The nutritional properties of the Kochujang were investigated with Fermented Extract of Hizikia fusiforme. No big differences in proximate compositions(moisture, Crude protein, Crude fat, and Crude ash, Carbohyrate) were observed between Two kinds of kochujangs tested in this study, general kochujang purchased from a market(GK), kochujang added with Fermented Extract of Hizikia fusiforme(FGK). However, FGK showed higher level of Total free amino acid(15,929.5 ng/mg), amino nitrogen(1715.88 mg%) and mineral contens than GK. the analysis of volatile compounds using GC/MS revealde than the fermentation dramatically removed off-flavors such as Acetaldehyde, Silane rimethyl(2-methylphenyl)-, 1H-Indole 2-phenyl-1-(trimethylsilyl) in Fermented Extract of Hizikia fusiforme(FGK).

The purpose of this study was to identify control points through microbiological hazard analysis in the manufacturing processes of starch noodles. Samples were collected from the ingredients, manufacturing processes, equipment and environment. Microbiological hazard assessments were performed using aerobic plate counts (APC), Enterobacteriaceae (EB), E. coli and five pathogens including B. cereus, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and S. aureus. The APC levels in raw materials were from 2.12 to 3.83 log CFU/g. The contamination levels after kneading were 4.31 log CFU/g for APCs and 2.88 log CFU/g for EB counts. APCs decreased to 1.63 log CFU/g and EB were not detected after gelatinization, but their levels slightly increased upon cooling, cutting, ripening, freezing, thawing, and separating. The reuse of cooling and coating water would be a critical source of microbial increase after cooling. After drying, APCs and EB counts decreased to 5.05 log CFU/g and 2.74 log CFU/ g, respectively, and the levels were maintained to final products. These results suggest that the cooling process is a critical control point for microbiological safety, and the cooling water should be treated and controlled to prevent cross contamination by pre-requisite program.

To know proper drying condition for making a safe Sunsik, uncooked food, microbial and physicochemical characteristics of cereal dried by hot-air drying was investigated. As moisture content of 3 Sunsik samples was reduced to about 8%, protein, carbohydrate, fat and ash content of those was increased. But approximate composition of black bean, black rice and glutinous millete and black bean showed little changes during hot-air drying (30, 40, 50oC). Lightness (L value), redness (a value) and yellowness (b value) was increased after hot-air drying. In case of black rice and glutinous millet, b value and L value wasn't changed individually. When we measured a texture for 3 kinds of raw cereal for, hardness of dried cereals was lower than raw cereals. Hardness of dried cereals was increasd as drying temperature was increased. As results of mocrobiologicl experiment for 3 kinds of sunsik on hot-air drying conditions, total cell count was reduced 2 log - 3 log and other pathogenic microorganism wasn't detected except B. cereus.

The objective of the present study was to estimate the health risk level for children exposed to phthalate and identify the pathways including indoor floor dust, surface wipe and hand wipe in elementary-schools and institutes. The samples of indoor place were collected at children's facilities (50 elementary-schools and 46 academies) in summer (Aug ~ Sept, 2008), winter (Dec 2008 ~ Feb, 2009) and Spring (Mar ~ Apr, 2009) periods. Hazard Index (HI) were estimated for the non-carcinogens and the examined phthalate were diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP). Risk analysis indicates that did not exceed 0.01 (HI) for all subjects in all facilities it's 50^th % and 95^th % value. For DEHP, DnBP and BBzP their detection rates through multi-pathways were high and their risk based on health risk assessment was also observed to be acceptable.

The objectives of this study were to form comparisons of total polyphenol compounds, the antioxidant activities and the urushiol contents of lacquer tree(Rhus verniciflua) bark and the sensory properties of chicken soup was made with lacquer tree bark that was cultivated from different cultivation areas; Hamyang, Wonju and China. Total polyphenol contents of Hamyang, Wonju and China were estimated as 375.28±3.48, 403.60±6.6 and 311.06±4.99 ㎎/g. The total flavonoids contents of Hamyang, Wonju and China were measured as 374±14.12, 683.70±12.64 and 334.64±18.40 ㎎/g. The total phenolic compounds and flavonoids concentration, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ABTS radical scavenging of lacquer tree cultivated in Wonju were higher than the others; Hamyang and China. The urushiol content of lacquer tree bark from Hamyang was 4.59±0.04 ppm and higher than others. Urushiol was not detected in China lacquer tree bark. Sensory evaluation tests for chicken soup containing lacquer tree bark showed that the scores of Wonju lacquer tree bark chicken soup was highest, however there are no differences between Hamyang, Wonju, and China significantly(p<0.05).

The aim of this study was to calculate the health risks which children were exposed to trace metals through several pathways including air, floor dust, wipe and hand wipes in elementary-schools and academies. The samples were collected at children's facilities (50 elementary-schools and 46 academies) in summer (Aug ~ Sept, 2008), winter (Dec 2008 ~ Feb, 2009) and Spring (Mar ~ Apr, 2009) periods. The lifetime Excess Cancer Risks (ECRs) were estimated for carcinogen trace elements such as As, Cd, and Cr. For carcinogens, the Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) was calculated by considering the process of deciding Cancer Potency Factor (CPF) and Age Dependent Adjust Factor (ADAF) of the data of adults. Hazard Quotients (HQs) were estimated for the non-carcinogens trace metals like Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. The average ECRs for young children were 1×10^-9~1×10^-8 (50%th percentile) level in all facilities. Non-carcinogens did not exceed 0.1 for all subjects in all facilities. For trace metals their risk based on health risk assessment was also observed to be acceptable.

This study aimed to identify the continuity between 6th grade elementary school English textbooks and 1st grade middle school English textbooks using Coh-Meu'ix, an automated web-based program designed to analyze and calculate the coherence oftexts on a wide range of measures. The measured value of text types was compared and classified into the surface linguistic features (the basic count, word rrequency, readabi li ty, connective information, pronoun information, word information) and the deep linguistic features (co-referential cohesion and semantic cohesion, lexical diversity, syntactic complexity). The findings were as follows: First, the basic counts and words before the main verb had a significant different value between two levels of textbooks. The results were remarkably different in the written language. Second, FKGL (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level) and the pronoun ratio were significantly different only in the written language. In addition, type-token ratios in written language showed more significant differences than spoken language. Third, other language features showed only a mild and gradual difference. Finally, the resu lt indicated there were no statistical differences of discourse aspects.

이 연구의 목적은 예술 고등학교 무용전공자의 자아탄력성이 무용성취도에 미치는 영향을 규명하여 예술고 무용전공 학생들의 성과 향상을 위한 전략에 실증적인 자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 연구대상은 경기도 및 전라북도, 충청남도에 소재한 4개의 예술고등학교에 재학 중인 무용전공 학생들을 모집단으로 하였으며, 최종분석에는 240개의 자료가 사용되었다. 가설검증을 위한 통계 분석방법은 다중회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 그 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 예술고 무 용전공자들의 낙관적 태도와 대인관계 효율감은 실기능력성취에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 특히 낙관적 태도가 강한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 예술고 무용전공자들의 낙관적 태도는 이해능력성취에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 자아탄력성의 하위 변수 중 낙관적 태도는 무용성취능력의 모든 변수에 강한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 예술고 무용전공 자들의 무용능력성취를 위해 낙관적 태도 함양 노력이 필요한 것을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the health risk and management of childhood exposure to indoor aldehydes in elementary-schools and academies. The samples were collected at children's facilities (50 elementary-schools and 46 academies) in summer (Aug ~ Sept, 2008), winter (Dec 2008 ~ Feb, 2009) and Spring (Mar ~ Apr, 2009) periods. The overall mean concentration of formaldehyde was 68.3 ㎍ /m³ and 27.2% of exceeded the 100 ㎍/m³ by the school health guideline. The concentration ratio of Indoor air and outdoor air (I/O) of aldehydes exceeds 1.0. The level of indoor air contamination did appear to be high, and 24.6% of the academies evaluated had exceeded the formaldehyde level specified by the public health act (120㎍ /m³). We estimated the lifetime excess cancer risks (ECRs) of formaldehyde, and the hazard quotients (HQs) of non-carcinogens (acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde). In addition, for carcinogens, the excess cancer risk (ECR) was calculated by considering the process of deciding cancer potency factor (CPF) and age dependent adjust Factor (ADAF) of the data of adults. The average ECRs of formaldehyde for young children were 1×10^-6~1×10^-5 level in all facilities. HQs of formaldehyde did exceed 0.1 for all subjects in elementary school.

Salted Cabbage products purchased from different companies at 4 different districts in South Korea were detected in this study. Cabbage and salt are the main materials for kimchi manufacture. The results of general bacteria contaminated in the samples were 1.4 × 10^5, 6.4 × 10^5, 1.7 × 10^7, 3.6 × 10^7 CFU/g in cabbage and 2.7 × 10³ CFU/g in salt,respectively. The results of coliforms were detected as 2.4 × 10⁴ CFU/g, and there was no Escherichia coli in any sample. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in cabbage as 9.9 × 10², 8.0 × 10¹, and 3.0 × 10³ CFU/g, Bacillus cereus was also found in cabbage as 4.1 × 10³ and 1.0 × 10¹ CFU/g. The results of Campylobacter jejuni and Vibrio paraheamolyticus were 2.4 × 10^6 and 1.0 × 10⁴ CFU/g in cabbage, respectively. 1.0 × 10³ CFU/g for Yersinia enterocolitica was determined in salt. In case of Listeria monocytogenes, the results were 1.5 × 10¹, 1.1 × 10², and 4.5 × 10¹ CFU/g in cabbage. Total batcteria ranged from 1.4 × 10¹ to 4.4 × 10^5 CFU/g were detected in salting solution, from 1.5 × 10⁴ to 1.2 × 10^8 CFU/g in dehydrated salted-cabbage, from 9.4 × 10⁴ ~1.3 × 10^8 CFU/g in minced salted-cabbage. The results of E. coli in samples from different companies were different from one to anther. The results of the contamination of S. aureus and B. cereus showed positive in salting solution and dehydrated salted-cabbage at a portion of companies. V. paraheamolyticus was detected in salting solution. The contamination of Y. enterocolitica ranged from 9.5 × 10² to 1.8 × 10³ CFU/g in salting solution, from 1.7 × 10¹ to 2.7 × 10² CFU/g in dehydrated salted-cabbage, from 1.2 × 10² to 1.3 × 10^8 CFU/g in minced salted-cabbage. The contamination of L. monocytogenes ranged from 8.0 × 10² to 1.7 × 104 CFU/g in salting solution, from 2.8 × 10² to 1.2 × 10⁴CFU/g in dehydrated salted-cabbage. During the manufacture processing of Kimchi, microorganisms were detected in cabbages salted in different concentrations of salt solution at 8%, 10%, 12% and 15% for 5-20 hours. As the results, 3.5 × 10^5 -1.7 × 10^6 , 3.4 × 10^5 - 2.5 × 10^6 , 5.4 × 10^5 - 2.3 × 10^6 , 4.0 × 10^5 - 2.3 × 10^6 CFU/g were detected for E. coli in samples at different treatment conditions. 1.9 × 10⁴- 4.1 × 10⁴, 4.1 × 10³ - 2.8 × 10⁴, 1.5 × 10³ - 7.8 × 10³ , 2.2 × 10⁴- 6.6 × 10⁴CFU/g were detected for S. aureus in samples at different treatment conditions. Salmonella typhimurium was detected in salted cabbage with various salt concentration after salting for 5 hrs, the result ranged from 2.5 × 10^5 to 3.8 × 10^6 CFU/g, and change of microorganism was the smallest in salted cabbage under the concentration of salting solution at 10% for 15 hours. The cabbage salted in 10% salting solution for 15 hours were washed with water for 2 and 3 times, with chlorine for 3 times, and with acetic acid for 3 times. E. coli was detected in the samples washed with water for 2 and 3 times, washed with chlorine for 3 times. The contamination of S. aureus was 3.0 × 10^5 CFU/g in the samples washed with water for 2 times,5.6 × 10³ CFU/g in the samples washed with acetic acid for 3 times, 3.6 × 10^5 CFU/g in the samples washed with water for 3 times and same amount in the samples washed with chlorine for 3 times. According to the results, the contamination of S. aureus was 5.6 × 10³ CFU/g lower in samples washed with chlorine and acetic acid than that in samples washed with water. In case of S. typhimurium, it has been detected in samples washed with water and chlorine, 3.0 × 10¹ CFU/g as the lowest concentration among all the samples was measured in the samples washed with acetic acid for 3 times.

Cereals are the main raw material for sunsik manufacture. As the fundamental processing step, it is very important to confirm the level of the microorganism contamination in the cereals. This study was carried out a micrbiological screening of cereal samples for sunsik from 19 companies located in South Korea. Ten kinds of cereals which were glutinous rice, barley, brownrice, blackbean, blackrice, blacksesame, sorghum, millet, perilla seed, and adlay were investigated. As the results, the contaminations of general bacterial were 3.1~8.6 log(CFU/g). The results of Escherichia coli were 1.0~3.4 log(CFU/g). There was no contamination of Salmonella. spp in any cereal samples except black sesame and mold was detected in barley. The experiment for microbiological contamination during sunsik processing was also investigated in this study. The results of general bacteria were detected as 5.1~8.5, 4.4~7.5,1.0~2.3, 2.4~4.2, 1.0~4.0, 3.4~4.2, 4.3~5.2, and 3.3~5.5 log(CFU/g) during environment of warehousing, washing,steaming, 1st cooling, drying, 2nd cooling, grinding, and packaging process, respectively. The results of coliform were 1.0~2.0 log(CFU/g) during warehousing respectively. Mold was found in warehousing. In case of the instruments, the contaminations of general bacterial were 4.2~7.5, 0.1~2.0, 0.1~3.2, 3.7~4.0, 2.5~3.0, and 3.8~5.2 log(CFU/g) in cereals tanks, washing machines, grinding machines, packaging machines, and workrooms. The results of coliform were 2.4~4.0, 0.0~4.1 log(CFU/g) in cereals tanks and grinding machines, respectively. Mold were only found in cereals tanks, grinding machines, and workings. Therefore, the risk of hazard microorganisms contmination might be decrased as the exhaustive management is applied to the whole sunsik process.

This study was to assess the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk on exposure to volatile organic compounds This study was assessed the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exposure in young children at elementary-schools and academies in Korea. The samples were collected at children's facilities (50 elementary-schools and 42 academies) in summer (Aug ~ Sept, 2008), winter (Dec 2008 ~ Feb, 2009) and Spring (Mar ~ Apr, 2009) periods, and analyzed by GC-MSD. We estimated the lifetime excess cancer risks (ECRs) of benzene and the hazard quotients (HQs) of non-carcinogens toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and styrene. In addition, for carcinogens, the excess cancer risk (ECR) was calculated by considering the process of deciding cancer potency factor (CPF) and age dependent adjust Factor (ADAF) from the data in adults. The average ECRs of benzene for young children were 1×10^-7~1×10^-9 level in all facilities. HQs of four non-carcinogens did not exceed 1.0 for all subjects in all facilities.

This study was to assess the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk on exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde of worker and user at public facilities in Korea. We measured the concentrations of formaldehyde and VOCs in indoor air at 160 public buildings that 5 kinds of public facilities (30 hotel, 30 fitness center, 25 gosiwon, 30 reading-room and 45 video-room) all over the country. There were estimated the human exposure dose and risks with averages of the using-time and frequency for facility users and office workers, respectively. Carcinogens (benzene and formaldehyde) were estimated the lifetime excess cancer risks (ECRs). Non-carcinogens (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene) were estimated the hazard quotients (HQs). HQs of four non-carcinogens did not exceed 1.0 for all subjects in all facilities. Higher HQs of toluene were observed at the reading-room. The average ECRs of formaldehyde and benzene for facility worker and user were 1×10^-4~1×10^-6 level in all facilities. The estimated ECRs for reading-room were the highest and the fitness center and gosiwon were the next higher facilities. Because lifetime ECRs of carcinogens exceeded 1×10^-4 for facility worker in the most facilities, risk management of formaldehyde and benzene in the facilities was necessary. IAQ guidelines should be determined strictly to prevent occurrence of disease caused by poor IAQ beforehand.

This study assessed the health risk of trace elements in indoor children-facilities by multi-pathway measurements (Air, Dust, Wipe, Hand washing). The samples of indoor place were collected at various children's facilities (40 day-care houses, 42 child-care centers, 44 kindergartens, and 42 indoor playgrounds) in summer (Jul~Sep, 2007) and winter (Jan~Feb, 2008) periods, and analyzed by ICP-MS. The lifetime Excess Cancer Risks (ECRs) were estimated for carcinogen trace elements such as As, Cd, Cr and Ni. For carcinogens, the Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) was calculated by considering the process of deciding Cancer Potency Factor (CPF) and Age Dependent Adjust Factor (ADAF) of the data of adults. Both Hazard Quotients (HQs) and Hazard Index (HI) were estimated for the non-carcinogens and children sensitivity trace elements like Cd, Cu, and Cr. The average ECRs for young children were 1×10^-10~1×10^-6 (50%th percentile) level in all facilities. Non-carcinogens and Children's sensitivity materials did not exceed 1.0 (HQs, HI) for all subjects in all facilities. For trace elements their detection rates through multi-pathways were not high and their risk based on health risk assessment was also observed to be acceptable. In addition, through education on the risk of multi-pathway exposure of trace elements for managers of facilities as well as for users the risk control of exposure of children.

썩덩나무노린재(Halyomorpha halys Stal))는 노린재목(Hemiptera) 노린재과 (Pentatomidae)의 곤충으로서 감귤을 비롯해 감, 복숭아등 과수와 콩과식물을 가 해하는 작물 해충으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 썩덩나무노린재 방제약제선발, 유 인물질 연구 등에 이용하고자 실내 개체군을 수립하였으며 산란행동을 구명하였 다. 2009년 10월~11월 제주시 유기농 감귤원에서 채집한 약 20마리 썩덩나무노린 재 성충을 초기 개체군으로 시작하였다. 아크릴 케이지(크기 110×70×55cm)에 자 율적으로 먹이에 접근하도록 하였고 최대한 인위적인 노력이 투입되지 않도록 관 리하였다. 산란재료 및 수분공급을 위한 식물재료로 칼랑코에 및 페페(소형 포트 20개)를 제공하였다. 주먹이로는 검은콩 및 생땅콩을 충분히 제공하였고, 사육실 온도 25±1℃, 상대습도 40~70%, 광 16L:8D 조건에서 사육하였다. 상기와 같은 방법으로 초기 개체군이 효과적으로 정착하여 규모화 된 실내 개체군(2010년 9월 현재)을 유지 시킬 수 있었다. 교미행동 관찰결과 수컷이 더듬이 및 머리 앞부분을 이용 뒤쪽에서 암컷의 복부 끝을 두드리고, 이 때 암컷이 교미를 수락하는 경우 복 부 끝을 들어 올리게 되며, 그러면 수컷이 돌아서서 교미에 성공하였다. 산란은 적 게는 13개에서 많게는 39개까지 무더기로 알을 낳았고, 난괴 당 평균 알 수는 28.5 개 이었다. 알을 낳는데 걸리는 시간은 1개의 알을 낳는데 2분 27초에서 2분 32초 사이가 걸렸고, 총 산란시간은 1시간 18분에서 21분까지 소요되었다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential exposure of chemicals from the working environment of nail shops and determine health-related symptoms from the nail shop workers by self-reporting questionnaire. A total of 54 nail shop workers from 15 different locations were asked to conduct a survey concerning their working environment. VOCs (including toluene and nine other substances) and aldehyde(including formaldehyde and four other substances) detected. We studied on the relationship between the environmental concentration of chemical substances and the self-reported symptoms of nail shop workers. There was a significant relationship between the neck pain and substances such as 2- propanol, benzene, toluene, n-buthylacetate, ethylbenzene, and xylene (p<0.01). Furthermore, symptoms in the nose irritation, neck irritation and recurrent coughs had significant relationship with benzene (p<0.05), whereas, toluene showed significant relationship with neck irritation and symptoms such as coughs and fatigue (p<0.05).