The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different types of frying oil on the quality of yakgwa such as expansion rate, color, moisture content and rheological properties. Yakgwa fried with corn oil showed the highest expansion in width and length, and rice bran oil in height. With regard to the overall expansion rate, yakgwa fried with rice bran had the highest value. As for lightness and yellowness, yakgwa fried with soybean oil had the highest lightness (34.74), while yakgwa fried with grape seed oil had the lowest lightness (29.82). As for redness, however, no significant difference was found. Regarding fat content, yakgwa fried with rice bran oil showed the highest value with 18.91%, while yakgwa fried with corn oil and canola oil showed the lowest value. No difference was found in moisture content according to the type of frying oil. In relation to the acid value, yagkwa with soybean oil showed the lowest value of 0.24±0.66; as for peroxide value, yagkwa fried with rice bran oil showed the lowest value of 3.59±1.74 meq/kg. No difference was found in hardness, cohesiveness and resilience according to the type of frying oil. Yagkwa fried with corn oil and canola oil showed the lowest value in terms of adhesiveness and chewiness, respectively. The results of the sensory evaluation showed not significance difference in overall preference, but yakgwa fried with rice bran oil had the highest value of 5.93±1.87.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics, antioxidant activities, and sensory properties of macaron with cabbage powder (CP). Physicochemical and sensory properties of macaron with different amounts (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) of CP were examined. The quality of macarons was evaluated based on spread factor, baking loss rate, color, texture, antioxidant activities, and sensory evaluation. As amount of CP addition increased, spread factor, baking loss rate, and L and a values decreased, whereas b value increased (p<0.05). For texture properties, hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness were increased by addition of CP (p<0.05). The gumminess and brittleness did not show significant changes up to 3% CP addition although significant changes in 5-7% CP addition (p<0.05) were evident. The total polyphenolic contents, DPPH radical scavenging activities, and reducing power were significantly increased by addition of CP at high concentrations (p<0.05). In the consumer acceptance of macarons, 3% CP showed the highest in color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptance and 5% CP showed the highest in taste. Meanwhile, macaron containing 7% CP showed the lowest scores in texture and overall acceptance (p<0.05). These data suggested that adding 3% of CP was the optimal concentration for making macaron.

This study investigates the quality characteristics of dough and bread added with 6% chestnut shell powder and extruded chestnut shell powder at various conditions. As extrusion process variables, melt temperature (110°C, 130°C, 150°C) and moisture (25% and 30%) were controlled. Total dietary fiber content was slightly increased in extruded chestnut shell powder group. In the farinogram, absorption was significantly increased in the group of 25% moisture content and 30% moisture content (p<0.05). After 2 hours and 3 hours, the leavening heights of dough for control showed a similar tendency to that of dough with extruded chestnut shell at a melt temperature 150°C and with moisture content of 25% and 30%. Specific volume was the highest at a control of 3.74±0.08 cc/g and extruded chestnut shell powder group was slightly higher than the chestnut shell powder group. Firmness after 1 day on control of 107.42±14.52 g was similar to that of the bread with extruded chestnut shell at a temperature of 150°C and moisture content of 25% for 113.33±6.17 g. In conclusion, the extrusion-cooking of chestnut shell powder improved the quality characteristics of dough and bread. The optimum combinations of conditions in tested range were melt temperature at 150°C and moisture content at 25%, and melt temperature at 130°C and moisture content at 30%.

단수수(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)는 1년생의 화본과 C4식물로서 바이오매스 생산량이 많고 당 함량이 높아 에탄올 생산에 유리한 작물로 알려져 있으며, 우리 나라에서는 주로 당 원료 작물로 육종 및 재배 연구를 하여 오다가 2008년 이후 바이오에탄올 생산연구를 시작하여 농촌진흥청에서 바이오에탄올 생산용 품종 ‘초롱’을 육성하였고(’12), 줄기는 물론 곡실도 에탄올 생산에 이용하기 위한 연구가 수행되었다. 일본 오카나와 흑당(사탕수수)과 같이 지역특화된 천연 감미소재 개발로 토종 단수수의 이용확대를 위한 천연당의 기초자료로 제공하고, 당을 이용한 새로운 가공품 개발로 토종자원의 보존에 기여하고 신소득 창출에 기여하고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 단수수 1차 착즙액의 색상 및 풋내를 제거하기 위하여 No.2 여과지를 이용하여 감압여과를 하여 시럽을 만들기 위한 재료로 사용하였다. 감압여과 전후의 차이로는 단수수 착즙액 여과전에는 초록색을 띄지만 여과후에는 황색계열의 색상으로 연해지면서 명도(L)는 높아지고, 적색도(a)와 황색도(b)는 낮아졌다. 당도, 염도는 증가하고, 산도는 약간 낮아졌으며 탁도는 현저히 감소하였다. 단수수 100g당 영양성분을 국가표준성분표 제8개 정안의 사탕수수, 설탕과 비교하여 보면 단수수는 사탕수수와 같이 액상상태이므로 열량은 낮고 칼슘 31mg, 칼륨 447mg, 나트륨 11.7mg, 마그네슘 21mg 등의 각종 무기질이 다양하며, 총식이섬유는 0.13~0.15%였고, 주요 당원은 glucose 6.8~7.0%, fructose 7.6~7.9%로 구성되었으며 16°Brix 이었다. 농축온도(55~100°C)에 따른 단수수 시럽의 품질 변화는 농축온도가 낮을수록 농축시간이 늘어나고 회수량이 적었으며, 100°C에서 시간은 단축되지만 카라멜화가 발생하여 명도(L), 적색도(a), 황색도(b)가 낮아졌다. 최종 농축농도를 50~80°Brix가 되도록 농축하였을 때 70˚Brix 이상에서는 회수량이 비슷하였고, 최종농도가 높아질수록 농축시간은 길어지고, 점도도 증가하였고 색도(L, a, b값)도 증가하였다.

한국쌀가공식품협회에 의하면 쌀가루 시장은 2008년 만톤, 2012년 5만톤으로 5배 성장하였으며, 2017년은 10만톤 2500억 규모로 쌀가루 시장은 급속히 성장하여 쌀 가공제품 생산에 이용하고 있다. 또한 쌀 사용량 현황은 55,794톤이며, 총매출액은 12,380억원에 이르고 있으나 현재 대부분의 떡 제조업체에서는 쌀을 물에 불려 빻아서 쓰는 습식제분법을 여전히 사용하고 있어서 시간과 노력이 많이 투입되고 있는 실정이다. 현재 건식 쌀가루를 이용하여 각종 가공품 제조를 위한 연구를 시도하고 있으나 아직까지 떡 종류별 사용기준이 명확히 없어 이의 기준설정이 필요하여 본 연구는 건식제분한 쌀가루를 이용하여 발효떡인 증편을 만들기 위한 조건설정의 기초자료로 활용하고자 시험을 실시하였다. 공시품종으로는 2016년에 재배된 한가루, 삼광, 다산1호, 한아름2호, 보람찬 등 5품종을 사용하였고, 제분기 Air mill(AM, Nara Machinery Co., LTD, Japan)을 사용하여 쌀가루 입도를 50, 100, 150㎛ 수준으로 각각 제조하였고, 대조구로는 관행의 습식제분한 쌀가루를 사용하였다. 시험결과 색도는 대조구 대비 품종별로는 명도(L)가 낮고 황색도(b)가 높았으며, 입도별로는 입도가 작을수록 명도가 높아지고 황색도가 낮아져서 대조구에 가까운 색도를 나타내었다. 호화특성으로는 대조구 대비 건식쌀가루 품종에서 호화온도에 이르는 시간이 짧았으며, setback(노화도)이 낮은 경향이었고, 품종별로는 한가루> 보람찬> 삼광> 다산1호, 한아름 1호의 순으로 노화가 덜 되는 경향이었으며, 입도별로는 큰 차이가 없었다. 대조구 대비 pH는 높고 산도는 비슷하였으며, 당도가 낮은 경향이었다. 당도는 입도가 작을수록 높았는데, 이는 발효과정 중 당화에 의한 영향으로 판단되었다. 색도는 대조구보다 명도는 낮고 황색도는 증가하는 경향이었으며, 물성은 대조구 대비 경도, 응집성, 점착성이 입도 50~100㎛간에는 비슷한 경향이었고, 입도 150㎛에서 경도와 점착성이 높아서 떡이 딱딱하게 굳는 경향이었다. 품종별로는 보람찬과 다산 1호가 부착성이 커서 달라붙는 정도가 컸다.

최근 두부시장은 화학응고제 무사용, 영양성분 강화, 간편화 등의 새로운 두부 형태 제품이 출시되었으며, 기류분쇄기 보급에 따라 초미세분말 제조가 가능하게 되면서 전두부 제조가 가능하여 졌다. 전두부는 콩가루를 이용하여 만들기 때문에 콩에 포함된 단백질, 식이섬유, 이소플라본 등의 전체적인 영양성분 섭취가 가능하여 영양이 우수하며, 부산물인 비지가 생산되지 않아 생산 편리성 및 환경오염 방지 효과가 있는 제조방식이다. 본 연구에서는 건식 콩가루를 이용하여 전두부 제조를 위한 조건설정의 기초자료로 활용하고자 시험을 실시하였다. ’16년에 재배된 대원콩 품종을 사용하였고, 제분기는 Air mill을 사용하여 콩가루 입도를 50, 100, 150㎛ 수준으로 각각 제조하였으며, 두유온도를 60, 80, 90, 100°C까지 끓인 후 두유의 적정 응고조건을 설정하고자 품질특성을 조사하였다. 전두부는 유미원 전두부제조기(HTM-100A)를 이용하여 5배의 물을 넣고 제조하였고, 대조구로는 압착두부를 사용하였다. 콩분말 입도에 따른 전두부 품질분석 결과 pH, 산도, 수분활성도는 거의 차이가 없었으며, 입도가 클수록 수분이 낮아지는 경향이었다. 7점척도법에 의한 관능조사 결과 대조구인 압착두부 대비 전반적인 기호도는 낮았지만 입도별로는 향이나 맛, 씹힘성에서 콩분말 입도 50㎛에서 가장 높았으며 전반적인 기호도는 50㎛ > 100㎛ ≥ 150㎛ 순이었고, 전자현미경 관찰결과 입도가 작을수록 두부구조가 치밀하였다. 두유 온도에 따른 전두부의 품질 비교 결과 전두부는 대조구 대비 수분함량, 산도, 당도, 염도가 전반적으로 높았으며, 두유 온도 60°C에서는 두부의 응고반응이 일어나지 않았으며, 80°C 이상에서 응고되기 시작하여, 90°C에서 가장 양호하였다. 100°C 이상에서는 단시간에 응고가 되어 두부의 모양이 고르지 않았다. 전두부의 일반세균수는 모두 규격기준(106cfu/㎖) 이하로, 90°C 이상에서는 거의 발생되지 않았다.

본 실험에서는 냉동 새우(Litopenaeus vannamei)를 4oC에서 12일동안 저온 저장하며, 키토산 코팅과 천연보존제의 병행처리(0.05% carvacrol, 0.05% thymol)가 미생물(중 온균, 저온균, Pseudomonas spp., H2S 생성균)의 성장과 새우의 이화학적 특징(총 휘발성 질소화합물, pH) 및 관능적 품질(외관, 냄새, 전반적 수용도)에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 키토산 코팅과 carvacrol 병행 처리, 키토산 코팅과 thymol 병행 처리는 모든 대상 미생물의 성장을 억제하였고 특히 중온균, 저온균, H2S 생성균의 경우 실험 의 마지막 날인 12일째까지 유의적인 항균효과(p < 0.05)를 보였다. 이 처리구들은 총 휘발성 질소화합물과 관능적 특성(외관, 냄새, 전반적 수용도)에서도 12일째까지 유의적인 차이(p < 0.05)를 보였으나 pH에서는 유의적 차이 가 없었다. 따라서 키토산 코팅과 carvacrol 병행 처리, 키토산 코팅과 thymol 병행 처리는 새우의 주요 부패 미생 물의 성장을 효과적으로 억제하는 것으로 보이며 냉장 새우의 유통기간 연장에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 보여진다.

Quality characteristics of commercially available soybean and mung-bean flours in Korea were evaluated relative to product information such as bean content, price, chromaticity, proximate composition, water binding capacity, swelling power and solubility. Origin of raw materials was 23 in domestic products and 19 in imported products. The price of the product was 3.48 times more for raw soybean flour, 3.34 times more for fried soybean flour, and 3.47 times more for mung bean flour compared to imported soybean. In the domestic products, the lightness of raw soybean flour was higher than roasted soybean flour. The redness and yellowness of roasted soybean flour were higher than raw soybean flour. Moisture content of raw soybean flour was higher than roasted soybean flour, and crude fat, crude protein and carbohydrate content were higher in imported soybean flour. Ash and crude protein contents of mung bean were slightly higher than imported products. Water binding capacity of roasted soybean flour in domestic products was higher than raw soy flour, and there was no significant difference in solubility and swelling power. Correlation between quality characteristics of commercially available soybean and mung-bean flours products was found to be highly significant among measured items, except for solubility.

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of the quality of bread containing Red Ginseng Jung Kwa by-product, added in ratios of 0, 10, 20 and 30% of flour. It was found in dough and bread containing red ginseng Jung Kwa by-product that dough and loaf volume, specific loaf volume, baking loss, and pH decreased with an increasing amount of red ginseng Jung Kwa by-product. In addition, loaf weight and hardness were also reduced. In particular, hardness appeared to be 2.18 times higher for bread containing 30% Red Ginseng Jung Kwa by-product as compared to the amounts found in the control. For color, increasing the amount of Red Ginseng Jung Kwa by-product reduced the L value, whereas the a and b values were increased. In the sensory evaluation, the highest overall preference score was observed in the bread containing 20% red ginseng Jung Kwa by-product, whereas the lowest score was found in the control (no red ginseng Jung Kwa by-product added). It was concluded that pan bread containing red ginseng Jung Kwa by-product could be prepared with good acceptability, and that its optimum concentrate was found to be 20% of flour.

We examined the quality characteristics of pound cake with prepared Aronia melanocarpa powder, which included the physical characteristics, antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation in this study. Pound cakes were prepared with various ratios of Aronia powder (0, 5, 10, 15, 20%). No significant difference in loss rate or weight was found from increased Aronia powder concentration. The color of pound cake was darker and reddish with the addition of Aronia powder. Lightness (L) and yellowness (b) significantly decreased with the addition of Aronia powder, whereas redness (a) increased (p<0.05). the qualities of hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness of the pound cake prepared with the addition of Aronia powder were significantly increased when compared to control(p<0.05), with exception of 20% addtion. Total phenolic contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity was significantly elevated by the addition of Aronia powder(p<0.05). The pound cake with 10% Aronia powder showed the strongest positive sensory properties with regard to taste and overall palatibility. These results suggest that the addition of 10 % Aronia to pound cake batter could well serve to improve the overall quality, texture and taste of the final product.

As the consumption of wheat has increased recently, the number of people who have digestive problems resulting from gluten in wheat has also increased. Teff has an attractive nutritional profile, as it not only gluten-free but also high in dietary fiber, protein, iron, and calcium. Seven samples were prepared for this study. The quality characteristics of gluten-free noodles were evaluated based on pH, salinity, water absorption, turbidity, color, texture properties, tensile strength, and SEM. The pH value was the highest in TF100 with a pH of 6.66 and the lowest in the control with a pH of 6.42. Salinity showed no significant difference among all samples, and it ranged from 0.02~0.04% (p<0.05). Water absorption was the highest in TFX with a value of 66.11%, and the lowest in the control with a value of 44.81%. Turbidity showed no significant difference among all samples, and it ranged from 0.14~0.21 O.D. (p<0.05). While the lightness and yellowness values decreased with an increase in teff flour content, the redness value tended to decrease. The color difference value was the highest in the sample group without gluten. Based on the texture profile analysis, the hardness was highest in the control with a value of 46.74 N and lowest in TF100 with a value of 18.34 N. The springiness showed no significant difference among all samples. The cohesiveness was highest in the control with a value of 0.92 N. The chewiness decreased with an increase in teff flour content. Although the control with gluten had the highest tensile strength at 3.42 kg/cm2, TFX had considerable tensile strength at 2.30 kg/cm2. This study demonstrated the processability of gluten-free noodles using teff flour.

In order to verify the quality characteristics of soybean milk added chickpeas, the following characteristics were investigated: pH, solid contents, color, DPPH radical scavenging, as well as electric nose and sensory evaluation. Physicochemical and the sensory characteristics were analyzed based on the experimental data. The pH value was different in the control and the treatments (p<0.005). As the quantity of chickpea content increased, the solid content was augmented (p<0.0001). The L value was 56.86 in the control, and with the amount of chickpea addition increasing, the L value increased to 57.43 in 100% chickpea soybean milk (p<0.0001). The a value and b value also increased significantly (p<0.0001). However, the DPPH radical scavenging in the control was the lowest but the antioxidant activity of 100% chickpea milk was more than 2.5 higher than that of the control (p<0.0001). In the electric nose experiment, the flavor component of 20%, 30% and 100% chickpea treatment showed a significant difference compared to the control in the flavor components. In the sensory evaluation, for the score of flavor (p<0.001) and taste (p<0.0001), the score was higher in the treatments where 20% and 30% of chickpeas were added. In the sensory test of texture, there was no significant difference in the different experimental conditions except for the 100% chickpea addition treatment. In the overall acceptability test, the scores of 20% and 30% chickpea treatment were the highest results, compared to other treatments (p<0.0001). According to the correlation analysis, both antioxidant activity (0.797) and solid content (0.834) had shown high correlation to pH among the physiochemical characteristics (p<0.01). In the sensory evaluation, color, flavor, taste, texture and overall acceptability had shown a positive correlation to the amount of the soy bean milk added chickpea (p<0.01). In particular, the overall acceptability had shown the highest correlation to the taste (0.803), and it was the texture which resulted in the next highest correlation for overall acceptability (0.666).

The objectives of this study was to investigate the properties and stability of the wet noodles added to nanoemulsion as a industrial model system, and in so doing, survey practical applicability in the food industry. In order to test out these objectives, the characteristics and stability of the wet noodles added to nanoemulsion were investigated and their cooking characteristics and capsaicinoids loss were examined. As a result, the test results showed that the findings indicated that the post-cooking loss of capsaicinoids in the wet noodles added to double-layer nanoemulsion covered with chitosan was less than the losses in the wet noodles added to any other noodles. More especially, this demonstrates that the noodle added to double-layer nanoemulsion covered with chitosan scored significantly higher than the others with reference to their cooking properties, color, texture, stability for storage stability, and sensory evaluation. These results show that the findings of this study demonstrated that the noodles added to nanoemulsions could be produced as a food-grade merchandise because they could provide enhanced encapsulation capacity of capsaicinoids and higher acceptability.

In the present study, kohlrabi-kimchi was prepared for assessment of changes in sensory qualities and measurement of changes in quality characteristics according to the storage period for the purpose of using kohlrabi as an ingredient of kimchi. Examination of the physicochemical properties of kohlrabi-kimchi according to the storage period showed that the acidity increased steadily throughout the storage period, while soluble-solids content, pH and hardness decreased as the storage period elapsed. Meanwhile, the L value increased and then it decreased as the storage period elapsed, but, the a value increased and the b value gradually decreased after day 14 of storage. Reducing sugars increased up to day 10 of storage, and then they decreased slowly after day 15 of storage. Measurement of changes in lactic acid bacteria in kohlrabi-kimchi according to the storage period showed bacterial growth showing typical tendencies of Kimchi with a rapid increase on day 5 of storage and a decrease thereafter. Assessment of sensory qualities of kohlrabi-kimchi according to the storage period showed that the highest scores for appearance and sourness, odor, texture, and overall scores were obtained on day 15 of storage. Based on the above results, it was determined that the optimal maturity period of kohlrabi-kimchi is day 15 of storage.

This study was performed to determine the effects of different processing methods (AD: drying at 50°C for 15 h; ADR: roasting after drying; SAD: drying after steaming; SADR: roasting after steaming and drying) on the quality characteristics, total phenolic content, anthocyanin content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing powder of red radish (Bordeaux and watermelon radish) tea. The pH of red radish tea was the highest with SAD. In terms of the total sugar content, Bordeaux radish tea showed the highest level with AD, ADR, and SAD, and watermelon radish tea showed the highest level with SADR. The a value of Bordeaux radish tea was higher with AD and ADR. The b value of Bordeaux radish tea was increased with steaming and roasting treatment. In terms of measuring the colors of watermelon radish tea, the L value was decreased while the b value was increased with roasting treatment. The total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing powder with ADR and SADR were higher than those in samples prepared by different processing methods. AD and SAD resulted in higher anthocyanin contents than ADR and SADR. In terms of sensory evaluation, the appearance and color were rated higher with AD and SAD, whereas the flavor and taste were ranked higher with ADR and SADR than in the other samples. The results suggest that red radish (Bordeaux and watermelon radish) tea prepared by ADR and SADR processing methods can be utilized as health functional tea material with antioxidant activity.

To investigate the quality characteristics of domestic rosé wines marketed in Korea, 11 kinds of wines were purchased at the Korea Wine Festival in 2016. The color, physiological activity, aroma component and sensory evaluations were conducted. The hue value of rosé wines ranged from 0.592 to 1.990, with the Ro7 of Delaware having the highest value. The brightness of rosé wines ranged from 42.96 to 94.99, the redness from 3.20 to 59.37, and the yellowness from 8.43 to 24.83. Of the 11 rosé wines evaluated, 1 was a dry wine and 10 were sweet wines. The average sugar content of the sweet wines was 73.89 mg/mL. Among the organic acid contents, malic acid ranged from 0.214 to 2.903 mg/mL, and lactic acid content ranged from 0 to 3.423 mg/mL. Malolactic fermentation differed, depending on the source. The total polyphenol content of rosé wines ranged from 50.55 to 99.55 mg%, the anthocyanin content was 2.12 to 213.30 mg/L, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity of rosé wines was between 73.75 to 90.41%. A total of 41 volatile components were detected, including 7 alcohols, 22 esters, 4 terpenes, 3 acids and 5 other compounds. Of these, 9 compounds had odor activity value(OAV) greater than 1; these were identified as 1-propanol (alcohol, pungent), 3-methyl-1-butanol (harsh, nail polish), ethyl butanoate (strawberry, lactic), isopentyl acetate (fresh, banana), ethyl hexanoate (green apple, fruity), ethyl octanoate (pineapple, pear, floral), ethyl decanoate (fruity, fatty, pleasant), linalool (flower, lavender) and limonene (lemone, orange). As a result of the sensory evaluation, the Ro5 wine made from Campbell Early grape, and having a good color, flavor and taste, was the most preferred.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of salad dressing prepared with acaiberry powder (0, 1, 3, and 5%). The pH and titratable acidity increased as the acaiberry powder increased. The sugar content showed no significant differences between samples. The viscosity was lowest in the controls and increased with increasing amounts of the acaiberry powder. The lightness and yellowness values decreased, while the redness values increased with increasing amounts of acaiberry powder. The total polyphenol content ranged from 10.26-45.19 mg GAE/100 g, increasing with increased acaiberry powder levels. The antioxidant activities measured via DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and FRAP also increased with increasing acaiberry powder concentrations. Finally, a consumer acceptance test revealed that up to 3% acaiberry powder could be added to salad dressing to provide high antioxidant activity without sacrificing sensory quality.

This study was conducted to clarify the effect of high temperature during winter period(autumn sowing) and spring sowing on yield, quality and growth and development in barley. The varieties used for the experiments were heenchalssalbori and keunalbori 1 having a strong spring habit characteristics. In spring sowing treatment, spikelet differentiation was proceeded rapidly and tillering was proceeded slowly compared to the development stage, because the barley sowed at spring is cultivated in high temperature and long day conditions from sowing to spikelet differentiation stage compared with autumn sowing(control). And in high temperature treatment during winter period, like spring sowing, tillering was inhibited compared to the development stage. The number of grain per panicle and the period required to heading stage from spikelet differentiation were reduced largely at spring sowing, because spring sowing treatment was conducted in high temperature and long day condition compared with autumn sowing and high temperature treatment during the period from spikelet differentiation to heading stage. Meanwhile in spring sowing treatment, average temperature during ripening stage was higher than the autumn sowing and high temperature during winter, because heading stage was so late. After all, starch, amylose content and grain weight were reduced while protein content was relatively increased in spring sowing treatment due to difference of average temperature of ripening stage. These changes affected the decrease of viscosity of peak, trough, breakdown and the increase of setback viscosity