Wet pavement friction decreases due to the increase in water film thickness (WFT), leading to a significant increase in vehicle crashes occurrences. The British Pendulum Test described in ASTM E303-93 is one of the methods used to measure pavement friction in wet conditions for the input of geometric design and pavement management systems. The British Pendulum Number (BPN) in wet conditions varies with WFT. Following ASTM E303-93 standard procedures, water film thickness was simulated by spraying water on the pavement surface. However, the measurement of BPN did not include specific information about the thickness of the water film present during testing. To address these issues, WFTs and BPNs were measured using artificial rainfall generated by a rainfall simulator across various intensities, drainage lengths, pavement slopes, and pavement surfaces. This study aims to investigate the influence of water film thickness on BPN for wet pavement friction and provide the WFT corresponding to each BPN measurement for different surface types. BPNs of three test slabs, including a smooth surface and tined surfaces with 16 mm and 25 mm spacing, were measured under wet conditions by spraying water, and by creating water film thicknesses using a rainfall simulator. This study demonstrates that the BPNs of non-tined surfaces and longitudinally and transversely tined surfaces with 25mm spacing exhibit a significant decrease with increasing water film thickness, while those with 16mm spacing show a slight decrease. These findings can be attributed to the lower friction observed in both non-tined and longitudinally tined pavements, in contrast to surfaces with transverse tinning.

There has been growing attention on the well-being of people with disabilities. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate the associations between individuals’ socio-demographic and psychological characteristics and clothing expenditure, and (2) to examine the moderated mediation effect of self-efficacy and acceptance of disability on the association between dependency on others and happiness among people with visual impairment. This study was based on secondary analysis of data from the second wave of the 6th Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled collected by the Employment Development Institute. The results of this study showed that average monthly expenditure on clothing was positively associated with self-efficacy, happiness, and acceptance of disability, while being negatively associated with dependency on others. The results also confirmed that self-efficacy mediated the association between dependency on others and happiness. A conditional direct effect of dependency on others on happiness was found, in which negative associations were significant among people with visual impairment who had low and mean levels of acceptance of disability (but not high levels). In addition, there was a significant conditional indirect effect, in which the indirect and negative effect of dependency on others on happiness via self-efficacy was significant for those with low and average levels of acceptance of disability. These findings support the importance of enhancing the independence and acceptance of disability among people with visual impairment, which ultimately contributes to their happiness.

This study was conducted to evaluate quality and anthocyanin content of ‘Tarocco’ orange fruit in order to support early harvest. Harvest times were set at 280 days after anthesis (DAA), 300 DAA, and 320 DAA (conventional harvest). The fruits were classified as those having an intense reddish color or a yellowish orange color in the rind. The fruits were stored during 45 days at 8oC, for low temperature storage, or 18oC, for room temperature storage in winter. The changes in the fruit quality were measured at 15-days interval. The reddish rind fruit had slightly higher sugar content than the orange fruits with yellowish rind, but had similar acidity. A sugar content of 13.0 oBrix or more was recorded for fruits harvested 280 DAA with 45 days of low-temperature storage. A similar finding was recorded after 15 days of low temperature storage for the fruits harvested 300 DAA with 30 days for the conventional harvest. The anthocyanin content was higher for fruits with later harvest time (37.8 mg·L-1) and longer storage period in both low and winter room temperatures (25.2-53 mg·L-1 and 10.3-51.9 mg·L-1, respectively). For all harvest periods, the peel and juice color intensity increased after 15 days of low temperature storage and remained constant regardless of the storage temperature. The result indicated that the fruit quality and anthocyanin content of fruits harvested 300 DAA was better than fruits harvested 320 DAA (conventional harvest), stored 15 days at 8oC or 30 days at 18oC after harvesting 300 DAA.

본 연구는 선교사 탈진 진단 및 대처방안을 프로이덴버거의 “과잉 성취동기” 이론과 마슬락의 “정서적 고갈”에 관한 측정 방법론을 통해 제시하고, 보완책으로 호킨스와 오스왈드의 이론을 다루었다. 2012년 부터 2년간 한국선교사의 중도탈락은 40%를 넘었다. 세계적으로 선교사 중도탈락의 위기관리 연구가 1996년과 2015년에 심도 있게 진행되었고 200여 곳 선교사 케어센터가 생겨났다. 그럼에도 불구하고 구체적인 방향 제시는 없었다. 선교현장에서 선교사의 헌신적 태도가 대인관계에서의 조절능력 부족을 야기하였고 탈진이 초래되었다. 현실의 실망스러운 상황에 대한 책임감과 압박감에 의한 부정적 자아개념이 업무에서 성취감 감소로 이어지며 사람들로부터 떠나고 싶은 결과를 가져왔다. 이에 본 논문은 선교사의 탈진으로 이어지는 상황을 분석하 고, 탈진 학자들의 의미 있는 대처방안을 재정립하였다.

This study adopts the viewpoint that understanding linguistic aspects of different groups is efficient to promote a person's world view, which leads to increasing intercultural sensitivity(IS). The first goal is to examine the IS of the entire participants who experienced different languages. The second goal is to examine the difference in IS according to students' linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This study collected and analyzed quantitative and qualitative data through surveys at a school accepting diverse languages. As a result, first, the overall IS of the participants turned out to be in the Adaptation phase(AP) indicating ethnorelative world views. Second, multicultural family students(MS) were found to have higher IS compared to general students and to face solving communication issues with students of different backgrounds in the AP. General students are first found to have some issues left in the Minimization phase they need to solve, but an indepth analysis has shown that they are also in the AP since they face solving the similar issues to MS. This study, finally, puts forward some suggestions on dealing with multicultural languages.

The latest catchword “beat call” comes from Japan. It was originally one of the Live culture of the concert. In order to express their affirmation and support for the idol singers on stage, fans waved fluorescent sticks and shouted for refueling and inspiration to create a warm atmosphere together. With the high frequency use of call, it gradually extends from the entertainment field to other fields. Nowadays, call is not only applicable to this kind of idol assistance activities, but also can be expressed by call when you express support for a person, thing or thing. The “fight call” in aid culture has been rapidly disseminated in China through the help of network media. In order to make the speaker understand and make better use of “call” from the linguistic point of view, the semantics and characteristics of “call” as well as the applicable objects and users of “call” are analyzed with examples. It is found that “call” can arouse the acceptor's sense of participation, highlight the color of praise, and end the text. Better satisfy the expression of novelty and conformity psychology. Internet hotspot “call” is now widely used in the network media. With the news of Sina Weibo and People's Daily as corpus and the relevant content of language contact, this paper makes corresponding analysis on the origin, semantic components and grammar of the word “call”, the category and development course of the applicable context and the popular motivation of the word.

2014년 2월 여객선의 타두재 상단 너트가 풀려 타가 작동하지 않은 사고가 발생하였다. 많은 여객과 화물의 이동을 목적으로 하는 여객선의 조타 장치 사고로 인한 인명사고는 통계에 의하면 2010~2016년 0명이지만 조타장치의 고장으로 선박의 요건인 이동성을 갖추지 못한다면 물살이 거센 해역이나 출입항 선박이 많은 협수로에서는 선박의 조종에 대한 제약으로 인명사고의 비율이 높은 전복 사고나 충돌 사고로 발전할 수 있다. “선박안전법” 및 관련 고시인 “강선의구조기준”에는 타판과 타심재의 체결에 관련된 내용은 기준화 되어 있으나 타 빠짐의 원인이 되는 상부 타두재와 너트의 체결에 대해서는 별도의 법령이 없다. 사고 이후 한국선급은 강선규칙 5편 제7장에 결합방법에 대해 개정을 하였다. 목포항과 주변 섬을 운항하는 여객선 12척에 대한 현장조사 결과 대부분 C형타 2개가 설치된 구조였으며, 체결방법으로는 9척이 용접에 의한 체결 방법을 적용하고 있었고 선박 자체적으로 예방 점검을 위해 체결 개소에 접근하기 어려운 구조로 되어 있었다. 1년에 한 번씩 타를 들어 올리거나 빼내야 하는 여객선의 특성을 고려하여 동종 사고를 방지할 수 있는 방안에 대해서 NAS 3350 시험을 통해 검토하였다.

Oyster mushrooms are one of the most popular edible mushrooms in Korea. The ‘Santari’ cultivar bred in this study, which belongs to the species Pleurotus pulmonarius, is a new oyster mushroom cultivar for bottle culture. It was bred by mating monokaryons isolated from ‘GMPO20404’ and ‘Hosan’. The optimum temperature for ‘Santari’ mycelial growth was 26–29℃ on PDA medium, and the temperatures for primordium formation and for growth of the fruit body on sawdust medium were 22℃ and 20℃, respectively. It took 34 days to complete the spawn run, 3 days to form primordia, and 3 days to finish fruit body growth in the bottle culture. The fruit body pilei were round in shape and brownish, whereas the stipes were long, thick, and white. The yield per bottle of ‘Santari’ was 172 g/1,100 mL, which was 43% higher than that of the reference cultivar (‘Hosan’). The springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and brittleness of the stipe tissue were 87%, 82%, 193 g, and 16 kg, respectively. These physical property values of ‘Santari’ were lower than those of the control cultivar, except for the cohesiveness.

The most of casual games are two-dimensional based graphic interface and the most of matching-tile game is still gains popularity on many video game devices and variety of smart phones. These game uses two-dimensional Euclidean coordinates and uses rectangle- or triangle-, hexagon-shaped tiles. But recently novel design of casual games are introduced and gains attention of casual gamers. Our research introduces new approach for tile-based game design. It uses hyperbolic model of Poincare model and Weierstrass model for displaying and generating tiles. Our method is general for any configuration of (p, q)-tiling and can be used for new tile based game design. And introduces new tile generation methods for (3,q)-tiling and (p,3)-tiling without redundant tiles. We also proposed interactive movement method of tiles for game navigation purposes.

선박에서 제어판을 가지는 목적은 선박의 운동을 제어하는데 있다. 제어판은 단동타의 형태일수도 있고 고정된 부분과 이동하는 부분의 조합에 의해 구성될 수도 있다. 이러한 제어판은 그 고유의 목적에 맞도록 역할을 수행하는 기능을 가지며, 유체와 상대적인 운동과 원초적인 기능에 의해 조정력을 증가시키는 것이다. 이러한 힘과 모멘트는 영각의 변화와 회전에 의해서 생성되고 선박의 조종성능을 결정한다. 본 논문에서는 플랩러더와 물분사러더의 2차원 유동특성을 회류수조에서 PIV기법을 이용하여 각각 계측하였다. 모델시험은 플랩러더와 물분사러더를 NACA0012의 영각과 플랩각을 변화시키면서 수행하였다. 2프레임 입자추적기법은 유동장에서 속도분포를 득하는데 이용되었다. 전체실험에서 레이놀즈수 Re≒3.0×10⁴를 적용하였으며 상호비교를 통해 계측된 결과값을 비교평가하였다.

Oyster mushrooms are widely cultivated and consumed in Korea. P. ostreatus 'Suhan(ASI 2504)' is an ideal cultivar for mushroom farmers due to its dark pileus and thick stipe; however, as it is very sensitive to environmental conditions, an alternative cultivar is required. To develop a new cultivar, parental strains 'Suhan(ASI 2504)' and ‘ASI 0665 (Heuktari)’ were selected from various collected strains according to morphological characteristics. P. ostreatus ‘Soltari’ was developed by Di- Mon crossing between the dikaryotic strain ‘Suhan’ and the monokaryotic strain derived from ‘Heuktari’. Thirty-eight of the 100 crossed strains were selected following analysis of mitochondrial genetic characteristics, and 'Soltari' was ultimately selected by continuous cultivation tests. The mitochondrial DNA profile of ‘Soltari’ was found to be the same as that of ‘Heuktari, and a nuclear DNA profile of ‘Soltari’ was similar as those of the parental strains, ‘Suhan’ and ‘Heuktari.’ 'Soltari' mycelium grows adequately in moderate to high temperatures of 12–20oC, although its optimum temperature was found to be 30oC. Fruiting body production per 1.1-L cultivation bottle was approximately 158.8 g. Its stipe length and thickness were comparable to those of diameter and thickness were somewhat lower (42.72 vs. 51.33 mm and 18.18 vs. 22.46 mm, respectively). ‘Soltari’ was found to be more resistant to high CO2 atmosphere than 'Suhan', and the color of the pileus of 'Soltari' was dark gray at high temperature. Therefore, it is suggested that this new cultivar ‘Soltari’ is a good alternative cultivar and will contribute to energy saving in oyster mushroom farms.

선교적 교회의 수립을 위해서는 선교현장의 문화적 맥락으로부터 교회와 선교를 새롭게 이해하는 일이 중요하다. 특히 타문화권 선교에 서 교회에 대한 이해와 그 조직을 선교현장의 문화적 자원으로부터 이룰 수 있다면 선교 초기부터 현지인들이 주도하는 선교적 교회의 수립이 훨씬 용이할 것이다. 이 논문은 마사이족 선교현장에서 전통문 화 자원을 변용하여 선교적 교회의 수립에 활용하는 방안을 모색한다. 이를 위해 상황화의 방법을 사용하였다. 특히 상황화 선교 실천 사이클 중 상황분석과 신학적 성찰 및 선교 전략 모색의 단계에 집중하였다. 필자가 마사이 전통 문화 가운데 선교 및 교회의 의미를 풍부하게 이끌어내고 새롭게 탑재할 수 있는 개념으로 선택한 것은 ‘마냐타’ 개념이다. 마냐타는 마사이 전사들의 연대체 혹은 그 병영을 지칭하며, 마사이 전통사회에서는 세 가지 역할을 수행했다. 첫째는 공동체 수호 자의 역할, 둘째는 마사이적 인간을 길러내는 사회화 기관으로서의 역할이다. 그리고 마지막으로 그 건설과 해체에 이르는 예전적 과정을 통해 하나의 세대집단을 탄생시키고 공동체의 주도세력을 교체하는 공동체 직조의 역할을 수행해 왔다. 마냐타는 완전한 유무상통, 완전한 의사소통, 신의(神意)의 구현체로 여겨지기도 한다. 마냐타는 ‘하나님의 마냐타’ 혹은 ‘하나님 백성들의 마냐타’ 같은 용법을 통해 교회를 소개하는 개념으로 변용이 가능하다. 이 경우 남녀노소 모두가 참여하는 마냐타라고 하는 새로운 개념이 형성되면서 전통 개념의 변화가 발생하게 될 것이다. 이를 통해 선교 공동체로서의 교회, 배움(교육) 공동체로서의 교회, 예배 공동체로서의 교회 등을 설명할 수 있다. 마냐타 개념을 지역교회 내의 기관과 소그룹들의 조직 단위로도 활용하면 교인들의 주도적 활동과 동질집단 원리를 통한 교회성장도 기대해 볼 수 있다. Missio Dei 선교 서사의 이식, Missio Dei 선교 서사와 기존 중심서사 간의 엮임을 통한 의미의 변화, 변화의 경험을 통한 새로운 서사의 창출 등을 통해 마냐타 시스템 을 둘러싼 마사이 중심서사의 변화를 이루어낼 수 있다면 마냐타 교회론 을 통한 선교적 교회의 수립은 좀 더 효과적으로 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Autonomia movement that emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerist (operaismo) communism gives historical and discursive context to Manfredo Tafuri’s famous criticism of ideology. His thesis on the death of architecture was a radical criticism of Keynesian intervention which was a strategy to cope with the Great Depression. For him, this capitalist development had taken away ideological prefiguration from architecture. At least Tafuri’s this early intellectual phase was formed in the wake of magazine Contrapiano and Antonio Negri’s influence. Tafuri almost entirely adapted Negri’s thought on the importance of capitalist innovation that was uncovered by Keynes, Schumpeter, and Manheim and the periodization in modern history. When we read Tafuri’s text with this concrete context, we can avoid being plunged into his abstruseness. On the other hand, 1980’s Korea cannot understand Tafuri comprehensibly. 1980’s situation to struggle to acquire democracy prescribed only one mode of reception of Tafuri’s historiography in Korea. Tafuri’s so-called pessimist view point could not satisfy student activists. They want to take intellectual means to sustain student movement and to secure political dynamics of protest. But at the same time they have anxiety to understand tafuri’s thesis that they consider ad a critical theory for Korean Architecture. Double contexts of Tafuri’s criticism of ideology bring to light to historicize both Tafuri’s historiography itself and reception of his text in Korea.