This study was carried out to develop new zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) cultivar ‘Halla Green 2’ (Grant number: No. 118). To develop a zoysiagrass cultivar with dwarfism by using the mutation breeding method, the wild type control "Gosan" plants were irradiated using a 30 Gy gamma ray source in 2010. Dwarf mutants were selected from the mutated grasses in successive generations. Dwarf mutant lines were identified and a new zoysiagrass variety Halla Green 2 was developed. The plant height of Halla Green 2 was 3.4 and 1.8 times lower than that of Gosan and Zenith, respectively. This cultivar has dwarf characteristics such as shorter sheath, shorter leaf blade, shorter flag leaf, and shorter third internode of stolon compared to those of Gosan and Zenith. Additionally, the sheaths and leaf blades color of Gosan, Zenith and Halla Green 2 were all light green, whereas their stolons were purple, yellow-green and yellow green, respectively. Trichomes(hairs) were visible on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the Gosan leaves, whereas only on the adaxial side of the Zenith and Halla Green 2 leaves. The Halla Green 2 grass showed distinguishable morphological traits compared to those of wild type Gosan and Zenith.

To fit the market demands for functional rice such as black and red color rice, ‘Sugary’a high free sugar content line was backcrossed to the black rice ‘Milyang152. The pedigree method was adapted in selection and generation advance. A high polyphenol content line, YR19646-3-2-1-1-2-2 showing red pericarp was selected and designed as ‘Milyang234’ followed by variety name ‘Geonganghongmi’ in 2010. Heading date of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was Aug. 19, medium-late maturing cultivar. ‘Geonganghongmi’ showed resistance to leaf blast and rice stripe virus while susceptible to major diseases and insects. The total polyphenol content of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was high as much as 24.2mg/g compare to that of 4.9mg/g of ‘Nampyeongbyeo’ and 17.2mg/g of a red pericarp rice ‘Jeogjinju’ at 70% ethanol extraction conditions. In local adaptability tests, yield of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was 4.5MT/ha about 86% of ‘Nampyeongbyeo’ and 102% of ‘Jeogjinju’, respectively. ‘Geonganghongmi’ is suitable for southern and middle plain area of Korea.

The sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) variety ‘Sodamchal’ was developed and registered by Department of Sothern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2013. This variety was developed from the cross between ‘Hwanggeumchal’ with brown grain and ’Jungmo4001’ with semi-dwarf trait. ‘Sodamchal’ is the first semi-dwarf stature with waxy endosperm ever developed in Korea. The yield performance of ‘Sodamchal’ was 2.95 MT/ha in local adaptability test for 2 years. It had 91 cm culm length, which was 58 cm shorter than that of ‘Hwanggeumchal’, 26.3 cm panicle length, 22.0 mm thickness of culm, 21.1 g in 1,000 grain weight. It could be reduce the lodging problem and also adapted to mechanized cultivation. ‘Sodamchal’ produces high quantities of polyphenol and radical scavenging activitiy with diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in pigmented testa. Above all ‘Sodamchal’ is suitable for use as a parental source for the development of improved pollinator parent lines for developing semi-dwarf sorghum with waxy endosperm and antioxidant activity. (Variety registration No. 6244)

The experiment of grape leafroller (Herpetogramma luctuosalis) was carried out at Okcheon area from 2007 to 2009 and 2015. The grape leafroller had been occurred at a campbell early’ organic vineyard in Okcheon. It’s larva was rolling the leaf of grape and ate the leaf. So the leaf of grape decreased. In organic vineyards, adult grape leafroller’ generation rate per year showed the first peak in mid-June, the second peak in early –August and the third in mid-September. The larva showed the first peak in early July and the second peak in late August-early September. The grape leaf roller had three generations per year. And it took 60.9±1.09 days from egg to adult in growth chamber (VS-91G09M-1300) which the relative humidity conditions was 60±10%, temperature 25±2℃ and photoperiod 16L:8D (The egg : 12±0 days, larvae : 22.2±0.22 days, pupa : 10.6±0.75 days and adult : 16.1±0.45 days). It was conducted to find out the effect of microbial pesticide treatments to control H. luctuosalis. The 4 microbial pesticides (Bacillus thurigiensis) were treated twice on the grape leaves in June 11 and 21 at an organic vineyard in Okcheon. On 10 days after last treatment, the control value of all microbial pesticides were more than 95%. When the dates of spraying to the grape leaves were on May 22, June 12 and July 2 each, the effects of microbial pesticide were 73.9%, 93.5% and 43.6% respectively. As a result, it was effective that Bt was sprayed to grape leaves on mid and late June for controling the H. luctuosalis in organic vineyard. And microbial pesticide Bt was thought to be useful to control the grape leafroller in organic vineyard.

Grape cultivar “Campbell Early” account for 70% of table grape in Korea and Leaf Spot Disease caused by Pseudocercospora vitis is one of a major disease in greenhouse and field grown area during late summer season in both of organic and conventional grape farm. Leaf spot disease can cause lowing of sugar content in fruit and vine growth and very difficult to control especially in organic field. Photosynthesis ability and chemical components are compared between leaf spot disease infected leaves with degree of necrotic area. With increase of disease necrotic area, CO2 differential value, water use efficiency and CO2 assimilation and respiration ratio are decreased proportionally and on the other hand, stomatal conductance value is not affected by disease necrotic area. Chlorophyll contents are also decreased by 50% in heavily infected leaves and imply decrease of chlorophyll contents is a major source of photosynthesis ability decline. With increase of disease necrotic area in leaves, total nitrogen and phosphate contents are decreased and on the other side, total carbon, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents are increased. From this research, we can infer that not only chemical control program is important in control of leaf spot disease but also fertilizing program is significant especially in organic agronomical control of fungal disease in grape cultivar “Campbell Early”.

We compared the fruit set and the quality of the ‘Niitaka’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) among flowers pollinated by two bee species (Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris) and pollinated artificial. The artificial pollination rate was 1.3 to 1.9 times higher than the bee pollination rate. Moreover, the artificially pollinated flowers produced fruit that was 5 to 10% higher in weight, 2 to 3% larger in size, and had a higher fruit shape index (L/D) than fruit pollinated by the bees. On economic analysis, net profit from insect pollinator was 93.5 to 97.1% of net profit from artificial pollination. Therefore, artificial pollination is more efficient than bee pollination in ‘Niitaka’ pear. However, regarding fruit quality and net profit, these results suggest that bee pollination can be an good alternative to artificial pollination in ‘Niitaka’ pear.

This study was carried out to create new waxy corn variety using anthocyanins germplasm including 13 ornamental maize stocks, purple corn and two parental lines of Mibaek2. First, we made anthocyanin husk population for sustainable breeding from 13 ornamental stocks for 6 years from 2001 and then crossed purple corn with a dark purple kernel in 2007. We crossed this hybrid with two parental lines of Mibaek2, a good edible quality waxy corn, in 2007/2008 dry season nursery for additional breeding in Thailand. The anthocyanin-rich waxy lines derived from these hybrids were self-fertilized seven times and made single cross hybrids until 2011. These hybrids were evaluated on 2 or 3 places in Gangwon-do for next two years. One selected elite hybrid was named Cheongchunchal and applied for registration of new waxy corn variety in March 2014. Total anthocyanins content is zero in Mibaek2, 737 in Miheugchal, 18,809 mg/kg in Cheongchunchal. This variety is meaningful as health food and high-value industrial material.

‘Pareunsuperjami’, a early maturing and blackish purple pigmented rice cultivar, was developed from a cross between Heugjinju and Suwon 425. During selected by pedigree breeding method until F8 generation, a promising line, C3GM(CG2-2-70-1-1-3-2-B), was selected and advanced by early maturing and contents of cyanidin 3-glucoside. Advance line designated as the name of 'KNOU 3'. This variety headed on July. 30, 115 days to heading after sowing. The culm length and the panicle length of 'Pareunsuperjami' was 63.5cm and 21.3cm, respectively. The number of panicle per hill was 9.4 and the number of grain per panicles was 98.0. The ratio of fertility of ' Pareunsuperjami’ was about 80.5% and 1,000-grain weight was about 18.8 g, heavier than that of ‘Heugjinju’. ' Pareunsuperjami ' has 3~4 times higher Cyanidine-3-glucoside(C3G) contents compared with ‘Heugjinju’.

Barley breeding program of RDA (Rural Development Administration) has been develop to new hulled barley variety that has been used for malt and beer material. Through this program, we developed new two-rowed covered barley, Imaeg, with disease resistant, lodging tolerant and good malt quality for beer and Korean traditional drink ‘Sikhye’ in 2013. Imaeg showed resistant to Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), lodging tolerant and early maturing. The regional yield trials were conducted for Imaeg as a breeding line ‘Iksan166’ during three years at four different regions. And then it was registered to Plant protection right, No. 5681 in 2015 after field experiment by KSVS (Korea Seed & Variety Service). Imaeg has I of vernalization and shorter stem length as 77cm than 7cm to control variety Hopum. Yield potential of Imaeg about 4.8ton/ha that higher about 3% in paddy field condition than control, however, it has no significant difference. In quality examination for beer usage, Imaeg has higher 1,000 grain weight (45.6g) and higher assortment ratio (93.6%) than those of Hopum as 42.6g and 90.4% respectively. In malt quality, Imaeg showed higher soluble protein, Kolbach index and diastatic power than those of Hopum significantly. In addition, Imaeg has better ‘Sikhye’ malt quality significantly in lightness of grain (58.4 L value) and growth rate (216.8%) than those of Hopum as 54.3 (L value) and 177.5% respectively. Imaeg would be suitable for cultivation at the area above -4°C of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

To develop a dwarf turfgrass (Zoysia japonica) cultivar with artificial mutation-induced breeding method, the wild type control "Gosan" plants were exposed to a 30 Gy gamma ray source in 2010. The mutant lines showing short height were selected from successive generations. One of the resulting dwarf lines obtained was registered under the cultivar name of “Halla Green 1” (2016). The dwarf phenotype of the Halla Green 1 includes a reduction of the height by 4.5-fold, an increase in leaf and third internode lengths by about 6- and 2.3-fold, respectively, compared to the Gosan, and approximately 2.4-, 3.8-, and 1.5-fold relative to the Zenith, respectively. In addition, the Halla Green 1 had a sheath of darker green coloring compared to the light green Gosan and Zenith. The leaf blades of Gosan, Zenith and Halla Green 1 were all light green, whereas their stolons were purple, yellow-green and light purple, respectively. Trichomes presented on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the Gosan’s leaves, and only on the adaxial side of the Zenith’s leaves, but none on the Halla Green 1 leaves. The Halla Green 1 exhibited sufficiently distinct morphological traits when compared with the wild type Gosan and Zenith that the dwarf phenotype enhances its commercial viability.

A new Phalaenopsis cultivar Hwasu 3551 was bred by Kyungpook National University, Korea, which produces young plants through tissue culture techniques. The new cultivar Hwasu 3551, showing the phenotype of pink colored large stripe type characteristics, was derived from crossing between Phalaenopsis Minho Princess and Minho Stripes. An elite individual number '03-35-51' later coined as 'Hwasu 3551' was selected among about 300 individual progenies for more than 2 years intensive selection process covering vegetative and flowering distinctiveness. In year 2006-2007, the 1st and 2nd characteristic analysis were carried out through performance and uniformity test. The Hwasu 3551 shows that flower color is bright clean pink (RHS#RP69D) and flower shape is formal type with size of 7.4 and 8.8cm in flower length and width, respectively. Hwasu 3551 is regarded as raceme flower type suitable large flower pot market. The leaf of Hwasu 3551 is rowing horizontally and about 22.3cm in length and 9.4cm in width, respectively. This cultivar also possesses no genetic variation, fast invitro propagation and easy growing due to vigorous growth habit. This Hwasu 3551 is registered (Reg.#:2917) to Korea Seed & Variety Service (KSVS) in 1st December, 2009 and PBR (plant breeder's right) is currently controlled by Sangmiwon Orchid Company, Korea.

A new mandarin hybrid cultivar ‘Shinyegam’ was developed from a cross between ‘Kiyomi’ (Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) and ‘Wilking’ (Citrus reticulata) at the Citrus Research Institute of the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in 2012. The ‘Jegam na No. 33’, a first selection seedling from the fruits obtained in 2008 was finally named ‘Shinyegam’ after field evaluation trials at five locations in Jeju island, Korea from 2010 to 2012. The tree vigor was intermediate and the tree was spreading in nature, similar to that of the ‘Kiyomi’ cultivar. The fruits produced were compressed to oblate and globose in shape, were a deep orange in color, and moderately weighed at 130 g. ‘Shinyegam’ produces fruit that mature in late December, and has few seeds, which are mono-embryonic. The average seed number of a fruit varied depending on the pollinator citrus tree. Cultivation of ‘Shinyegam’ along with the other cultivars possessing high pollen fertility resulted in seed numbers that was more than 20, while in the absence of a pollinator species the seed number was around 5. The fruit contained soluble solids at 11 to 12 ° Bx and the acidity was approximately 1% at maturity. The rind thickness of approximately 2.5 mm ensures easy peeling. The flesh is very tender and juicy, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor similar to that of ‘Wilking’ but is comparatively weak. ‘Shinyegam’ is moderately resistant to the citrus scab disease and melanose, but susceptible to citrus canker. Owing to the high quality of fruit, good aroma, and cold hardness characteristics, this cultivar is expected to satisfy consumer acceptability in terms of the diversity of the cultivar in open-field cultivation.

Early maturity of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important character for double cultivating system with winter crops such as onion or garlic in southern area of Korea. Soybean cultivars released in the past, especially ‘Keunolkong’ was widely cultivated but it was weak at abiotic stress and low yield potential because of too short growing period and short stem height. ‘Hanol’, a new early maturing cultivar showing better abiotic stress tolerant and higher yield potential, was developed from the cross between SS91408 and ‘Hwaeomputkong’, and released in 2009. ‘Hanol’ is, compared to ‘Keunolkong’, Hanol’s growing period is five days longer and its height is 5cm higher. In addition, it showed better excess-water tolerant and 26.5g 100-seed weight. At regional adaptation yield trials (RYT) in six regions from 2007 to 2009, ‘Hanol’ showed 2.04 tons of seed per hectare, 14% higher than ‘Keunolkong’ (1.80ton/ha). ‘Hanol’ is promising for double cropping system with higher yield.

A new peanut variety ‘Danwon’(Arachis hypogaea ssp. fastigiata L.) was developed at the Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in Milyang 2013. This was developed from the cross between ‘YG75’ with Shinpung type and ‘SP9617’ with larger grain. ‘Danwon’ is the first Shinpung typed short stem variety ever developed in Korea. It has 13 branches per plant and its length of main stem was 32 cm. Each pod has two grains with brown testa and long ellipse-shaped large kernel. Its yield components showed 40 pods per plant, 91 g of 100-seed-weight and 77% of pod shelling ratio in the regional yield trials (RYT). Seed quality showed 48.7% of crude oil and 26.9% of protein content. This variety showed more resistant to early and late leaf spot, web blotch, stem rot and lodging, compared to reference variety. In the regional yield trials for 3 years ‘Danwon’ was more productive than reference variety by 6% with 4.52 MT/ha for grain production.

A black rice variety ‘Pareunsuperjami’ developed from a conventional breeding method is an early maturing variety, of which heading time is 113 days after sowing, about the 30th of July. Its culm length and 1000 grain weights are 64.6 cm and 18.6 g, respectively, with the heavier grain weight than that of Heugjinju. ‘Pareunsuperjami’ has the higher content of cyaniding 3-glucoside (C3G) and strong antioxidant activity, compared to other color rice varieties. The highest content of total polyphenol extracted by a 70% of ethanol was found in the grain of Pareunsuperjami rice among other varieties, such as Daeripjami, Heugjinju, Daeripbyeo. The flavonoid and C3G contents were in the order of Pareunsuperjami > Daeripjami > Heugjinju > Daeripbyeo with a 5-fold higher C3G in Pareunsuperjami (1,038 mg/100g) than that of Heugjinju (204 mg/100g). The highest radical scavenging activity of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, ABTS) was observed in the grain of Pareunsuperjami rice, about 383. The highest ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) was also observed in the grain of Pareunsuperjami (383), followed by Daeripjami (356) and Heugjinju (275). The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity in vitro was also found in the grain of Pareunsuperjami. The higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was also found in the grain of Pareunsuperjami than that of Daeripbyeo with no significant difference than other color rice varieties. These results suggest that there is a close relation between high content of C3G and strong antioxidant activity, and thus the Pareunsuperjami is a good source of natural antioxidants as a functional staple food.

본 연구는 한국과 싱가포르, 인도, 미국의 자유무역협정(FTA) 발효로 인한 양자간 교역증진효과를 통계적으로 비교 분석하고자 한다. 다수의 선행연구에서 양자간 교역 증대효과 추정시 활용된 중력모형(Gravity)을 기본 방법론으로 패널분석(Panel analysis)을 통해 한 국과 FTA 발효국(싱가포르, 인도, 미국)을 효과집단으로, 미발효국은 통제집단으로 구분하여 총 20년의 기간을 설정하여 FTA 발효의 순수효 과를 추정하였다. 자유무역협정의 교역증대효과 분석을 위해 우리나라와 FTA가 발효된 3개 국가(효과집단)와 2015년 기준 우리나라 벌크물 동량 교역 상위 90%의 비중을 차지하는 27개 국가(통제집단)의 횡단면 및 시계열로 구성된 패널자료를 사용하였다. 분석 결과 FTA 발효는 우리나라 벌크물동량 증대에 기여한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 본 연구의 대상국가인 싱가포르, 인도, 미국과는 자유무역협정 발효로 인한 무역 창출효과가 발생하였고 ASEAN 및 NAFTA+3의 경우 무역전환효과가 발생하였다. 한편 자유무역협정 이외의 GDP, 1인당 GDP 변수는 벌크 물동량과 정(正)의 효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났으며, 거리 변수는 물동량과 부(負)의 효과를 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 마지막으로 국가별 패널자료 분석 결과 하우스만 검정 및 LR검정을 시행하였으며, 고정효과모형이 임의효과모형보다 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

On the purpose to analyze the survival rate of startup companies since their establishment, the companies’ survival rate was investigated by surviving period. The average and coefficient of variation(C.V.) of the startup companies’ survival rate were examined with the comparison of urban and rural areas, and primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. In this study, the variation of total numbers of new-established companies, from 1998 to 2012, were analyzed with micro-data of the Statistics Korea, ‘The Census on Establishments’. The results show that the survival rate of primary industry companies largely fluctuate and don’t be stabled during the whole surviving periods, whereas secondary and tertiary industry companies show stabilized survival rate after fifth year from their establishment. Especially, the startup companies of primary industry located at urban areas show the largest fluctuation and the most vulnerable stability of survival rate. It is concluded that the surviving period of primary industry companies don’t guarantee their survival, while survival rate of secondary and tertiary industry company became stable after five years from their establishment.

This study is in order to promote agricultural products sold in the rural village festivals direct transaction marketplace and enabled by a comprehensive user evaluation of the rural village festivals direct transaction marketplaces in universal design perspective, provide a design plan for your care and comfort of a rural village festival Direct Deals Marketplace there is a purpose. Thus, redefining the principles of universal design suitable for direct transactions rural village festival marketplaces, and to do this by reclassifying the design elements of the farmstand-type in a framework was developed 30 questions to evaluate items for Universal Design Evaluation. And, the selection of three villages along the rural village festivals scale and conducted a survey of Universal Design Rating. As a result, the overall assessment was positive for B villages of rural village festival marketplaces direct transactions, there was a significant difference with the other village. In particular, there was a notable difference in the fairness, efficiency, promotional, safety and hygiene. And, there was a significant difference in design elements for directing atmosphere by selling space, product display, hygiene. This paper presents the design suggestions about a rural village festivals farmers’ market aspects of universal design for improvement of the marketplace as following, 1) placement for differentiation the markerplace and around sites in the festival place, 2) to build the operating systems of sustainable management for arrangement and organization during the festival, 3) to install the device for maintaining agricultural products freshness 4) to separate the sale of local specialty products and general food products, and 5) to locate the suitable space considering the visitors tour route in the festival place for large-scale festival

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the quality change of “Tabor” tomatoes during long-term exportation periods. Hydroponics tomatoes were harvested at the turning stage, sorted, and box packed and then packaged in nylon film with a pallet. The packaged pallet was filled with a gas composition (5% O2, 1% CO2, and 94% N2) and stored at 10℃ for three weeks. The quality changes in weight loss, firmness, color, acidity, soluble solids, and microorganism growth were measured every 7 day interval. During the initial storage, the pallet-scale MAP showed slightly higher weight loss and firmness changes when compared to the conventional pallet. The total color change (ΔE) during ripening was delayed 10% under MAP storage. Acidity, soluble solids and phenolic compound contents decreased with increases in storage time regardless of the storage method; however, the quality changes of tomatoes were delayed in the MAP pallet. Furthermore, the decay rate of the pallet-scale MAP stored for 14 days was less than that of the conventional pallet, and the number of microorganisms was approximately 30% lower in the pallet-scale MAP, showing a positive effect on marketability. These results suggested that the pallet-scale MAP of tomatoes could ensure higher quality and longer storage periods than conventional pallet storage.