인삼을 야생에서 재배한 산양삼 (cultivated wild Panax ginseng, CWPG)은 여러 논문에서 인삼보다 전반적으로 높은 Ginsenoside 함량을 갖는다고 보고되었다. 그러나 이미 널리 알려져 있는 인삼이나 홍삼과는 달리 산양삼에 대한 연구는 미비하다. 산양삼을 팽화 처리하여 유효성분을 증가시키는 실험을 수행하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 산양삼을 여러 수분함량과 압력조건으로 팽화산양삼을 제조하고 특성을 조사하는데 있다. 샘플로 사용한 산양삼의 일반 성분은 수분함량 78.04 %, 조지방 0.83 %, 조단백 8.77 %, 조회분 5.04 %로 나타났다. 최적의 팽화 조건을 설정하기 위해 50 °C에서 건조하여 각각 8 %, 10 %, 14 %의 수분함량으로 조절하였다. 압력 조건은 7 kgf/cm2 (686 kPa), 8 kgf/cm2 (784 kPa), 9 kgf/cm2 (882 kPa), 10 kgf/cm2 (980 kPa)의 압력에서 팽화 처리하였다. 총 12개의 팽화 산양삼시료와 팽화 하지 않은 산양삼 총 13가지를 분석하였다. 추출은 70 % EtOH를 이용하여 상온에서 추출하였다. 105 °C에서 건조하여 추출수율을 계산하였고, 수포화 n-부탄올을 이용하여 조사포닌 분석과 HPLC분석을 하였다. Carbazole - sulfuric acid 방법을 이용하여 산성 다당체를 분석하였다. 추출수율과 조사포닌 함량은 팽화 압력 증가에 따라 모든 수분함량에서 감소하였다. 수분함량에 따라서는 추출수율은 큰 차이가 없었고 조사포닌 함량은 8%에서 가장 높게 나타났다. HPLC분석결과 팽화 처리에 따라서 Minor ginsenoside인 Ginsenoside Rg3, compound K의 함량이 증가하였고, Ginsenoside Rh2, Rg2의 경우 일정하게 유지되었다. Ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd는 팽화 처리에 의해 급격하게 감소하였고, 팽화압력 증가 시 감소하는 모습이 나타났다. 팽화 처리에 의해서 증가한 Ginsenoside Rg3, Compound K는 항암, 항산화 효과 및 항 염증 활성이 보고되었다. 팽화 처리에 의해 생리활성이 높은 성분으로 변환되는 것은 기존의 논문에서의 결과와 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 산양삼의 일반 특성과 팽화 처리를 통한 유효성분의 증대는 산양삼을 이용한 고부 가가치식품의 국내 및 세계 시장을 개척 및 확대하기 위하여 본 연구의 진행이 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다.

Hanwoo young bulls are selected based on performance test using the weight at 12 months and pedigree index comprising marbling score. Pedigree index was not based on the progeny tested data but the breeding value of the proven bulls; resulting a lower accuracy. The progeny testing of the young bulls was categorized into testing at farm and at the test station. The farm tested data was difficult to compare with those from test station data. Farm tested bulls had different slaughter ages than those for test station bulls. Therefore, this study had considered a different age at slaughter for respective records on ultrasound traits. Records on body weight at 12 months, ultrasound measures at 12 and 24 months(uIMF, uEMA, uBFT, and uRFT), and carcass traits(CWT, EMA, BFT, and MS) were collected from steers and bulls of Hanwoo national improvement scheme between 2008 and 2013. Fixed effects of batch, test date, test station, personnel for measurement, personnel for judging, and a linear covariate of weight at measurement were fitted in the animal models for ultrasound traits. The ranges of heritability estimates of the ultrasound traits at 12 and 24 months were 0.21-0.43 and 0.32-0.47, respectively. Ultrasound traits at 12 and 24 months between similar carcass traits was genetically correlated at 0.52-0.75 and 0.86-0.89, respectively.

Recently, as the number of earthquakes has increased, the building structure standard has been revised in 2016. In order to minimize earthquake damage, steel frame is used as the most economical and efficient lateral resistance system. Also, when the steel braces are subject to Compressive load, which causes unstable behavior of the structure. In order to verify the compressive behavior of the reinforced Braces, structural performance tests were conducted with variables of slenderness ratio and the amount of reinforcement. This study investigates the structural performance of existing double - angle steel braces by reinforcing them with non- welded/assembled light-weight steel frames and proposes a suitable reinforced section.

The Automobile HVAC system is a habitat for odor-associated fungal communities. We investigated the odorassociated fungal community in an automobile HVAC system using a high-throughput DNA sequencing method. The fungal community structure was evaluated via metagenome analysis. At the phylum level, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were detected, accounting for 43.41% and 56.49% of the fungal community in the HVAC system, respectively. Columnosphaeria (8.31%), Didymella (5.60%), Davidiella (5.50%), Microxyphium (4.24%), unclassified Pleosporales (2.90%), and Cladosporium (2.79%) were abundant at phylum of Ascomycota and Christiansenia (36.72%), Rhodotorula (10.48%), and Sporidiobolus (2.34%) were abundant at phylum of Basidiomycota. A total of 22 genera of fungi were isolated and identified from the evaporators of the HVAC systems which support fungal growth and biofilm formation. Among them, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Alternaria are the most representative odor-associated fungi in HVAC systems. They were reported to form biofilm on the surface of HVAC systems with other bacteria by hypha. In addition, they produce various mVOCs such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetic acid, butanoic acid, and methyl isobutyl ketone. Our findings may be useful for extending the understanding of odor-associated fungal communities in automobile HVAC systems.

This study investigated the odor-associated bacterial community in automobile HVAC systems. Through a metagenome analysis, it was found that; Massilia (42.426%), Sphingomonas (28.200%), (10.780%), and Methylobacterium (5.756%) were abundant in the HVAC systems. Massilia can cause the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) producing odor in automobiles. Sphingomonas produces volatile halogenated compounds or degrades organic pollutants. Rhodococcus is reported to produce sulfur compounds which give off an odor similar to rotting eggs and cabbages. Methylobacterium is one of the most representative bacteria that causes odor in automobile HVAC systems. The evaporator is considered as the appropriate habitat for microorganisms in automobiles because of its high humidity and organic adsorption. Massilia, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, Methylobacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, and Pseudomonas, listed in order from most to least present, were isolated as abundant bacteria in the evaporator of the HVAC systems.

본 연구에서는 동양배 ‘진황’의 1-MCP처리 후 유통온도에 따른 과실의 품질 변화를 관찰하였다. 과실의 감모율의 경우 저장온도가 낮을수록 적었으며 1-MCP처리구가 무처리구 보다 유의하게 적은 감모를 보였다. 수확 후 1-MCP처리는 과육경도에서 유통온도(18, 25 및 30oC)와 관계없이 20N이상으로 무처리구보다 높게 유지 되었다. 과피색의 변화는 모든 처리구에서 저장기간이 길어질수록 어두워졌으며, a*값은 18 및 25oC에서는 처리구간 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 30oC에서는 1-MCP처리구가 유의하게 적은 변화를 보였다. 과실의 생리장해에서 과심갈변, 분질과 발생은 저장온도가 낮을수록 발생이 적었으며, 1-MCP 처리구가 무처리구 보다 낮은 발생을 보였다. ‘진황’과실에서 1-MCP처리후 유통온도에 따른 과실의 품위유지 기간은 18 및 25oC에서는 28일 내외이며, 30oC에서는 21일 내외로 1-MCP 처리로 유통 기간을 약 7일 이상의 품위유지에 효과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 특히 고온의 시장조건에서는 조생종 ‘진황’ 과실에 1-MCP처리가 품위유지에 효과적인 것으로 사료 된다.

Nanosized and aggregated Y2O3:Eu Red phosphors were prepared by template method from metal salt impregnated into crystalline cellulose. The particle size and photoluminescent property of Y2O3:Eu red phosphors were controlled by variation of the calcination temperature and time. Dispersed nanosol was also obtained from the aggregated Y2O3:Eu Red phosphor under bead mill wet process. The dispersion property of the Y2O3:Eu nanosol was optimized by controlling the bead size, bead content ratio and milling time. The median particle size (D50) of Y2O3:Eu nanosol was found to be around 100 nm, and to be below 90 nm after centrifuging. In spite of the low photoluminescent properties of Y2O3:Eu nanosol, it was observed that the photoluminescent property recovered after re-calcination. The dispersion and photoluminescent properties of Y2O3:Eu nanosol were investigated using a particle size analyzer, FE-SEM, and a fluorescence spectrometer.

Bloom of small centric diatom Stephanodiscus is quite occasional in winter season in temperate freshwater ecosystems. It often leads to degradation of water quality and affects the quality of supplied drinking water. In a previous study, we have found that naphthoquinone (NQ) 4-6 derivate is an effective tool for efficient mitigation of natural S. hantzschii blooms. In the present research, polylactide (PLA) and agar foam were used as immobilized agent for NQ 4-6 to improve the efficiency of NQ 4-6 compound releasing process for its application under various field conditions. Mesocosm experiments at 10 ton scale suggested that the abundance of S. hantzschii was continuously increased in the control and upon treatment of the mesocosm with immobilized NQ 4-6 from PLA and agar foam. Their algicidal activities were 78.8% and 77.1%, respectively, on S. hantzschii after 10 days. In the mesocosm experiments, the dynamics of biotic (bacteria, HNFs, ciliates, zooplankton) and abiotic (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, nutrients) factors remained unaffected. They exhibited similar trends in the control and treatment groups. Therefore, the immobilized NQ 4-6 from PLA and agar foam has potential to be used as an alternative algicidal substance to effectively mitigate natural S. hantzschii blooms under various field conditions. In addition, it not only can be used to control S. hantzschii, but also is an effective technique. The immobilized NQ 4-6 showed stable controlled release in desired system.

목적 : 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자에게 적용한 삼킴기능평가도구를 분석한 논문으로, 임상에서 대상자의 상태와 상황에 따라 적절한 평가도구를 선택하여 사용할 수 있도록 돕고자 하는 것이 목적이다. 연구방법 : PRISMA 체크리스트와 흐름도를 통해 체계적 고찰을 시행하였고, 데이터베이스는 PubMed, Medline(ProQuest), EBSCO host(CINAHL Plus with full text), 국회도서관(national assembly library of Korea)을 이용하였다. 연구에 선택된 문헌의 질 평가를 위해 PEDro scale(Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale)을 사용하였다. 연구에 사용된 문헌의 수는 총 32편이었다. 문헌에서 사용된 평가도구들은 장비사용의 유무에 따라, 삼킴단계에 따라 분류하였다. 결과 : 최종분석에 포함된 논문에서 삼킴기능을 측정하기위한 평가방법의 수는 총 45가지였다. 이 중 장비를 사용하여 평가할 수 있는 것은 20개, 사용하지 않아도 되는 것은 25개였다. 장비를 사용한 평가도구 중 13개가 비디오투시 삼킴검사(VideoFluoroscopic Swallowing Study; VFSS) 기반 평가도구로 가장 많이 사용되는 것으로 나타났다. 장비를 사용하지 않는 평가도구의 경우 대부분이 구강준비단계 및 구강단계를 관찰하기위한 도구였으나, GUSS (Gugging Swallowing Screen), EAT-10 (Eating Assessment Tool), SSQ (Sydney Swallow Questionnaire), clinical assessment 등은 인두단계 및 식도단계를 관찰하는데 사용되었다. 삼킴단계 를 구분하지 않는 측정도구로 ASHA (American Speech-language Hearing Association), DD (Degree of Dysphagia), DOSS (Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale), DSR scale (Dysphagia Severity Rating), FOIS (Functional Oral Intake Scale) 등이 있었으며 이러한 도구들은 영양상태, 식이상태, 삼킴기능정도를 평가하는데 용이하였다. 결론 : 본 연구는 환자의 삼킴단계별 상태나 임상환경에 맞춘 적절한 평가도구를 선택하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이며, 이러한 평가를 기반으로 적절한 치료가 제공된다면 삼킴장애 환자의 회복에도 영향을 줄 수 있을 것이

Although rice production gradually increased in Korea, rice consumption has been significantly reduced during the last decade. To increase rice consumption, it is necessary to develop a wide range of rice-processed foods and functional rice materials. In association with digestion in rice-functional materials, people are interested in resistant starch (RS). The purpose of this study was to develop the citrated organic rice flour by dry process with different treatments and to investigate its physicochemical properties. Citric acid (0, 20, 30, 40% dry basis) was mixed with organic rice flour and reacted at 105oC and 150oC for 5 h. The degree of substitution increased with increasing citric acid concentration and reaction temperature. In DSC, when reacted at 105oC, onset temperature gradually decreased with increasing citric acid concentration but no DSC thermal characteristics were observed when reacted at 150oC. Relative crystallinity determined by XRD did not greatly change at 105oC but dramatically decreased at 150oC. As citric acid concentration and reaction temperature increased, rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch, and total starch decreased but RS significantly increased. Therefore, RS content in organic rice flour increased with dryprocessed citric acid treatment and this could be applicable to produce functional foods for diabetes.

최근 10년간 꾸준히 줄어든 쌀 소비를 증가시키기 위한 기능성 쌀 소재와 쌀 가공품에 대한 필요성이 증가하였으며, 우리는 그 중에서 소화되지 않는 전분인 저항전분(resistant starch)에 주목하게 되었다. 이에 유기농 쌀 가루의 산 처리 기술의 개발과 특성에 대한 연구를 진행하였으며, 구연산처리를 한 유기농 쌀 가루는 구연산(citric acid, CA)을 쌀가루 의 건량기준 중량대비 0, 20, 30, 40% 농도로 처리한 후 105°C, 150°C에서 각각 건식으로 반응시켜 총 8가지의 구연산 처리 유기농 쌀가루(Dry-processed Citrate Organic Rice Flour, DCORF)를 제조하고 이들의 물리화학적 특성을 연구하였 다. 용해도의 결과 열처리가 높아질수록 용해도가 줄어들지만 같은 온도처리에서 CA농도의 증가 시 용해도가 증가하 는 것을 볼 수 있다. 팽윤력의 경우 CA농도가 증가할수록 감소하며, 같은 CA농도에서는 온도가 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보인다. Rapid Visco Analyzer(RVA)특성은 구연산을 처리하지 않은 시료들은 약 60~70°C 사이에서부터 점도가 증가하기 시작하여 95°C를 유지하는 중반에 peak viscosity 를 보여주었고, 이후에는 다시 점도의 하락을 관측할 수 있 었고, 냉각을 하는 과정에서 점도가 재상승하는 것을 확인 하였다. DCORF의 경우 구연산과 결합한 전분입자는 팽윤에 저항하기 때문에 점도가 증가하지 않는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. XRD 결과를 보면 기존의 선행된 논문들의 결과와 마 찬가지로 열처리와 구연산 처리에 따라서 패턴의 변화는 나타나지 않으나, 상대결정화도(relative crystallinity)는 구연산 처리 농도에 따라 감소하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)를 이용하여 열적 특성을 확인한 결과 CA의 양과 반응 온도가 증가할수록 호화개시온도는 55.0°C에서 39.7°C(105°C 40%)까지 낮아지고, 150°C에서 처 리한 시료에서는 열적 특성이 나타나지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. RS, RDS, SDS, 와 Total starch의 양을 측정한 결과 CA 농도와 열처리 강도가 높아질수록 RDS와 SDS, Total starch는 감소하였고, RS함량은 현저히 증가하였다. 이러한 결 과로 미루어, 유기농 쌀가루에 구연산으로 건식 열처리를 하면 난소화성을 가지게 되는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 본 연구 결과가 산업적으로 난소화성 기능성 유기농 쌀 제품을 개발하는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다

To prepare Mn4+-activated K2TiF6 phosphor, a precipitation method without using hydrofluoric acid (HF) was designed. In the synthetic reaction, to prevent the decomposition of K2MnF6, which is used as a source of Mn4+ activator, NH5F2 solution was adopted in place of the HF solution. Single phase K2TiF6:Mn4+ phosphors were successfully synthesized through the designed reaction at room temperature. To acquire high luminance of the phosphor, the reaction conditions such as the type and concentration of the reactants were optimized. Also, the optimum content of Mn4+ activator was evaluator based on the emission intensity. Photoluminescence properties such as excitation and emission spectrum, decay curve, and temperature dependence of PL intensity were investigated. In order to examine the applicability of this material to a white LED, the electroluminescence property of a pc-WLED fabricated by combining the K2TiF6:Mn4+ phosphor with a 450 nm blue-LED chip was measured.

This study was conducted to report the census survey results of south Korean Chikso (Korean Brindle Cattle) distribution and to diagnose the current coat color expression patterns. Two years Chikso census showed that there were 2,413 Chikso in 2013 and 2,754 in 2014 in south Korea. Number of animals between 0 to 35 months of age was 1,632 heads in 2014 which comprised 59% of total Chikso population size. The percentages of animals between 36 ~ 71 months of age and over 6 years of age were 31% and 10% of total. Out of 2,416 animals with class numbers assessed by their coat colors, 1,249 heads (52%) were in group I (with black stripes, class no. 1 ~ 3) and the others (class no. 4 ~ 7) were in group II (1,167 heads, 48%). Among the 1,551 animals that were photographed twice in 2013 and in 2014, 226 animals were assessed different coat color class numbers, and round 90% of which were within the ages less than 48 months. The number of animals switched in coat color pattern groups over a year was 56, which was 3.6% of total number of animals on survey. And around 88% of the animals switched in group category was of the animals younger than 24 months of age. Therefore, we conclude that the coat color pattern becomes rather stable at around 24 months of age in Chikso populaion in south Korea.

간내 육종양 담관암은 간내 담관암의 비교적 드문 변이형으로 간내 증식 및 전이 혈관 침범 등이 흔해 예후가 불량하다 고 알려져 있다. 따라서 완치를 위해서는 조기진단과 적극적인 치료가 무엇보다 중요하다. 본 저자들은 영상학적 검사와 간생검을 하였지만 임상 진단이 불충분하였던 간 병변을 수 술 후 병리조직검사를 통해 간내 육종양 담관암으로 확진한 증례를 경험하였기에 보고한다. 기존에 보고되었던 증례들과 달리, 초기 병기로 확인되어 비교적 좋은 예후가 기대되는 바 이다.

This experiment was conducted to establish proper irrigation method for water spinach, subtropical vegetable in plastic film house soils to prepare to future global warming of the Korean peninsula. The evaluation of irrigation with 4 different levels as −20, −40, −50 kPa as a starting point(water potential) were compared to –33 kPa as control. All treatments were ended when water potential reached at –10 kPa respectively. The amount of irrigated water, N content, plant growth and fresh yield were investigated. As a result, water potential was correlated positively with irrigation starting point in cultivation period and irrigation times, but the amount water irrigated per time, N content of harvested plant, fresh and dry yield showed negative correlation. The contents of crude protein, P, K, Ca, Fe of harvested part were most high in –50 kPa treatment. We concluded that –50 kPa was optimal irrigation starting point for water spinach cultivation in unheating plastic film house.

Disinfection of microorganisms using UV light is widely used in the field of water supply and wastewater treatment plant, In spite of high germicidal effect and relatively clean by-product, UV disinfection has fundamental defeat that is accumulation of fouling materials at the interface of water and lamp sleeve. Non-contact type of UV photoreactor which can avoid this fouling generation was developed and the experimental performance evaluation of the system was carried out in this study. Log inactivation rate of E. coli was selected as a disinfection index. The concentration of E. coli of second clarifier effluent was 8.2×101 - 8.2×103 colony per mL and was well inactivated by the non-contact type of UV photoreactor. Under the UV intensity condition of 2.1 - 2.5mW/cm2, E. coli removal rate was observed in the range of 54 - 95% when the HRT was increased from 10 to 52 seconds. Experimental results showed that log inactivation of E. coli was proportional to UV dosage and 200mJ/cm2 of UV dose is expected for the 2.0 log inactivation of E. coli from the second clarifier effluent. Between the two parameters of UV intensity and contact time which are consist of UV dose, UV intensity was 4 times more effective than contact time.s

최근 10년간 쌀 생산량과 비교해 쌀 소비량은 크게 감소하였다. 이에 쌀 소비를 진작시키기 위한 다양한 쌀 가공품 과 기능성 쌀 소재에 대한 개발 필요성이 대두되었으며, 기능성 쌀 소재 중 소화도와 관련이 있는 저항전분(Resistant Starch, RS)에 관심이 집중되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 유기농 쌀 가루의 산 처리 기술을 개발하고, 이들의 물리 화학 적 특성을 알아보는 것이다. 구연산처리를 한 유기농 쌀 가루는 구연산(citric acid, CA)을 쌀가루의 건량기준 중량대비 0, 20, 30, 40% 농도로 처리한 후 105℃, 150℃에서 각각 건식으로 반응시켜 총 8가지의 구연산처리 유기농 쌀가루 (Dry-processed Citrate Organic Rice Flour, DCORF)를 제조하고 이들의 물리화학적 특성을 연구하였다. Degree of substitution (DS)는 CA 농도와 반응온도가 증가할수록 높은 결과를 나타내었다. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) 를 이용하여 열적 특성을 확인한 결과 CA의 양과 반응 온도가 증가할수록 호화개시온도는 55.02℃에서 39.66℃(105℃ 40%)까지 낮아지고, 150℃에서 처리한 시료에서는 열적 특성이 나타나지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. X-ray diffractometer 를 이용하여 결정구조와 상대적결정화도(relative crystallinity)를 확인한 결과 호화에 따른 결정구조의 변화는 확인되었 으나 A형 결정구조는 변하지 않았으며, 상대적 결정화도는 105℃에서는 큰 변화가 없었으나 150℃에서는 크게 줄어 드는 것으로 확인되었다. 팽윤력(Swelling Power)은 CA와 열처리의 정도가 커질수록 감소하는 양상을 나타내었고, 용 해도(Solubility)는 열처리의 강도가 높을수록 낮아지고, CA의 양이 많아질수록 높아지는 양상을 띠었다. RS, RDS, SDS, 와 Total starch의 양을 측정한 결과 CA 농도와 열처리 강도가 높아질수록 RDS와 SDS, Total starch는 감소하였 고, RS함량은 현저히 증가하였다. 이러한 결과로 미루어, 유기농 쌀가루에 구연산으로 건식 열처리를 하면 난소화성을 가지게 되는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 본 연구 결과가 산업적으로 난소화성 기능성 쌀 제품을 개발하는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

In order to provide basic data to predict changes of milk components in milk yield, this study was conducted to compare nutritive values of diets collected from organic dairy farms (ODF) and conventional dairy farms (CDF) of Chungnam and Jeonbuk in Korea. The contents of crude fat, crude fiver, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber in diets of ODF were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to those of CDF. The contents of crude protein and crude ash in ODF were also higher (p<0.05) than those of CDF. The contents of calcium, ferrum, and phosphorus in diets of ODF were similar to those of CDF. The contents of potassium, magnesium, and iodine in diets of ODF were higher (p<0.05) than those of CDF. The contents of total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in diets of ODF were higher (p<0.05) compared to those of CDF. The contents of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid in diets of ODF were higher (p<0.05) compared to those of CDF. However, the contents of myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid in diets of ODF were lower (p<0.05) compared to those of CDF.

The cultivation of green manure crops provide various beneficial influences on agricultural systems. However, there have been few studies on the use of green manure crops on upland field in Korea. The purpose of this study is the selection of green manure crop species suitable for subsequent upland crops. For this study, two leguminous green manure crops and four graminaceous crops were used as following: (1) hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), (2) crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), (3) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), (4) rye (Secale cereale L.), (5) triticale (Triticosecale wittmack), (6) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant-available nitrogen (PAN) release from each green manure crops was estimated using PAN prediction equation. Graminaceous green manure crops produced more biomass (dry plant matter) up to 1.5 times than leguminous crops. However, PAN % was much higher in leguminous crops due to their high nitrogen content (2.4 ～ 4.4%). In late may, hairy vetch was estimated to provide PAN as much as 11kg/10a which meet nitrogen need for nearly all (except waxy corn) upland crops used in this study. However, PAN from crimson clover and graminaceous green manure crops was much lower mainly due to low biomass production and low nitrogen content, respectively. Overall, hairy vetch could be most appropriate green manure crop for upland crop cultivation in Korea.