콩은 전세계적으로 재배되는 중요한 작물 중에 하나로 최근, 표준유전체 해독과 함께 유전적, 표현형적으로 다양성을 가진 한국핵심집단이 구축됨에 따라 유전체 기반 분자 육종 연구, 유전자 교정 기술을 활용한 새로운 육종 소재 개발 연구가 가속화 될 것으로 예상된다. 유전체 정보 기반 작물의 분자 육종 및 생명공학 연구를 통한 성공적인 작물의 개량을 위해서는 식물의 효율적인 조직배양 기술이 수반되어야 할 것이다. 그러나 반수체 생산, 원형질체 배양 및 형질전환 기술과 같은 콩의 조직배양 효율은 아직까지 높지 않고 일부 계통에 한정되어 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 콩의 분자육종 및 생명공학 기술의 적용을 위하여 다양한 콩 조직배양 기술에 관한 연구 동향을 분석하고 조직배양 효율에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 정보를 제공하고자 하였다.

본 연구에서는 국내 콩 유전체의 변이밀집영역(dVB)에서 유 래한 27개 InDel 마커를 신품종 20개에 적용하여 품종판별용 마커로서 범용성을 검증하고 신품종의 구별성과 국내 품종의 유전적 다양성을 확인하였다. 20개 신품종과 MyCrops에 포함된 기존 149개 품종과의 유사도는 평균 61.3%이고, 최저 25.9%에서 최대 96.3%의 유사도로 완전 일치(100%)되는 바코드는 없어 20개 신품종의 유전적 구별성을 모두 확인할 수 있었다. 유연관계를 분석한 결과에서는 신품종을 포함한 국내 169품종이 4개의 유전집단으로 구분되었으며 풋콩 및 단기성 콩의 80%가 I-2 소그룹, 나물콩의 65.9%가 II-2 소그룹에 주로 속한 반면, 장류 및 두부콩은 I-1 (44.4%), I-2 (26.4%), II-2 (23.6%) 소그룹에 고르게 분포하였다. 20개 신품종에 대한 계보도는 나물콩 주요 계보와 장류 및 두부콩으로 크게 두 그룹으로 나누어지며 유연 관계분석을 뒷받침하였다. 품종판별을 위한 최소 마커를 선발 하기 위해 PIC가 높은 공통마커와 품종별 특이마커를 선발하는 2단계 과정을 통해 품종에 따라 7~9개의 최소 마커로 신품종의 진위를 판별할 수 있었다. 이처럼 콩 변이밀집영역에서 유래된 27개 InDel 마커와 이를 이용한 신품종 바코드 정보의 지속적인 업데이트는 수입산에 대한 국산 품종의 보호와 육성가의 권리 증진에 기여하며, 더불어 육종과정 중 신규 유전변이를 도입하고 목표형질을 선발하는 등 육종 효율을 개선하는데도 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

Soybean is the one of recalcitrant legume species for shoot induction. Shoot regeneration via direct organogenesis was investigated in five soybean cultivars, ‘Dawon’, ‘Pungsan’, ‘Daewon’, ‘Taekwang’ and ‘Chongdoo 1’ by using cotyledonary node explants. Out of 5 soybean cultivars, an efficient shoot regeneration condition was developed in the two soybean cultivars, ‘Dawon’ and ‘Pungsan’. When various kinds of plant growth regulators with different concentration were estimated, the optimum medium condition for shoot induction in both soybean cultivars was MS + B5 vitamin supplemented with BA at concentration 2 ㎎/L. In addition, shoot formation efficiency was increased with 97.09% and 93.88% by the pretreatment of BA onto the explants before in vitro culture in both cultivars. Shoot induction in ‘Dawon’ cultivar was originated from epidermal tissue and sub-epidermal layers when histological changes were investigated under shoot regeneration after culturing cotyledonary node segments on shoot induction medium for 0 to 21 days. Especially, cell dedifferentiation was observed from parenchyma cells to meristematic cell in 3-day cultured segments.

대두(Glycine max)는 식물성 단백질이 풍부한 식품 중 하나로, 생리활성물질을 다량 함유하고 있어 심혈관질환, 비만 등에 효능이 있을 뿐 아니라 피부 개선 효과도 있는 것으로 보고되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 대두 단백질을 유산균인 Lactobaillus Rhamnosus 균주에 의해 발효한 대두발효물의 광노화 예방 효과를 조사하기 위해 자외선으로부터 기인한 세포독성에 대한 보호 효과 및 콜라겐 생성, 티로시나아제 활성, 멜라닌 색소 생성에 대한 평가를 실시하였다. 결과로서 대두발효물 처리군은 피부섬유아세포에서 자외선으로 유도된 세포독성을 억제하여 보호 효과를 나타내었으며, 세포 내 콜라겐 합성을 증가시켜 주름 개선의 가능성을 확인하였다. 또 다른 실험에서 티로시나아제 활성 및 멜라닌 색소 생성을 억제하여 피부 개선 효과를 나타내었 다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때 대두발효물이 자외선으로부터 유도되는 주름, 색소 침착 등의 피부 손상을 예방하는 새로운 기능성 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 가지는 것으로 평가된다.

본 연구는 잠재적인 생균제제 Lactobacillus plantarum P1201에 의한 유색 소립콩 분말 두유의 젖산발효 중 이화학적 특성, 총 페놀릭스와 이소플라본 함량 및 항산화 활성(DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성 및 FRAP 환원력) 변화를 연구하였다. 콩 분말 두유의 발효 중 pH는 감소하였으나, 산도, 생균수 및 β-glucosidase 활성은 증가하였다. 총 이소플라본 함량은 풍산나물콩이 다른 유색 소립콩보다 함량이 높았다. 발효과정에서 배당체 이소플라본인 daidzin과 genistin 함량은 감소하였고 이에 상응하여 비배당체 이소플라본인 daidzein과 genistein 함량은 급격히 증가하였다. 특히, 발효 60시간 후 발효된 풍산나물콩 분말 두유의 daidzein과 genistein 함량은 87.37 μg/g and 51.29 μg/g으로 다른 시료들보다 함량이 가장 높았다. 총 페놀릭스 함량은 다른이 다른 유색 소립콩보다 함량이 높았다. 총 페놀릭스 함량은 색 소립콩 분말 두유의 젖산발효 중 0.44-2.92 mg/g(0 h)에서 1.79-3.03 mg/g(60 h)로 급격히 증가하였다. 끝으로, 발효된 콩 분말 두유는 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성 및 FRAP 환원력은 각각 28.7-40.6에서 90-95.3%, 25.1-42.3에서 51.4-82.8% 및 0.73-1.54에서 0.98-1.79(OD593nm)로 증가하였다. 발효된 콩 분말 두유는 유색 소립콩의 가치를 증대시킬 수 있다.

In this study, we evaluated anti-inflammatory effect of biji in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Biji inhibited the generation of NO and PGE2 through the suppression of iNOS and COX-2 expression. In addition, biji attenuated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β induced by LPS. Biji blocked LPS-mediated IκB-α degradation and subsequently inhibited p65 nucleus accumulation in RAW264.7 cells, which indicates that biji inhibits NF-κB signaling. In addition, biji suppressed p38 phosphorylation induced by LPS. Our results suggests that biji may exert anti-inflammatory activity through blocking the generation of the inflammatory mediators such as NO, PGE2, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β via the inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and p38. From these findings, biji has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases.

In this study, we investigated the inhibition effect of various herbs on the rancidity of soybean oil. The antioxidant activity of herb-infused oils was evaluated by examining their total phenolic contents and DPPH radical scavenging abilities. The total phenolic contents were found to increase with addition of herbs to the soybean oil. Rosemary-infused oil (RO) exhibited the highest total phenolic contents (77.28 μg GE/mL), followed by the lemon-balm-infused oil (LO), green-tea-infused oil (GO), and soybean oil (SO) alone (36.82, 36.66, and 21.24 μg GE/mL, respectively). Similary, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the herb infused oil also increased. Moreover, measurements on the total polar compound (TPC) contents, acid value, and p-anisidine value were carried out in order to confirm the changes in the rancidity of the oils during frying. The time for the TPC content to reach 25% was confirmed to be delayed from 62 h for SO to 68 h, 74 h, and 80 h for GO, RO, LO, respectively. Even though there were some differences between the p-anisidine and acid values, it was confirmed that the addition of herbs inhibited the rancidity of soybean oil. Therefore, the results in this study show that adding herbs to soybean oil could positively contribute to the inhibition of oxidation and rancidity.

In this study, soy-powder yogurt (SPY) with enhanced levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and isoflavone aglycone was produced from sprouting high-protein soybeans (HPSs). The fermented steam-HPS sprouts (0 to 4 cm) were fermented (72 h) with Lactobacillus brevis, and the total free amino acids (FAAs) of the formed mixtures were determined to be 79.53, 489.93, 877.55, 780.53, and 979.97 mg/100 mL in the fermented HPS (FHPS), and the fermented steam-HPS with 0 cm (FSHPS-0), 1 cm (FSHPS-1), 2 cm (FSHPS-2), and 4 cm sprouting lengths (FSHPS-4), respectively. The levels of glutamic acid (GA) and GABA were observed to be the highest, 100.31 and 101.60 mg/100 mL, respectively, in the unfermented HPS (UFSHPS-1, 1 cm) and FSHPS-1 sprouts, respectively. Moreover, the total contents of the isoflavone glycoside form decreased proportionally to the increasing total levels of isoflavone aglycones after fermentation in FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4. The levels of isoflavone aglycones were detected as 350.34, 289.15, 361.61, 445.05, and 491.25 μg/g in FHPS, FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4, respectively. While FSHPS-1 exhibited the highest DPPH (63.28%) and ABTS (73.28%) radical scavenging activities, FSHPS-4 contained the highest isoflavone aglycone ratio (81.63%). All in all, the FSHPS-1 mixture prepared in this study exhibited high GABA content and functional prosperity, thereby making it suitable for potential applications in the soy-dairy industry.

In this study, we tried to screen the Bacillus strain having safety probability by isolation of strains from traditional fermented food, measurement of probiotic properties, and the fermentative characteristics of Cheonggukjang. We isolated 400 Bacillus-like isolates from traditional fermented foods. Selected strains examined on the prevalent characteristic such as extracellular enzyme and antibacterial activities, and their safety probability was confirmed by biogenic amine productivity, hemolytic, and harmful substances and enzyme productivity. We selected the 5 strains by analysis of biogenic amine, antibacterial and B. cereus toxic associated gene. Five selected strains were examined on cell surface hydrophobicity, and bile and acid tolerance, and we selected the SRCM100730 as the final strain. SRCM100730 was confirmed B. amyloliquefaciens by 16S rRNA sequencing, and named the B. amyloloquefaciens SRCM100730 (KCCM11966P). Finally, we manufactured Cheonggukjang using SRCM100730 for confirmation of fermentation properties. Manufactured Cheonggukjang did not contain B. cereus, and showed that γ-PGA and extracellular enzyme activities were superior to commercial Chunggukjang. Amino nitrogen content was 544.02 mg% and 26 free amino acid were detected, and the bitterness-related amino acid content was lower than commercial Cheonggukjang. Especially, the amount of GABA was 3 fold higher than commercial Cheonggukjang. These results suggest that SRCM100730 have high availability in commercial probiotics market and fermented food industry.

This study was conducted to establish the type and method of fertilization for no-tillage during the third year of No-tillage (NT) and Conventional-tillage (CT) practices, towards different kinds of fertilizers. In this experiment, the livestock manure showed higher in response to fertilizer effects of no-tillage. Comparing growth characteristics and yield in NT and CT. Regarding yield, there is no significant between livestock fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, but between livestock fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in conventional fertilization has significant differences. Based on the result, livestock fertilizer is effective way on the quantity of the crop. Nitrogen absorption of plant in livestock of no-tillage is more effective than conventional fertilization. In case of the phosphorus absorption and potassium absorption of plant, fertilizer effect has no significant. Nitrogen is highly absorbed in livestock fertilization of NT. Absorption of phosphorus and potassium are similar.

This research was conducted to evaluate methods of enhancing the waterlogging resistance of soybean plant. Thus, we applied seven types of plant growth regulators (PGRs) to soybean plants and exposed them to waterlogged conditions for a total of 14 days. To evaluate stress resistance, we monitored plant growth characteristics data such as height, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence for 28 days after the initial waterlogging (14 days under waterlogging conditions and 14 days after waterlogging). According to the results, plant height was significantly increased by gibberellin A4 (GA4) treatment compared to the control treatment and waterlogging-only treatment. However, we could not detect plant height owing to plant death when we applied abscisic acid (ABA). Except for GA4 and ABA treatments, plant heights slightly decreased in all treatments compared to the waterlogging-only treatment. The chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence showed a similar tendency among PGR treatments. The chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence were significantly increased by ethephon and kinetin treatments 28 days after waterlogging compared to the waterlogging-only treatment. Consequently, kinetin and ethephon treatments induced more resistant phenotypes in soybean plants during or after exposure to waterlogging conditions.

Soybean cultivars with genetically low levels of stachyose enhance the utilization of soybean in food as well as feed uses. The objective of this research is to obtain the information on indirection selection of soybean lines with low stachyose content using DNA marker based on RS2 (rs2) gene. Two genetic populations were developed from the crosses of three parents (116-13 parent : low stachyose content, PI417227 and PI506903 parents: normal stachyose content). Twenty F2 plants of RS2_ genotype and twenty F2 plants of rs2rs2 genotype from each populations were harvested. Content of stachyose was detected by HPLC. Stachyose contents (g/kg) of 116-13, PI417227, PI506903 parents were 3.7, 23.7, and 17.8, respectively. In population 1, stachyose content 20 F2 plants with RS2_ genotype was 14.8 – 24.1 and stachyose content 20 F2 plants with rs2rs2 genotype was 2.1 – 4.7. In population 2, stachyose content 20 F2 plants with RS2_ genotype was 12.4 – 19.7 and stachyose content 20 F2 plants with rs2rs2 genotype was 2.1 – 5.0. Mean difference between RS2_ genotype and rs2rs2 genotype in population 1 and 2 was highly significant. From this results, selection of genetic lines with low stachyose content by DNA marker based on RS2 (rs2) gene will be possible.

Soybean is one of the most common food materials for making traditional Korean foods such as soybean paste, soy source and soy snack, and their manufacturing processes include heat treatment of soybean. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the physicochemical properties of soybean. All samples were heat treated under commercial steamed, puffed or air-fried conditions, and then the protein molecular weight distribution, thermal properties, fluorescence intensity, protein solubility, and water and oil holding ability of the heat treated soybeans were examined. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that heat treatment caused fragmentation of polypeptide chain in soybean, showing the band of low molecular ranging from 17 to 40 kDa. The differential scanning calorimetric analysis showed the decrease of enthalpy values (ΔH) by heat treatment. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the heat treatment caused lipid oxidation as proved by increasing emission intensity. The protein solubility at pH 3-6, and water holding capacity of heat treated soybeans were the higher than no treatment. These results suggest that the heat treatment resulted in decreased enthalpy values, and increased protein degradation, lipid oxidation and water affinity of soybean. Moreover, the effect of heat treatment on physiochemical properties of soybeans was more significant under air-fried condition.

A new colored soybean variety ‘Jungmo3005’ was developed as a breeding parent. ‘Cheongjakong’ and ‘Geomjeongkong3’ were crossed in 2000. F1 and F2 populations were grown for 2 years and selected by pedigree method from F3 to F5. The preliminary yield trial (PYT) and advanced yield trial (AYT) were conducted from 2006 to 2007, and regional yield trial (RYT) in 9 regions was conducted from 2008 to 2010. ‘Jungmo3005’ is determinate, white flower, green cotyledon, green spherical seed and yellow hilum. Flowering date and maturing date were July 30 and Oct. 7, respectively. Other quantitative characteristics of ‘Jungmo3005’ were similar to ‘Cheongdu1’, but it was more tolerant to lodging and shattering than ‘Cheongdu1’ at RYT field and indoor test. Although ‘Jungmo3005’ showed symptom of mosaic disease in inoculation test at greenhouse, it had high level of resistance to soybean mosaic virus and bacterial pustule diseases at field. The yield of tofu of ‘Jungmo3005’ was more than that of ‘Cheongdu1’. The mean yield of ‘Jungmo3005’ in RYT was 256kg/10a which was 97% of the yield of ‘Cheongdu1’. ‘Jungmo3005’ is expected to be widely used as a breeding parent to cross with other varieties and lines for creating colored soybean cultivars with tolerance to lodging, shattering and bacterial pustule.

Knowledge of the chromosomal constitution of the ancestors of modern soybean will complement plant breeding efforts to improve agronomic and economic characteristics of soybean. Variation block (VB)-based comparison using genome-wide insertion/deletion (InDel) markers was used on a diverse panel of 147 soybean cultivars to assess the impact of chromosomal changes during modern breeding. There were identical variation patterns of the examined InDels consistently appearing in the genome parts arising from parental varieties, indicating that soybean chromosomes in descendants should be all determined by genetic reshuffling of VBs inherited from parental chromosomes. Structure analysis of the accessions through the 202 InDels separated the accessions into four subgroups. Gene introgression revealed by the structure analysis agreed with the fact that a limited number of landraces and elite varieties were introduced and used as donors for breeding soybean cultivars in pedigree analysis. Especially, VBs became more reshuffled over time as a result of the breeding process, which resulted in using breeding parents with new VB-types for improving the end-use value of soybean. Therefore, their clustering using the 202 VB-specific InDels is strongly influenced by the difference in breeding ancestors among the subgroups. This indicates that the 202 InDel markers are very useful for genetic study by analyzing the reshuffling patterns of the parental genomes in the descendant.

This study was carried out to develop of environmental risk assessments and the biosafety guide for Vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean at LMO (Living Modified Organism) isolation field. In LMO quarantine area of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, insect species diversities and population densities on vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean and non-GM soybeans (Willams 82 and Seoritae) were investigated. A total of 17,717 individuals of 77 species from 8 orders were collected in LMO isolation field. In three type soybeans field, total of 5,250 individuals in Vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean, 5,510 individuals in Willams 82, and 6,957 individuals in Seoritae were collected, respectively. There was no difference between the population densities of insect pests, natural enemies and other insects on Vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean and Willams 82, while natural enemies density on Seoritae was higher than on Vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean, but insect pests density on Vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean was higher. These results provided the insects diversity for risk assessment survey of Vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean and suggested that the guideline could be useful to detect LMO crops.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate consumer’s satisfaction by purchasing farmer‘s processed food. So, this paper surveyed consumers which have purchased Korean traditional soybean paste products, by reason of limiting research objects among lots of farmer‘s processed food. A survey of 220 consumers was carried out on September and October 2016. For this matters, this paper used multiple linear regression model(included LOG-LIN model) and, set up 1 dependent and 11 independent variables. As the analysis results, we could find out that consumer’s satisfaction was affected by 6 variables(price, taste, ease of cooking, confidence of product information, social awareness and perceived 6th industrialization). Among these variables, the strongest variable was “social awareness”, and the second was “perceived 6th industrialization”. This paper also estimated the rate of change that a dependent variable was affected by independent variables. As the results, this paper found out that “perceived 6th industrialization” had the highest rate of change(5.8%) and the second was “social awareness”(5.6%). This paper proposed 7 implications of Korean traditional soybean paste. Those were the proper price policy and quality value’s promotion, quality Improvement and confidence enhancement, development of products for consumer’s convenience, enhancement of social awareness, enhancement of politic management about 6th industrialization and accessibility of purchasing information.

Crop production in rice paddy fields is of great importance because of declining rice consumption and the low self-sufficiency ratio for field crops in Korea. A controlled drainage system (CDS) is recognized as an effective means to adjust water table (WT) levels as needed and control soil water content to improve the soil environment for optimum crop growth. The present study evaluated the effects of a CDS on soil characteristics, including soil water distribution and soybean development in paddy fields. The CDS was installed with two drain spacing (3 m and 6 m) at the experimental paddy field at the National Institute of Crop Science, Miryang, Korea. It was managed with two WT levels (0.3 m and 0.6 m) during the growing season. Soil water content, electrical conductivity and plant available nitrogen content in the soil were significantly greater in the 0.3 m WT management plots than in the 0.6 m plot and the control. At the vegetative stage, chlorophyll content was significantly lower with higher WT control because of excess soil moisture, but it recovered after the flowering stage. Soybean yield increased with WT management and the 0.6 m WT treatment produced the greatest grain yield, 3.38 ton ha-1, which was 50% greater than that of the control. The CDS directly influenced outflow through the drains, which significantly delayed nutrient loss. The results of this study indicated that WT management by CDS can influence soil characteristics and it is an important practice for high yielding soybean production in paddy fields, which should be considered the crop growth stages for stable crop production.

본 연구에서는 서리태 발효추출물의 모발보호효과를 확인하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 화학적 산화를 통해 손상된 모발을 준비한 뒤 서리태 발효추출물을 처리하였을 때 모발의 형태학적 특성, 인장강도, 구성성분의 변화를 분석하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 모발에 산화제를 처리하였을 때, 표피의 큐티클 층이 손상되고 모발의 인 장강도가 14.32 ± 0.83 g/cm2에서 12.32 ± 0.79 g/cm2로 감소되었음을 확인하였다. FT-IR 분석결과 산화 제를 처리한 모발은 버진 헤어에 비하여 1,077, 1,041, 801 cm-1에 해당하는 피크가 증가하였으며, 이를 통해 케라틴 단백질 간의 이황화 결합에 필수적인 시스테인이 산화되는 것을 확인하였다. 반면, 손상된 모발에 서리태 발효추출물을 처리한 경우에는 표피의 큐티클 층의 틈이 메워지고, 인장강도가 14.27 ± 0.96 g/cm2로 회복되 었으며, 모발의 성분 중 시스테인의 산화물 비율이 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 발효 서 리태 추출물은 산화제에 의해 손상된 모발의 보호 소재로 연구될 가치가 있는 것으로 기대된다.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed is an important dietary source of protein, oil, carbohydrates, isoflavones, and other nutrients for humans and animals. Raffinose and stachyose are the main antinutritional factors in soybean seed. They are carbohydrates belonging to the raffinose family of oligosaccharides, which are not readily digested in humans and cause flatulence or diarrhea. The genetic reduction of the raffinose and stachyose contents in mature soybean seeds will improve the nutritional value of soybean. The objective of this research was to evaluate agronomic traits with 10 F6 strains selected from breeding populations derived from a cross among seven parents. The contents of raffinose and stachyose in mature seeds were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. Agronomic traits such as flower color, flowering date, harvesting date, lodging, plant height, seed coat color, hilum color, 100 seed weight, and yield were evaluated. Ten intermediate parents showed low raffinose and stachyose contents. The intermediate parent 883-1 had a small seed size, six intermediate parents (15A1, 15D1, RS-5, RS-33, RS-64, and RS-70) had a medium seed size, and two intermediate parents (14G20 and RS-21) had a large seed size. The intermediate parent RS-21 had a black seed coat and a green cotyledon. Four intermediate parents (883-1, 14G20, RS-5, and RS-21) had elite agronomic traits. The new intermediate parents developed through this study will be used to develop improved soybean cultivars with low contents of raffinose and stachyose.