Phosphoprotein Enriched in Astrocytes (PEA15) is a 15kD-sized intracellular signaling protein, highly expressed in astrocytes and constitutively expressed in peripheral tissues. Recently it was found that PEA15 expression was elevated in patients suffering type 2 diabetes and suggested to be involved in the syndrome of insulin resistance. To investigate the functional role of PEA15 for the control of blood glucose level, we produced a transgenic pig over-expressing mouse PEA15 (mPEA15). As a model animal, pig has many advantages. They have a higher fecundity and a short generation time and are physiologically similar to human. Using the transgenic pig, we carried out a series of experiments to establish a link between PEA15 expression and the insulin resistance. Our results suggested that, compared with control pig, mPEA15 pig has, (1) a higher blood resistin level, (2) a lower cell membrane-embeded GLUT4 level, and (3) a lower glucose clearing ability based on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). When our results combined, it can be concluded that mPEA15 over-expressing pig has many symptoms of insulin resistance and these pigs will become a useful disease model to investigate diabetes mellitus in the near future.

 ,  , Silver-grey or dark brown scaring, or dark brown discolored damages caused by the yellow tea thrip, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) have occurred on citrus fruits cultivated in the open field in east-south area orchards of Jeju Island since 2007. The weekly population of yellow tea thrips adults caught with a yellow sticky trap increased gradually from early May and peaked in late August, 2009. In 2010 and 2011, the most population was in early October. The yellow tea thrips of some species usually dominated from July in open citrus fields, and seven generations, at least, had occurred from May to late October 2009 by a yellow sticky trap survey. In 2009, S. dorsalis larva were observed from July and with peaks from late August to mid September and early October on citrus fruits. The damage symptoms appeared in the mid September. In 2011, the population peaks were in early July and late September, and the symptoms increased continually from mid July to late October. The symptoms were silver-scars or initial dark discolorations and then gradually changed to dark-brown discolorations or dark-brown scars. The percent of damaged fruits were 0.9%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 2.7% in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively, by survey in 64 typical orchards in Jeju Island. We are the first to report symptoms of the yellow tea thrip (Scirtothrips dotsalis) on citrus fruits.

목적 : 정신분열병 환자의 작업수행기술과 증상과의 연관성을 조사하고 작업수행기술에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 확인하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 정신분열병으로 진단받은 입원환자 30명을 대상으로 작업수행기술 측정을 위해 운동처리기술평가(Assessment of Motor and Process Skills; AMPS)를 사용하였고 정신병리는 간이정신병리평가(Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Extended; BPRS-E)를 활용하였다. 주관적 어려움은 정신사회적 기능-증상 평가척도(Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale; BASIS-32), 사회적 기능과 대인관계 평가를 위해서는 건강성과척도(Health of Nation Outcome Scale; HoNOS)와 단축형생활기술척도(Abbreviated Life Skills Profile-16; LSP-16)를 활용하였다. AMPS의 운동 기술 점수, 처리 기술점수와 다른 척도들 간의 상관성을 살펴보았으며 단계적 다중회귀분석을 이용하여 작업수행기술에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 알아보았다. 결과 : 정신분열병 환자의 작업수행기술은 환자의 증상과 연관이 있었다. 특히 음성증상과 조증 증상은 작업수행의 운동기술과 처리기술 모두 통계적으로 유의한 상관성을 보였으며, 혼란은 처리기술과 유의한 상관성이 있었다. 작업수행의 운동 기술을 예측하는 주요 변인은 LSP-16의 총점과 HoNOS의 행동문제로 나타났다. 또한 작업수행의 처리 기술을 예측하는 주요 변인은 LSP-16 총점, BPRS-E의 조증이었다. 결론 : 정신분열병 환자의 작업수행능력에 영향을 미치는 요인은 다양하게 나타났다. 향후 정신과 작업치료 프로그램의 효과에 대한 지속적인 연구를 바탕으로 정신분열병환자의 작업수행능력 향상을 위한 체계적인 작업치료 중재가 이루어지길 기대한다.

Currently, national fishery population is aging gradually due to avoiding fishery by young people as they do for farming. The working condition of fishing industry is very poor due to the bad climate, rough wave, worn tools, and narrow working space which cause the uncomfortable postures. These poor working conditions have strong influence on the health and safety of fishermen and cause the work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The survey was conducted in this study to investigate the WMSDs symptoms for the fishermen in the coastal fishery. One hundred and twenty five coastal fishermen, especially drift gill net fishermen, participated in this study, and among them 110 responses were analyzed for this study due to the unreliable and insincerity of reponses. The results showed that WMSDs symptoms appeared in various parts of the body such as lower back (84.6%), shoulder (82.7%), and neck (68.2%). The drift gill net fishing require a lot of energy spending and repetitive movement because of the characteristics of the drift gill net fishery and this cause the WMSDs symptoms on back, shoulder, and neck. In this study, WMSDs symptoms of the coastal fishermen were surveyed and related various factors and characteristics were analyzed through ergonomic assessment. The results of this study can provide some basic information to improve the work environment of fishing industry.

목적: 콘택트렌즈 착용자들이 느끼는 건성안과 관련된 안구증상을 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 하루 평균 8시간 이상, 주 3일 이상 콘택트렌즈를 착용하는 대학생들에게 콘택트렌즈 착용과 관련된 건성안설문지(CLDEQ)를 작성하도록 하여 성별, 착용렌즈에 따른 안구증상의 정도를 0점에서 5점 척도로 하여, 건조감과 기타 안구증상들과의 상관성을 알아보았으며 콘택트렌즈로 인해 유발되는 안구증상을 관리하는 방법과 비용 등에 대해 알아보았다. 결과: 콘택트렌즈 착용과 관련된 안구증상의 정도를 점수화한 결과, 안구건조감(dryness) 2.53±0.86점, 안구불편감(discomfort) 2.35±0.81점, 흐려보임(blurry vision)이 2.27±0.86점으로 높게 나왔고 눈부심(light sensitivity) 1.49±0.79점, 작열감(burning/stinging)이 1.43±0.78점으로 낮게 나왔다. 착용시간이 길어질수록 증상이 심해져 건조감은 렌즈착용 2시간 동안 1.81±0.93점에서 렌즈를 제거하기 전에는 3.63±1.13점(t=-27.755, p=0.000)으로 증가하였고 안구불편감은 1.84±1.10점에서 3.28±1.33점(t= -17.897, p=0.000)으로 증가하였다. 안구건조감과 다른 안구증상들 사이에서도 상관성이 있었다. 남자보다 여자에서, 정기교체렌즈나 일회용 렌즈보다는 연속착용렌즈에서 안구증상과 관련된 점수가 높았다. 결론: 건조감이나 안구불편감과 같은 증상이 콘택트렌즈 착용자들에게 흔하게 발생하는 것으로 보여지며 저녁이 될수록 그 증상이 심해지는 것으로 나타났다.

전기기기의 사용이 증가함에 따라 60Hz 전력선에서 발생되는 전자기장의 인체영향에 관한 관심이 고조되고 있다. 그와 더불어 60Hz 자기장에 의해 두통, 불면증 등 정신 신경 생리학적 증상을 호소하는 사람들이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 증상이 자기장 노출에 의한 것인지 심리적 요인 때문인지에 대하여 확실한 원인규명이 되어 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구는 자기장 노출 시 생리학적 변화(심박수, 호흡수, 심박변이도, 뇌파의 알파, 베타파), 자각증상, 자기장 인지 여부를 동시에 측정하여 복합적으로 자각 증상 원인을 분석하는 연구를 수행하였다. 60Hz 12.5uT의 자기장을 일반인 군(16명)과 EHS 군(15명)을 대상으로 실제 노출 및 가상 노출을 하였다. 그 결과 알반인 군과 EHS 군 모두 60Hz 자기장 노출여부에 따른 생리학적 변화나 자각증상의 차이가 없었다. 또한 자기장 인지 정확도에서도 EHS 군이 일반인 군보다 인지를 잘한다고 볼 수 없었다. 그러므로 EHS 유발요인은 60Hz 자기장이 아니라 다른 심리적, 환경적 요인에 의한 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential exposure of chemicals from the working environment of nail shops and determine health-related symptoms from the nail shop workers by self-reporting questionnaire. A total of 54 nail shop workers from 15 different locations were asked to conduct a survey concerning their working environment. VOCs (including toluene and nine other substances) and aldehyde(including formaldehyde and four other substances) detected. We studied on the relationship between the environmental concentration of chemical substances and the self-reported symptoms of nail shop workers. There was a significant relationship between the neck pain and substances such as 2- propanol, benzene, toluene, n-buthylacetate, ethylbenzene, and xylene (p<0.01). Furthermore, symptoms in the nose irritation, neck irritation and recurrent coughs had significant relationship with benzene (p<0.05), whereas, toluene showed significant relationship with neck irritation and symptoms such as coughs and fatigue (p<0.05).

We attempted to isolate the bacterial strains from the fruiting bodies of Agaricus brazilensis and determined their effects on browning and distortions of mushrooms. No bacterial strains were isolated when the middle of browning regions of A. brazilensis were used. Total 125 bacterial strains were obtained from the surface of browning regions and classified into 17 different genera and 29 species by using MIDI methods. Most common genus were Pseudomonas (26), Yersinia (29), and Cedecea (29).High lytic activity were detected when Pseudomonas strains were tested, while relatively low lytic activity were observed with both Yersinia and Cedecea strains.Therefore, we believed the distortion of mushroom could be the result of bacterial infections. Also, the development of brownish color was detected in large number of A. brazilensis strains only by incubation at 4C, suggesting no specific correlation between bacterial strains and brownish color development. Also, it is considered that the development of brownish color can be the normal changes of A. brazilensis.

This paper has attempted to find out the factors that have an influence on the consciousness of the release of hazardous materials into the air in a nail shop. For this, the concentrations of organic solvents in the air in 10 nail shop(31 employees) in 'S' District of Seoul have been measured. Furthermore, a questionnaire survey was conducted from January 18 to May 18, 2008. Most subjects were female with mean age of 25.61 years - 25 or younger: 19 (61.3%), older than 25 : 12 (38.7%). At the breathing height for employees in a nail shop, the concentrations of organic solvents were the highest (16.61ppm), followed by ethyl acetate 1.23ppm, butyl acetate 0.40ppm, toluene 0.27ppm, n-hexane 0.25ppm and isopropyl alcohol 0.21ppm. With regard to employees' consciousness symptoms (frequent fatigue' 100%, 'headache' 90.3%, 'nasal irritation' 77.4%, 'irritation in eyes' 71.0%, 'score throat' 64.5% and 'coughing' 51.6%), statistically significant difference has been observed (p<0.01). In particular, this paper has been aimed to suggest ground data for revision of the regulations that are related with the indoor air quality of nail shop and the guidelines for employees' health.

본 연구는 직무 스트레스와 근골격계질환과의 관련성을 알아보기 위하여 단순작업과 반복 작업이 빈번하게 발생하는 전자제품 제조업에 대하여 고용 규모 30인 미만과 300인 이상의 사업장을 구분하여 실시하였다. 연구 대상자 311명은 근골격계질환 관련 자각증상과 한국인 직무 스트레스(KOSS)에 대해 설문 조사 방법을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 그 결과 한국인 직무스트레스(KOSS)영역에서 30인 이하의 사업장이 물리적환경, 직무요구, 직무자율성결여, 직무불안정, 조직체계, 보상부적절, 직장문화의 영역에서 불만족도가 300인 이상사업장에 비하여 스트레스가 높게 나타났다. 근골격계질환 관련 신체 부위별 증상자를 살펴보면 신체부위 목, 허리에 대한 증상 호소자가 가장 많은 것으로 나타났으며, 근로자들이 근무중 회사와의 갈등으로 격는 한국인 직무스트레스(KOSS)에서는 물리적환경, 직무요구, 직무자율성결여, 직무불안정, 조직체계, 보상부적절, 직장문화에 대하여 30인 미만 사업장 소속 근로자들의 스트 레스 노출정도가 높았다. 다만 KOSS부분에서 근로자들의 개인적인 성향을 나타내는 관계갈등부분은 약간의 차이로 300인 이상 고용사업장의 근로자에 대한 스트레스 노 출정도가 높았다. 이에 30인 미만 사업장과 같은 영세업종 근로자들에게 정신사회적 스트레스의 해소를 위한 예방 프로그램이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

Recently, there are many research of musculoskeletal disorders in manufacturing industry because of increasing interest of that disorders, but the research is still lacking in the small business and service industry. So we researched relationship between working characteristics and subjective symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders by get information of 145 hairdresser about working hour, work record, position and working pattern. The results of this research show that there are many musculoskeletal disorders of hairdressers' neck, shoulder, arm, knee and also close relationship between working characteristics and subjective symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Besides, some parts of subjective symptoms have an effect on other parts of body. This information contributes to future reference and a precautionary measure about musculoskeletal disorders for hairdressers.

Recently, there are many research of musculoskeletal disorders in manufacturing industry because of increasing interest of that disorders, but the research is still lacking in the small business and service industry. So we researched relationship between working characteristics and subjective symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders by get information of 145 hairdresser about working hour, work record, position and working pattern. The results of this research show that there are many musculoskeletal disorders of hairdressers' neck, shoulder, arm, knee and also a lot of relationship between working characteristics and subjective symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Besides, some parts of subjective symptoms have a effect on other parts of body. This study will contribute to using information and a precautionary measure about musculoskeletal disorders for hairdressers.

목적：본 연구는 일부 병원에 근무하는 작업치료사의 근골격계 자각증상과 자각증상에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 연구방법：서울, 경기지역의 작업치료실에서 근무하는 작업치료사 127명을 대상으로 2007년 3월 6일에서 3월 27일까지 근골격계 자각증상을 설문조사하였다. 일반적 특성, 업무관련 특성, 작업치료활동 특성, 직무스트레스 특성에 따른 근골격계 자각증상 호소율과의 관련성은 카이제곱 검정을, 신체부위별 근골격계 자각증상에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보기 위해서는 로지스틱 회귀분석을 하였다. 결과：손/손목/손가락 부위의 근골격계 자각증상 호소율에 유의한 영향을 미치는 요인으로 업무보조인력이 없는 경우, 환자의 상지기능 증진을 위한 치료가 많은 경우이었고, 어깨 부위는 환자의 자세변경이 많은 경우, 직무자율에 대한 직무스트레스가 높은 경우이었고, 목 부위는 업무보조인력이 없는 경우, 환자의 자세변경이 많은 경우, 물리적 환경에 대한 직무스트레스가 높은 경우이었고, 허리 부위는 환자의 자세변경과 감각통합치료가 많은 경우이었다. 결론：작업치료사의 신체 부위별로 근골격계 자각증상에 영향을 미치는 요인이 다르므로 이러한 요인을 초기부터 관리할 수 있는 인간공학적인 측면뿐만 아니라 사회심리적인 측면을 포함한 종합적이고 체계적인 접근이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

This study tried to identify the job stress characteristics of female bank workers and the relationship between their stress and symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs). The total number of 587 female bank tellers have been participated in this study. Specifically, questionnaire surveys regarding job stress and MSDs symptoms were conducted. On the basis of the results from the survey using Korean version of job stress questionnaire with 24 questions, stress scores associated with job requirement and job flexibility were relatively high. The job stress levels regarding job demand, organizational system, occupational climate at the work place were relatively high for the full time workers while the job stress levels regarding insufficient job control, job stability, interpersonal conflict, lack of reward were relatively high for the part time worker. The workers with longer total work years had relatively high job stress associated with interpersonal conflict, and organizational system while the workers with longer work years at the current job had relatively high job stress associated with occupational climate. Also, the workers with longer working hours a day had relatively high job stress associated with job demand, interpersonal conflict, organizational system, and occupational climate. According to the relationship identified in this study, symptoms at the neck, shoulder, hand, low back. leg were associated with the stress levels in terms of job flexibility, interpersonal conflict, job requirement, job stability. In conclusion, female bank workers are exposed to job stress due to their specific job characteristics and there has been certain relationships between their job stress and MSDs symptoms.

This study was designed to examine the relationship between clinical symptoms, self-efficacy, and performance of women with osteoarthritis. It is a survey study of 60 women who were diagnosed as osteoarthritis and given medical treatments from September, 2005 to October, 2005 in hospital 'H' located in Yongin-si. For clinical symptoms, radiographs of the subjects' knees were taken and evaluated the pathology grade by the Kellgren-Lawrence grade. Pain and stiffness was measured by the measure of WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index), and functional reach test was measured in order to examine balancing abilities. Self-efficacy was measured by a tool which has revised the ASES (Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale), and performance was measured by recording the difficulty of the WOMAC measurements themselves, and the time taken for 20 m walking, going up and down 9 stairs, and 5 sit-down and stand-up repetitions. The resulting differences in the other variables according to performance and the relationship between performance with variables are the following. First, an increase in pain in women with osteoarthritis led to decreased functional ability. Second, an increase in stiffness in women with osteoarthritis led to a decrease in functional ability. Third, a decrease in balance in women with osteoarthritis led to a decrease in functional ability. Fourth, a decrease in self-efficacy in women with osteoarthritis led to a decrease in functional ability. Fifth, the variables for estimating the performance by self-report were pain and self-efficacy. The variables for estimating the performance by recording the time taken was balance and self-efficacy. As a result factors such as pain, balance and self-efficacy in women with osteoarthritis were closely related to performance. Based on the results, it seems that physical therapy programs to decrease pain and to increase the balance in women with osteoarthritis, and psychological approaches to increasing self-efficacy are needed. I hope that the results of this study will be useful data for clinical management and intervention for women with osteoarthritis.

안근 불균형으로 인한 양안시 이상의 대표적 변수인 사위와 안근 불균형과 관련된 양안시 이상의 다른 변수간의 상호관계를 분석， 조사하여 임상에서 외사위가 있는 사 람의 진단 및 처치의 우선순위를 결정하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 안근불균형과 관련된 6가지 변수를 얻기 위하여 사위검사와 융합력 검사， 주시시차 검사를 실시하였으며 피검사자는 18명의 양안시 이상 증상을 느끼는 증상 집단과 23 명의 양안시 이상 증상을 느끼지 못하는 비 증상 집단으로 분류하였고， 증상 집단과 비 증상 집단， 그리고 전체집단으로 검사결과를 비교하였다. 본 연구에 의하여 사위 에 미치는 변수들의 상대적인 영향력의 크기는 전체집단과 증상 집단에서는 Sheard’s criterion > Percival' s criterion > Y -intercept > X -intercept > Slope of F.D.C. 의 순으로 나타났고， 비 증상 집 단에 서 는 Sheard’s criterion > Percival’s criterion > Y -intercept > Slope of F.D.C. > X -intercept의 순으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 검사자가 임상에서 외사위가 있는 사람을 처치할 때 쉐어드기준 (Sheard’s criterion) 이 우선적으로 고려되어야 할 변수로 판단되며， 종합적인 진단 및 처치를 위해서는 주시시차 각 (Y -intercept) 이 부가적으로 고려되어야 할 변수로 판단 되었다.

This research was performed with the subject of 111 offices in a chemical plant of Korea. Airborne concentration level of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and total suspended particulates in the office rooms were measured along with temperature and relative humidity. Simultaneously, general characteristics and subjective health symptoms of 500 office workers were investigated through a questionnaire consisting of the five point weighting method : 0 = not at all, 1 = a little bit, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit and 4 = extremely. Results showed that the mean values for temperature and relative humidity in investigated office rooms were 22.2℃ and 34.3%, respectively. The concentrations of formaldehyde, PM10, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were 0.17 ppb, 28.8 ㎍/㎥, 0.95 ppm and 424 ppm, respectively. 56.4% of all the workers investigated replied with a sense of fatigue or weariness (mean=2.23), drowsiness or languidness (mean=2.22), sneezing (mean=2.11) and ophthalmia oreye fatigue (mean=2.07). Female workers, non-smokers, non-drinkers, workers who do shift more than nine hours a day, and workers in poor health experienced more subjective symptoms than other workers (p<0.05). Subjective symptoms of office workers were significantly associated with the following items of office characteristics: the purchase date of office equipment, the change of office furniture, the use of paint, smoking in the office, ventilation condition, the use of an individual air-conditioner, the use of a fax machine, the degree of office repair, the proportion of workers per office, the degree of satisfaction in office environment, and the operation hours of the air-conditioner. Also, subjective symptoms were positively correlated with indoor environmental factors such as relative humidity, carbon dioxide level, level of PM10, and formaldehyde (p<0.05). In conclusion, office characteristics and air quality in a chemical plant affected subjective health symptoms of office workers. Thus, in order to improve the health of workers, to enhance work efficiency, and to establish a better office environment, air quality control in office rooms by optimal ventilation, adequately occupied number of workers in one office, and maintenance of office equipment should be fulfilled thoroughly. keywords：Air quality, Subjective health symptom, Formaldehyde, PM10, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide

This study, conducted from April to May 2004 in the metropolitan and surrounding areas of Seoul, Korea, was performed to show the relationship between indoor and outdoor levels of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in 14 residential houses. In addition, indoor/outdoor ratios of PM10, PM2.5 concentrations were calculated. The relationship between the PM10, PM2.5 concentrations and respiratory symptoms by self recording questionnaire of 14 houses was investigated. In conclusion, although the results of this study failed to establish the relationship between PM10, PM2.5 concentrations and respiratory symptoms among residents, the levels of indoor PM2.5 were significantly higher than those of outdoor levels. The indoor PM10, PM2.5 concentrations were increased by the amount of time spent of residents. Further research should be directed to establish the relationship between PM10, PM2.5 concentration and respiratory symptoms.