큰느타리버섯(새송이)의 학명은 Pleurotus eryngii이며, 분류학적으로 담자균아문(Basidiomycotina), 주름버섯목(Agaricales), 느타리버섯과 (Pleurotus)에 속하는 사물기생균 (Zadrazil,1978)으로 일반명은 King Oyster Mushroom로 원산지는 남유럽 일대이며, 주로 아열대지방이나 수목이 없는 초원지대, 남유럽, 중앙아시아, 및 북아프리카 등에 널리 분포하하고 있다. 큰느타리버섯의 인공재배에 관한 연구는 1958년 Kalmar에 의해 최초로 시도되었으며 국내의 경우 1997년부터 보고되기 시작 하였다. 국내에 처음 도입되어 시험재배를 통해 농가 보급된 후 그 재배면적과 생산량은 급격히 증가 되었으며 2007년의 경우 전체 버섯 생산량의 32%를 차지할 정도로 대중적인 식용버섯으로 자리를 잡았다. 이러한 성장은 큰느타리버섯의 재배기술의 결과이며 배지 재료에 있어서도 많은 변화를 가져 왔다. 처음 인공재배에는 참나무 톱밥, 미강, 밀기울이 주 원료였으나, 최근에는 건비지, 콘코브, 비트밀 등 다양한 재료들이 이용되고, 복합배지 형태로 판매되고 있는 상업용 배지도 이용되고 있다. 그러나 버섯재배에 필요한 배지원료가 해외의존도가 높아서 그 수입량이 계속 증가하고, 수입단가도 계속 상승하여 콘코브의 경우 톤당 단가가 2005년에 94톤에서 2008년에 122로 30%가 증가하여 경영악화 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 그나마 구하지 못해 다른 재료를 썼다. 실패하는 농가도 발생했다. 본 연구는 대체배지를 일정비율 혼합하고 첨가비율에 따른 균사 배양 및 자실체 생육특성을 비교하여 맥주박 적정첨가비율을 구명하고자 하였다. 맥주박 첨가에 따른 배양특성을 조사한 결과 첨가량이 증가할수록 균사생장률은 약간씩 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었으며 30% 이상에서는 균사밀도가 낮았다. 생육특성의 경우 맥주박 첨가량이 30% 이상일 경우 수량이 5%정도 감소하고, 상품성도 떨어졌다. 이상의 결과에서 큰느타리버섯 재배농가에서 맥주박 10∼20%수준으로 첨가하여 이용할 경우 버섯의 배양 및 생육이 가능하여 버섯 재배에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다.

버들송이버섯(Agrocybe cylindracea)는 주름버섯목(A-garicales) 소똥버섯과(Bolibitiaceae)에 속하는 담자균 류로, 봄에서 가을까지 활엽수의 마른 줄기의 썩은 부분에서 자라며 갓은 둥근 모양으로 직경이 2~5㎝정도이 고, 황갈색의 표면에 섬유상의 백색 줄무늬를 지니고 주름이 있으며, 포자는 암갈색 줄무늬를 지니고 있고 포 자는 암갈색의 전형적인 버섯의 형태를 갖추고 있다. 이 버섯은 다른 버섯에 비하여 섬유질이 많아 씹으면 단 맛이 있고, 아삭아삭하여 독특한 촉감과 향이 있어 대중의 기호에 맞아, 연중생산이 가능한 병재배 시설을 이 용하여 확대재배하기에 유망한 버섯이다. 그러나 이 버섯은 균배양기간이 길고 종균 저장력이 약하며, 배양중 에 잡균 오염이 높아 농가에서 널리 재배되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 최근에는 연구자들(Esser 등 1974, 1977; Labarere 등, 1987)들 간에 유전 및 생산적인 측면에서 버들송이버섯에 관한 연구가 있었지만 인 공재배에 관한 연구는 미흡한 상태이다. 본 연구는 버들송이벗서의 안정적 생산을 위해 톱밥종균을 제조하는 데 적합한 톱밥종류와 톱밥종류별 적합한 부재료인 영양원을 선발하여, 우량종균을 생산으로 배양기간을 단 축하고, 또한 선발된 톱밥종균으로부터 적정 톱밥접종량을 제시하여 버들송이버섯의 최적 톱밥종균제조로 병 재배의 안정성을 높이고자 한다.

The bean pyralid, Omiodes indicatus (Fabricius), moulted 4 times during larval period. When temperature increased from 15 to 20, 25, and 30℃, the developmental period of immature stages was shortened, 18.2, 7.5, 5.0, and 4.1 days of egg period, 51.8, 20.0, 12.7, and 9.9 days of larval period, 29.5, 12.0, 8.0, and 5.9 days of pupal period, respectively. Adult longevity was 16.0, 14.7, 11.2, and 7.5 days at respective temperatures. A female adult layed 57.0, 63.3, 82.2, and 31.7 eggs in 3.7, 6.0, 5.8, and 3.0 days of oviposition period at the same temperature regimes, respectively. Field survey in 2006 and 2007 showed that leaf damage on paddy field and upland soybeans began to appear in mid July, reaching its peaks in mid August and late September. Adults of the bean pyralid appeared in mid July and peaked in late August and early October.

세줄콩들명나방의 피해를 해석하고자 유충밀도에 따른 피해엽면적과 인위적엽에 따른 생육 및 수량을 구명하였다. 세줄콩들명나방은 1.8엽으로 하나의 권엽을 형성하였고, 콩의 상위부에 주로 위치하였다. 20, 25, 30℃의 항온 사육상에서 유충의 섭식엽면적은 각각 21.26, 25.39, 23.97cm2이었고, 유충 5령기에 전체 섭식엽면적의 80%를 섭식하였다. 온실에서 2령 유충을 주당 5, 10, 15, 20마리씩 협비대기의 콩에 접종하여 유충기간동안 섭식한 엽면적을 측정한 결과 각각 148.5, 316.5, 560.3, 662.6cm2이었고, 피해엽수는 각각 24.7, 45.2, 59.2, 55.4엽이었다. 유충 1마리당 평균 섭식엽면적은 32.3cm2이었고, 평균 가해엽수는 4.0엽이었다. 콩 잎의 피해를 해석하고자 영양생장기(V5), 개화기(R2), 협비대기(R5)에 각각 0, 20, 40, 80%씩 인위적엽한 결과, 협성숙기(R8)에 적엽시기별로 측정한 엽면적의 회복정도는 V5, R2 순이었고, R5는 거의 회복하지 못하였다. 주당 협수는 R2시기에 80%를 적엽하였을 때 가장 많았고, R5시기에 80%를 적엽하였을 때 가장 적었다. 100립중은 대부분의 처리에서 비슷하게 나타났지만, R5시기에 적엽률이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 80%를 적엽하였을 때 가장 적게 나타났다. 종실수량은 V5, R2, R5 등의 적엽시기에 따라 120.7, 103.6, 100.5kg/10a로 감소하였고, 20, 40, 80% 등의 적엽률에 따라서는 V5시기에는 148.2, 115.3, 98.7kg/10a, R2시기에는 137.1, 114.2, 59.6kg/10a, R5시기에는 141.3, 91.1, 69.1kg/10a로 적엽률이 증가할수록 수량은 크게 감소되었다. 특히, V5시기의 80%, R2시기의 80%, R5시기의 40%와 80%에서 통계적으로 유의하게 감소되었다.

Development of T. urticae was studied on the leaves of eggplant grown in hydroponics with nitrogen contents of 5 mM, 10 mM, 30 mM, and 60 mM. As the nitrogen level in hydroponics increased, it also increased in the plant whereas that of K, Ca, and Mg decreased. More nitrogen in hydroponics resulted in increased contents of water and crude protein, and decreased ash, carbohydrates, and fibers within the plant. Biomass was the heaviest as 989.5 g at 10 mM and the lightest at 60 mM. Leaf thickness and the content of chlorophyll increased as the content of nitrogen increased. Laboratory leaf disc tests obtained from plants grown at various nitrogen levels revealed that feeding and oviposition preferences of T. urticae were high at 30 mM and low at 5 mM. Ratio of damaged leaf by naturally occurring T. urticae on eggplants of 99 days post-transplant in the greenhouse was the highest as 98% at 60 mM. Degrees of damage on eggplants with and without T. urticae infestation turned up more as the differences in the levels of nitrogen in the hydroponics get bigger. No definite differences in the rate of T. urticae development was found between nitrogen treatment levels but, mortalities in immature stages dropped as the nitrogen levels went up. Adult longevity was the longest of 11.9 for female and 6.9 days for male at 60 mM. Oviposition period was also the longest as 11.7 days at 60 mM and shortened as the level of nitrogen decreased. The number of eggs oviposited was the most as 144.4 at 60 mM while it was the least as 41.0 at 5 mM. Sex ratio was 0.75 in favor of female at 10 mM. R<SUB>o</SUB> and T increased, no trends were detected in r<SUB>m</SUB> and , while Dt decreased as the levels of nitrogen went up.

옥잠화속 식물 중 잎의 무늬가 다양하고 절엽 수명도 길어 절엽용 품종으로 적합한 ‘Ellerbroek’, ‘Francee’, ‘Halcyon’의 3품종을 대상으로 번식 효율을 높이기 위 한 생장조절제인 BA 및 물리적 처리방법간의 액아발생 촉진 효과를 구명하고자 수행하였다. BA의 처리시 기 및 농도별 액아 발생정도는 무처리에 비해 월등한 효과가 입증되지 않았다. 물리적 처리방법별 액아 발생 정도는 지상부 절단방법보다는 기부 상처가 더 효과적 이었다. ‘Ellerbroek’에서는 처리 방법 간에 액아 발생 증가 효과가 그다지 크지 않았으나 ‘Halcyon’에서는 무처리에 비해 기부 상처가 주당 4개의 액아수가 증가 되었다. 또한 ‘Francee’에서는 액아 발생수가 BA처리 나 지상부 절단 방법이 각각 주당 2개와 1.8개인데 반해 기부 상처시 주당 6.1개로 액아 발생 촉진 효과 가 가장 뛰어났다.

This study investigated gait characteristics, kinematics, and kinetics in the lower extremities between two different shoe conditions (high heeled shoes (7 cm), and high heeled shoes with a total contact insert (TCI)) after lower extremity muscle fatigue. Although TCI shave been applied in high heeled shoes to increase comfort and to decrease foot pressure, no study has attempted to identify the effects of TCI in fatigue conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of walking in high heeled shoes with TCI after lower extremity muscle fatigue was induced. This study was carried out in a motion analysis laboratory at Hanseo University. A volunteer sample of 14 healthy female subjects participated. All in fatigue conditions, the subjects were divided into two groups. The muscle fatigue was induced by 40 voluntary dorsi- and plantar-flexion exercises and 40 heel-rise exercises of the dominant foot. Surface electromyography was used to confirm the localized muscle fatigue using power spectral analysis of three muscles (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis). The results were as follows: (1) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI decreased the peak flexion angle of the hip joint significantly in the early stance phase (p<.05) and increased the peak hip flexion moment in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (2) In muscle fatigue conditions, the application of TCI also increased peak hip power generation in the early stance phase and peak hip power absorption in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (3) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI reduced the impact force significantly and increased the secondary peak vertical GRF. These findings suggest that the TCI may provide beneficial effects when muscle fatigue occurs for a high heeled shoe gait. Future research employing the patient population and various types of TCI materials are required to clarify the effects of TCI.

옥잠화 원예품종 80여종을 대상으로 절엽으로의 이 용가능성, 선호품종 등에 관하여 절엽의 주 소비층인 꽃꽂이 전문가들에게 설문 조사를 실시한 결과 절엽 이용가능성이 충분하며 꽃꽂이를 할 때 사용되는 다 른 소재들과의 조화정도 또한 높게 평가했다. 절엽으 로 적합한 품종에 대한 설문에서는 Francee가 가장 선호도가 높았으며, Ellerbroek, Karin, Beauty Substance, Gold Standard, Sum and Substance, Anne, Plantaginea 순이었다. 그러나 Gold Standard, Anne, Plantaginea는 절엽수명이 6~10일로 짧았고 Karin, Summer Music은 12일, Beauty Substance, Ellerbroek, Francee, Patriot은 13일, Sum and Substance와 Sagae이 17일의 절엽 수명을 보여 다른 품종 또는 타 소재류에 비해 수명이 긴 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 절엽용 적정 품종으로Francee,Ellerbroek,Karin,Sum and Substance,Beauty Substance,Patriot,Sagae의 7개 품종을 최종 선발하였다.

The purpose of this study was to compare the difference of joint position sense between measurements. Fourteen healthy male subjects were recruited for this study. The elbow joint position senses were measured using angle reproduction test. The elbow joint position sense was assessed with three experimental conditions: ipsilateral reproduction test in open-chain condition, contralateral reproduction test in open-chain condition, ipsilateral reproduction test with weight in open-chain condition and ipsilateral reproduction test in closed-chain condition. The angular difference between stimulus position and the reproduced position (angular error) was calculated in all testing conditions to examine the accuracy of the joint position sense. One way ANOVA was used to compare the error angles in all experimental conditions. The error angles between measurements were significantly different in elbow joint. The error angles was smallest in ipsilateral reproduction test with weight in open-chain condition and was greatest in the contralateral reproduction test in open-chain condition. Findings of this study indicate that testing methods, types of task, existence of resistance should be considered in clinical assessment for the joint position sense.

Traditionally, ultraviolet (UV) has been used for treating the pressure sore and skin wound. The effects of UVA and UVB radiation on disinfection have been reported. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of UVC radiation on disinfection of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium in vitro. Three bacterium were radiated by UVC (250 nm, 20 seconds) and incubated at for 24 hours at the agar culture medium. Kill rates of all three bacterium were 99.9%. UVC radiated on three kinds of bacterium for 30 or 60 seconds. Kill rates were 99.9% both 30 and 60 seconds. This data suggests that UV light at 250 nm could be a useful method to minimize infection and shorten healing time in pressure sore and skin wound condition.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the low-intensity ultrasound (noblelife) treatment on the pain points of upper trapezius muscle. The study recruited 20 patients who had trigger points in one side of the upper trapezius. The effectiveness of the low-intensity ultrasound treatment was assessed with subjective pain intensity using visual analog scale (VAS) and pressure pain threshold (PPT). The PPT was measured by pressure threshold algometer. Before and after the treatment, changes of pain were evaluated. Wilcoxon test for VAS data and paired t-test for PPT data were used for statistical significance. Compared to the pain intensity before the treatment, the pain intensity after treatment was significantly decreased (p<.05). Low-intensity ultrasound could be safely used in clinical application and at home for the treatment of patients with pain in upper trapezius muscle.

본 연구는 보행주기 동안 정상인과 당뇨병성 족부궤양 환자의 족관절 운동역학적 변수와 족관절 근육들의 근활성도에 차이가 있는지 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 본 연구의 대상자는 당뇨병성 족부궤양이 있는 환자 9명(남자: 6명, 여자: 3명)과 성, 연령, 체중으로 짝짓기(matching)시킨 대조군 9명이었다. 3차원 동작분석기, 힘판, 표면 근전도를 이용하여, 보행주기 동안 족관절의 관절가동범위, 모멘트(moment), 일률(power), 그리고 내측가자

Falls are the most serious health problems in elderly population. They are a major cause of premature death, physical injury, immobility, psychosocial dysfunction, and nursing home placement. To reduce the alarming rate of falls and related excessive mortality and morbidity, efforts must be made to detect persons at risk of falling and to prevent or reduce the frequency of falls. To facilitate such approaches, it is essential to find the cause of falling (and under what conditions) of the elderly and the factors that are associated with risk of falling. This study was aimed at designing interventions that minimize risk of falling by ameliorating contributing factors while maintaining or improving patient's mobility.

야외 포장에서 십자무늬긴노린재의 연중 발생소장 및 월동, 식이 선호성 등을 조사하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 시기별 발생소장은 5월 상, 중순에 월동성충이 출현하여 6월 하순부터 8월 중순까지 1세대성충이 출현하고 9월 중순에서 10월 상순에 2세대성충이 출현하였다. 이 2세대성충이 토양 속이나 낙엽밑에서 월동하였다. 십자무늬긴노린재는 백열등(100W), 청광등(BL:20W), 흑광등(BLB:20W)의 유아등에는 모두 유인되지 않았다. 식이 선호성은 박주가리과의 박주가리와 백하수오(큰조롱)에 기주특이성을 보였다.

Weight bearing training on the involved leg is impotant for ambulation and activities of daily living in ambulatory hemiplegic patients. Traditionally, physical therapists have relied on exercise therapy and subjective evaluation. The goal for this study was to measure lower extremity weight distribution in standing with ten hemiplegic pations(M:8, F:2) and to determine the traing effect on symmetrical standing posture using a "Limloader". The Limloader is a machine designed for training symmetrical weight bearing posture. The results showed that the ability to keep the center of gravity within the limits for balance was improved significantly but the ability to adjust weight bearing on the involved leg was not (p<0.05). This study demostrated that hemiplegics can improved their symmetrical weight bearing ability using sensory biofeedback.

‘Pungwonmi’, a new sweetpotato variety, was developed for table use by Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2014. This variety was derived from the cross between ‘Benisatsuma’ and ‘Luby3074’ in 2006. The seedling and line selections were performed from 2007 to 2009, and preliminary and advanced yield trials were carried out from 2010 to 2011. The regional yield trials were conducted at five locations from 2012 to 2014, and it was named as ‘Pungwonmi’. This variety has cordate leaf shape, and its leaves, stems, nodes, and petioles are green. Storage root of ‘Pungwonmi’ has an elliptical shape, red skin, and light orange flesh. ‘Pungwonmi’ was moderately resistant to fusarium wilt, and resistant to root-knot nematode. Dry matter content was 31.2%, and texture of steamed storage root was intermediate. Total sugar content of raw and steamed storage roots of ‘Pungwonmi’ was higher than that of ‘Yulmi’. β-carotene content of ‘Pungwonmi’ was 9.1 mg/100g DW. Yield of marketable storage root over 50 g of ‘Pungwonmi’ was 24.3 MT/ha under the early season culture, which was 46% higher than that of ‘Yulmi’. The number of marketable storage roots per plant was 2.8 and the average weight of marketable storage root was 156 g under the optimal and late season culture. Marketable storage root yield of ‘Pungwonmi’ was 24.1 MT/ha under the optimum and late season culture, which was 26% higher than that of ‘Yulmi’. (Registration No. 6428).

This work was conducted to identify sweet potato [(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)] cultivars showing high yield and processing suitability in the Jeonbuk region of Korea. Shoot-slips (30 cm in length) of 14 cultivars were planted with a planting density of 75×25 cm on May 30, and cultivated with black film mulching. Vine elongation at 30 days after planting was significantly increased (> 90 cm) in ‘Dahomi’ and ‘Sinhwangmi’, and was excellent (> 250 cm) 120 days after planting in ‘Sinhwangmi’, ‘Shinyulmi’, ‘Daeyumi’, ‘Jinhongmi’, and ‘Yeonhwangmi’. The branch number per plant showed a dramatic increase in ‘Shinzami’ 30 and 120 days after planting. The leaf number per plant showed the highest increase in ‘Shinzami’ 30 days and in ‘Sinhwangmi’ 120 days after planting. Total weight, mean weight, and number of marketable tubers per plant were significantly higher 150 days after planting than that 120 days after planting. Marketable tuber yield at 120 days was high, over 2.5 ton/10a in ‘Daeyumi’, ‘Dahomi’, and ‘Jeonmi’, and was considerably increased, from 3.2 ton/10a to 3.5 ton/10a, 150 days after planting. Total weight of marketable tubers per plant and marketable tuber yield 120 and 150 days after planting had significant positive correlations with vine length and number of nodes 30 days after planting. Starch value was significantly higher 150 days after planting than that 120 days after planting. ‘Daeyumi’ and ‘Jeonmi’ had good growth vigor, high yield, and high starch content; ‘Dahomi’ also exhibited beneficial traits such as good growth vigor, high yield, and bright orange-colored flesh.

Early maturity of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important character for double cultivating system with winter crops such as onion or garlic in southern area of Korea. Soybean cultivars released in the past, especially ‘Keunolkong’ was widely cultivated but it was weak at abiotic stress and low yield potential because of too short growing period and short stem height. ‘Hanol’, a new early maturing cultivar showing better abiotic stress tolerant and higher yield potential, was developed from the cross between SS91408 and ‘Hwaeomputkong’, and released in 2009. ‘Hanol’ is, compared to ‘Keunolkong’, Hanol’s growing period is five days longer and its height is 5cm higher. In addition, it showed better excess-water tolerant and 26.5g 100-seed weight. At regional adaptation yield trials (RYT) in six regions from 2007 to 2009, ‘Hanol’ showed 2.04 tons of seed per hectare, 14% higher than ‘Keunolkong’ (1.80ton/ha). ‘Hanol’ is promising for double cropping system with higher yield.