour added (TR) after storage for 3 days was 45.8% and 76.0% respectively compared with that inthe initial storage stage. The water solubility of TR showed higher values than that of CO throughout the storageperiod, and the difference between CO and TR increased as the storage period increased. For the X-ray diffraction(XRD) pattern, CO showed an A-type pattern and the peak was sharp with the peak size increasing as the storageperiod increased, whereas TR showed a single peak throughout the storage period. Enthalpy changes (∆E) by dif-ferential scanning calorimeter (DSC) of CO and TR after storage for 3 days were 851.8 and 16.1J/kg respectivelywith hardness of 96.3 and 4.0N respectively, which were significantly different at the 0.1% level.

This development is non-destructive machine using X-Ray source about detecting outline faults of small-middle products. This machine is supplement of previous X-Ray equipment. This machine is satisfaction of needs for customers using X-Ray machine of a line detector for weakness. This research is for design and manufacturing of X-Ray apparatus. This machine is measuring below a meter. This research is a major ripple effect for other industries except car-industry.

정보기술의 발전으로 인하여 저장된 디지털 정 보의 양이 기하급수적으로 늘어남에 따라 형사사 건에 있어서 디지털 정보가 범죄를 입증하는 유력 한 증거로 사용되는 경우도 늘어나고 있으며, 압수 수색을 통한 디지털 증거의 적법한 수집은 형사절 차에 있어 매우 중요한 부분을 차지하게 되었다. 디지털 증거의 매체 독립성, 비가시성, 비가독 성, 취약성, 대량성, 네트워크 관련성 등의 특성과 관련하여 2011. 7. 18. 법률 제10864호로 개정된 현행 형사소송법은 디지털 증거의 압수수색을 고 려하여 관련성 요건을 추가하고, 압수수색의 방법 에 관하여도 명시한 바 있으나, 근본적으로 디지털 증거 그 자체를 압수의 대상으로 볼 수 있는지 여부 를 밝히지 않았다. 그러나 형사소송법의 관련 규정, 대법원 판례에 비추어 볼 때 현행 형사소송법상 압 수수색의 대상에는 무형의 디지털 증거도 포함된 다고 해석함이 타당하고, 압수의 방법에 있어서는 개정 형사소송법 제106조 제3항에 따라 원칙적으 로 기억된 정보의 범위를 정하여 출력하거나 복제 하여 제출받고, 예외적으로 범위를 정하여 출력 또 는 복제하는 방법이 불가능하거나 압수의 목적을 달성하기에 현저히 곤란하다고 인정되는 때에 한 하여 정보저장매체를 압수하며, 사후에 판사로 하 여금 그 예외적 사정 유무에 관한 판단을 하도록 하 여야 한다. 또한 사전적으로는 법원에서 압수수색 영장을 발부함에 있어 압수방법을 제한함으로써, 사후적 으로는 포괄적 압수수색이 이루어진 경우 관련성 있는 증거까지도 위법한 절차에 의하여 수집된 증 거로 보아 증거능력을 부정함으로써 포괄적 압수 수색을 예방할 수 있으며, 근본적으로는 형사소송 법에 디지털 증거를 압수수색의 대상으로 명시하 고, 디지털 증거의 특수한 압수수색 절차에 관하여 규율하는 입법적인 보완이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 coated on a mica or TiO2/mica surface as infrared reflective blue pigment was prepared by a hydrothermal method. Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, used as coloring agent, was uniformly coated on mica or TiO2/mica under the optimized condition of a 1.2 : 1 weight ratio between iron(III) chloride hexahydrate and potassium ferrocyanidetrihydrate at the initial pH level of 4.5 at 70˚C. The infrared (IR)-reflective pigments were characterized by SEM, Zeta-potenial, FT-IR, and UV-VIS NIR spectrophotometry. Especially the CIE color coordinate and total solar reflectance(TSR) properties of the pigments were investigated in relation to variation of the coating and coated substrate thicknesses. Isolation-heat paint was prepared with 20 wt% blue pigments fully dispersed in acryl-urethane resin and several additives to coat the film uniformly. The films were also measured with CIE color coordinate, TSR, and the surface temperature was recorded by an isolation-heat measuring system. The pigments and films of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 coated on mica and TiO2/mica showed high TSR values compared with the TSR value of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 itself. According to the increase of TSR value, the property of isolation-heat is effective. To realize the optimal blue color, we applied the the pigment to TiO2 coated mica(TM(b)) which has blueish interference color. The pigment of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 coated on TM(b) shows a strong blue color compared with that of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 coated on TiO2/Mmca(TM(w)), which has a whitish interference color.

Fund-raising is critical to start-up and early stage company. We try to analyse a status of fund-raising in start-up and early stage company, and a correlation between angel investment and start-up. With last 10 years’ data sheets, we find that angel investment is not related with start-up fund raising.

The purposes of this study were to seek beauty industry parts' current social insurance admission status. To achieve the purposes, questionnaire was distributed to a total of 470 beauty artists and data were analyzed by statistical analysis. The result of study proposed that hairdresser showed the highest awareness and field of nail art showed the lowest awareness in social insurance admission status. Social insurance admission status shows that beauty artists in hair field had the most applicants of national pension, health insurance, workers’ compensation insurance and beauty artists of skin field had the highest desire for social insurance application. This study hopes to be used as base line data of social insurance applicants' accurate status and application.

Due to sudden transition to intellectual society corresponding with fast technology progress, companies and nations need to focus on development and guarantee of intellectual property. The possession of intellectual property has been the important factor of competition power. In this paper we developed the efficient patent search process with big data analysis tool R. This patent search process consists of 5 steps. We result that at first this process obtain the core patent search key words and search the target patents through search formula using the combination of above patent search key words.

The importance of environmental protection has been increased recently. Thus the environmental management was settled in an important global competition factor. In the meantime logistics cost occupied the 8.03% of sales at 2011. This portion was greater than the portion of other countries and it was needed the reduction of logistics cost to secure the competition power. As thus in this paper we prepared the process which diminish the environmental discharge and decrease the logistics cost. We proposed the process to apply the MFCA to SCM, until now the MFCA had been used generally in manufacturing process. We defined the loss in SCM and the plus logistic, minus logistic, logistic center and the classification of cost to adopt the MFCA to SCM.

Lee Hyun-hee and Park Chul-woo. 2013. The correlation between adult literacy and their vocabularies. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 21(3). The subject of literacy is no longer new, as it is clear that understanding various types of text is essential for daily life. However, it is also true that once adults have completed their formal school education, they are typically not provided with formal opportunities to improve literacy or vocabulary skills. In the context of lifelong learning, this reality opens the need for an exploration of the relationship between adult literacy and vocabulary. This paper discusses the findings from an experiment on adult literacy. Subjects were divided into two groups: Group A consisted of fifty adults over the age of fifty, and Group B consisted of fifty undergraduate students. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, it was found that Group A overestimated their own literacy and vocabulary abilities, while Group B underestimated these skills. Secondly, in terms of the four language skills of speaking, listening, reading, and writing, Group A reported relative ease of use of these language functions. In comparison, Group B responded that they sometimes experienced difficulties in reading and writing. However, on test items pertaining to lexemes, synonyms, content, and genre, the percentage of correct answers from Group A was lower than that of Group B. As a result of this experiment, we can conclude that the actual literacy of Group A was lower than that reported in their self-evaluations. Based on this finding, we suggest the necessity of literacy and vocabulary education for adults. (245 words)

본 시험은 젖소 4두에 대하여 제1위체류형 센서(Indwelling probe)를 정치시키고 이를 이용하여 아급성제1위과산증 (SARA)의 강도를 조사함과 동시에 pH가 혈 중 내독소 (Lipopolysaccharide; LPS)의 농도에 미치는 효과를 알아보 기 위하여 수행되었다. 비섬유성탄수화물(Non-fiber carbohydrates, NFC)을 기준으로 적정 수준의 NFC를 포함하고 있는 정상 사료군(Normal diet, ND)과, 아급성제1위과산증 (Subacute ruminal acidosis, SARA) 유발가능 사료군(Acidogenic diet, AD)의 2개 처리구에 각 2두씩 배치하여 Cross-over 설계로 사양실험을 반복 실시하였다. 제1위체류형 센서는 장시간에 걸친 제1위 내 pH의 변화를 추적하는 데 효과적 이었다. 얻어진 결과에서 AD 급여는 반추위내용물의 pH를 낮추는 데 커다란 영향을 주었으며, 반추위 내 pH의 저하 는 혈 중 LPS의 농도가 증가로 이어짐을 확인할 수 있었 다. 따라서 혈 중 LPS 농도는 급성 또는 만성형을 불문하 고 과산증을 확인하는 지표로 사용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 착유우용 사료첨가물로 많이 이용되는 소디움벤 토나이트(NaB)와 프로필렌글리콜(PG)의 급여는 반추위 내 pH의 저하를 완충시켜 궁극적으로 SARA의 강도를 완화시 키고 혈 중 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 농도의 증가를 줄여 줌으로써 내독소에 의해 발생하기 쉬운 제엽염 등의 부작 용을 완화시키는 데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

경북농업기술원 구미화훼시험장에서 육성한 장미 ‘Hanaro Pink’ 는 분홍색의 ‘Noblesse’를 모본, 황색의 ‘Sahara’를 부본으로 2002년에 인공교배 한 후 2005년부터 2008년까지 4년간 특성검 정을 하여 2008년에 최종 선발되어 ‘Hanaro Pink’로 명명하였다. 분홍색 스탠다드 절화장미 ‘Hanaro Pink’는 화형이 고심형이고 가 시가 거의 없으며 연간 절화수량이 122.7본/m2이며, 절화장 64.0cm, 꽃직경 10.6cm, 줄기직경 6.3mm, 절화수명 13.7일이며 특히, 개화지 중간부의 가시가 아주 적어 취급이 용이하였다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the slaughtering age on carcass characteristics and economic efficiency of Holstein steers. The Holstein steers (n=27, 4 months old, average body weight 160 ㎏) were divided into 3 groups and raised with TMR feeding formulation until 18, 20 and 22 months old, respectively. In the result, final body weights were 703, 768 and 804 ㎏, and average daily gains were 1.32, 1.32 and 1.27 ㎏, respectively. Dry matter intakes (DMI) were 8.62, 8.94 and 9.24 ㎏. Feed conversion ratio was 6.53, 6.77 and 7.28 for 18, 20 and 22 months old groups. Feed conversion ratio was increased as the fattening periods increased. In yield traits, carcass weight was significantly lower in 18 months old group compared to other groups (p<0.05). The back fat thickness were 8.4, 7.3 and 7.8 ㎜, rib eye area were 70.6, 73.4 and 73.84 ㎠, and the meat yield index was 62.9, 62.5 and 62.1 when slaughtered at 18, 20 and 22 months old, respectively. In the frequency of the yield grade (A:B:C, %), grade B was highest at 20 months old group as 0:75:25. In the quality traits, marbling score, texture and maturity were not different among slaughtering age groups. However, marbling score tended to be increased at 22 months old group. Meat color and fat color were higher at 22 months old group compare to other groups (p<0.05). In the frequency of the quality grade (1+:1:2:3,%), 22 months-old group was the greatest as 12:0:50:38. The income was highest for 20 months old group as 279 thousand wons among the 3 groups. Therefore, the slaughtering ages of Holstein steers may be appropriate at 20 months old.