This study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of red beet (Beta vulagaris) root. Red beet root was extracted using 70% ethanol and then fractionated sequentially with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol. Antioxidative ability was evaluated by bioassays using total polyphenol contents and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt) radical scavenging activity. Ethyl acetate fraction of red beet root was best on total polyphenol contents (37.02±0.37 mg GAE/g) and ABTS radical scavenging effects (IC50 42.9±9.5 μg/mL). For the anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells, the hexane fraction showed the highest inflammatory effect. Dose response studies were performed to determine the inhibitory effect of hexane fraction of red beet root on pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The hexane fraction of red beet root inhibited the NO and PGE2 production and the protein level of iNOS and COX-2, and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β), in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that red beet root has considerable potential as a functional food ingredient with antioxidative and anti- inflammatory effects.

피부의 생태계는 미생물에게 다양한 형태의 서식처를 제공하며, 광범위한 미생물들이 살고 있다. 숙주인 사람은 이들과 공생관계를 이루고 있으며, 이들은 숙주에 많은 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 피부에 분포하는 미생물 들의 다양한 대사물질은 피부세포에 영향을 미치고, 피부장벽 기능, 노화방지 및 항염증에 광범위한 효능을 나타 내는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 사람의 피부에서 신규한 Sporichthyaceae bacterium strain K-07을 분리하였고, 해당 미생물의 16S rRNA 분석결과 Sporichthya속의 미생물과 상동성이 93.4%인 것으로 신규 속(genus)으로 확인되었다. 그리고 신규로 분리된 K-07 배양액을 처리하였을 때, HaCaT cell에 어떤 변화가 나타나는지에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 분리된 신규 미생물 strain K-07의 16S rRNA sequence 분석결과 상 동성이 93.4% 이하로 확인되었고, 보고되지 않은 새로운 종으로 확인되었다. Filaggrin, cluadin1, claudin4, αSMase, 및 CerS3 / HAS3 및 aquaporin3 / IL-6 및 TNF-α / TSLP 및 TARC를 대상으로 strain K-07 배양액을 처리하여 변화를 관찰하였다. 그 결과 filaggrin, cluadin1, claudin4, αSMase, 및 CerS3 / HAS3 및 aquaporin3에서는 음성 대조군 대비 우수한 증가 효과가 나타남을 확인하였다. 그리고 IL-6 및 TNF-α / TSLP 및 TARC에 대해서도 우수한 억제능을 나타내는 것을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 신규 미생물 strain K-07 배양액은 피부 장벽활성 증진에 매우 효과적인 작용을 하며, 염증 억제에 우수한 효능을 나타내는 것으로 확인되 므로 피부에 효과적인 소재로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구의 목적은 8가지 한약재(가지, 금은화, 감초, 천궁, 당귀, 황련, 치자, 연교)로 구성된 가지청열소 독음의 항산화 효과와 항염증 효과를 검증하여 효과적인 화장품소재로서의 가능성을 확인하는 것이다. 한약재의 구성과 비율은 동의보감에 수록된 청열소독음(淸熱蘇毒飮) 처방을 변형시켜 사용하였고 추출은 열수와 70% 에 탄올로 하여 동결건조 분말화하였다. 항산화 효능을 확인하기 위해 라디칼 소거능력(DPPH, ABTS+, superoxide), superoxide dismutase (SOD)유사활성능력, 총 폴리페놀 화합물 함량을 조사하였고 항염증 효능을 확 인하기 위해 LPS (lipopolysaccharide)로 염증반응을 유도시킨 RAW264.7 대식세포에서의 nitric oxide (NO)생성 저해력과 western blot 분석을 통한 염증 관련 단백질 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)와 cyclooxygenase (COX-2)의 발현 저해를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 가지청열소독음은 뛰어난 항산화 효과와 항염 증 효과를 나타내었고 화장품을 위한 효과적인 성분으로 사용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Background : The interests in the consumption of red pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is, to a large extent due to its content of bioactive compounds and their importance as dietary antioxidants and Red pepper is commonly used as food material and a broad variety of medicinal applications, Therefore, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of red pepper. Methods and Results : This present study was evaluated the effect of red pepper ethanol and distilled water extracts on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated by the assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power, along with the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The ethanol and the water extracts showed strong antioxidant activity by the testing methods. Total phenol content was high in ethanol extract, whereas total flavonoid content was high in water extract. The red pepper extract exhibited high scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and showed high reducing power. In vitro cytotoxic assay, red pepper extract showed noncytotoxic effect in the RAW 264.7 cells with or without LPS. The level of nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS decreased in a dose-dependent manner (0.25 ㎍/ ㎖ – 1.0 ㎎/㎖). Proinfllamatory cytokine level including TNF-ɑ and IL-6 decresed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by treating red pepper extracts. Conclusion : These results indicate that the ethanol and distilled water extracts of red pepper can be used as an anti-proliferative therapeutic agent or functional food.

Background:Callus cultivation has the advantage of producing a large amount of tissue of a plant in a laboratory regardless of the environment, for extracting an active substance. In the present study, callus formation was induced in the leaves of the succulent plant Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem & Schult. After callus cultivation, anti-inflammatory activity tests were conducted, because leaves and stems of A. obesum have been reported to possess biological activity.Methods and Results:In order to induce callus formation, various concentrations of plant growth factors, such as kinetin, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyladenine (BA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were added to MS solid medium. The maximum callus proliferation was induced by mixed medium consisting of NAA (2㎎/ ℓ ) and BA (1㎎/ ℓ ). In addition, an elicitor was added to the medium under optimal conditions for initiating suspension culture. After suspension culturing, the activities of the callus extracts were compared and analyzed. The cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity tests revealed that the anti-inflammatory activity of the callus extract and the content of phenolic compounds were elevated after treatment of the callus culture with the elicitior.Conclusions: A. obesum callus might be considered as potential source of biologically active anti-inflammatory material.

In this study, we investigated the variation in free sugars, amino acids, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity of Solanum nigrum Linne based on harvest time. Major amino acids identified by HPLC analysis were proline, histidine, and serine. The highest content of total amino acids were found in S. nigrum aerial parts and roots harvested on July 10th and August 10th. Four kinds of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose) were detected in S. nigrum, and the free sugar content varied significantly with harvest time. The fructose content of S. nigrum decreased with as harvest time increased. The total polyphenol content of S. nigrum was highest in those harvested on August 30th. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract from S. nigrum collected at different harvest times were measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts were assayed via nitric oxide suppression in C6 glioma cells with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. The anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant effects were the highest in the extract from S. nigrum collected on August 30th. Good correlations were observed between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in ethanol extract of S. nigrum roots harvested on August 30th.

Background: Previous phytochemical studies of whole Vernonia cinerea L. plants have identified sesquiterpene lactones, sterols, and triterpenes, which possess anticancer, antifeedant, and antimalarial activities. However, there are no reports of other types of bioactive metabolites. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify phenolic compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in the aerial parts of the plant.Methods and Results:Compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of V. cinerea using a silica and C-18 gel columns and semipreparative HPLC instrument, and the structures of the compounds were determined using one- and two- dimension nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The chloroform soluble extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potential based on their ability to inhibit nitric oxide production and TNF-α induced NF-κB activity.Conclusions:Phytochemical study of the aerial parts of V. cinerea led to the isolation of six phenolic compounds. Compound 1 was a major metabolite, and to the best of our knowledge, compounds 2 - 6 were isolated from V.cinerea for the first time. Among the isolates, compounds 1 and 3 exhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB activity with IC50 values of 7.5 and 11.5 M, respectively, and the inhibitory activity of phenyl propanoid compound 3 on TNF-α-induced NF-κB was evaluated for the first time.

Background: Salvia has been widely cultivated for use in flavoring and folk medicines in many countries, including Korea and China. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying active compounds of Salvia extract and its fractions.Methods and Results: The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by assessing the inhibition of cysteinyl leukotriene production in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 mast cells. Salvia plebeia R. Br. was found to have the most potent inhibitory activity on leukotriene production than S. japonica and S. chanroenica had. Fifty percent ethanol extracts of S. plebeia R. Br. were successively partitioned with n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol and water. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction showed stronger anti-inflammatory activity than other solvent fractions did. The EtOAc fraction was subjected to silica gel column chromatography elution with a chloroform and methanol gradient system (100 : 1 → 1 : 1) yielding 10 fractions. Three kinds of fractions (chloroform:methanol = 20 : 1, 10 : 1 and 5 : 1) showed high inhibitory activity on leukotriene production. We confirmed the major compounds with anti-inflammatory activity from S. plebeia R. Br.Conclusions: In this study, the major components of S. plebeia that showed leukotriene production inhibitory activity were isolated using solvent extraction and silica gel column chromatography. Rosmarinic acid, hispidulin and luteolin were identified as the major compounds with anti-inflammatory effect.

Background : Achyranthes japonica Nakai (AJ) is a perennial herb with a wide distribution in East Asia including Korea, China, and Japan, and it is mainly used as a medicinal plant. In Korea, AJ has been widely used to control pain and improve symptoms in OA patients. AJ contains several important phytochemicals such as saponins, inokosterone, ecdysterone, and oleanolic acid bisdesmoside. Methods and Results : The aim of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of fermented and ethanol extracts of Achyranthes japonica Nakai (AJ). The extracts showed strong reductive power and nitrite scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, and DNA damage prevention activities. Treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with AJ inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO secretion and iNOS expression without affecting cell viability. AJ also inhibited cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression, leading to the suppression of COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 production. These inhibitory effects of AJ were accompanied by reduced production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins (IL)-1β, -6, and -10. Furthermore, AJ suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38. Moreover, AJ inhibited malondialdehyde production and myeloperoxidase activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion : The antioxidant activity of plants is closely related to their medicinal properties and is widely used as a parameter to determine the bioavailability of medicinal plants. The antioxidant and biological activities of AJ extracts might be due to the synergistic actions of multiple bioactive compounds. It can be concluded that AJ extracts are a potential source of biologically important drug candidates.

Background : We studied the anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahlenb. var. parvifolium (Adams) Herder extract (RLE). Methods and Results : The RLE was prepared using methanol. The antioxidant effects of RLE was evaluated for its DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity, reducing power. Subsequently, using the RAW 264.7 cells, the cell viability of RLE was evaluated with or without LPS (lipopolysaccharide), and the anti-inflammatory effects of RLE was also estimated by nitric oxide (NO) and using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The extract showed antioxidant activity (DPPH free-radical scavenging activity) with RC50 value of 57.67 ㎍/㎖. The reducing power of the extract was Abs 0.77 at 250 ㎍/ ㎖. The result indicated that RLE would have significantly high anti-oxidative effects. Cell viability was determined using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity, we examined the inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. The NO inhibition rate was 85.44% at 200 ㎍/㎖ RLE. At the same concentration, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 also decreased. In RLE 50 ㎍/㎖ concentration showed the highest decrease. Conclusion : This result suggest that RLE is a novel resource for the development of foods and drugs that possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Also, RLE can be developed as an inflammatory agents for cosmetic bases in the future.

Background : We studied the anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Spiraea fritschiana Schneid extract (SFSE). Methods and Results : The SFSE was prepared using methanol and was evaluated for its total phenol and flavonoid content, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and effect on nitric oxide (NO) production, and cell viability by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The total phenol content was 212.78 ㎍• gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/㎎ and the total flavonoid content was 66.84 ㎍• quercetin equivalent (QE)/㎎. The extract showed antioxidant activity (DPPH free-radical scavenging activity) with RC50 value of 76.61 ㎍/㎖. The reducing power of the extract was Abs 0.58 at 250 ㎍/㎖. Cell viability was determined using the MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity, we examined the inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-(LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. The NO inhibition rate was 90% at 200 ㎍/㎖ SFSE. At the same concentration, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 also decreased. Conclusions : Our results suggest that SFSE is a novel resource for the development of foods and drugs that possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of hyaluronidase (HAase) inhibition was determined from 92 species of oriental herbal medicine extracted with water and ethanol solvents because of their non-toxicity in the human body. The water extracts of Evodia officinalis (86.8%), Thuja orientalis (80.8%), Carthami semen (66.5%), Melia azedarach (74.7%), Siegesbeckia pubescens (61.3%), Saururus chinensis (49.15%) showed a relatively greater anti-inflammatory activity. The ethanol extracts of Ailanthus altissima and Saururus chinensis demonstrated the highest anti-inflammatory effect at above 90%. Saururus chinensis was selected for its high anti-inflammatory effect in both water and ethanol extract. Ethanol was more effective than water and optimal extraction conditions for phenolic compounds was determined to be extraction with 50% ethanol for 12 hours. The extracts from Saururus chinensis in optimal condition showed 70~80% anti-inflammatory effect when 100~250 μg/mL phenolic concentration was treated. Concentration of above 500 μg/mL decreased the inhibitory effect. The anti-inflammatory effect and extraction yield were increased by ultra-fine grind technology, indicating that this method can be used to increase the extraction yield of phenolic compounds from medicinal plants.

유색 수수인 황금찰수수를 도정할 때 grain과 함께 발생 하는 도정부산물인 hull과 bran의 4가지 용매 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량, 항산화 활성, 천연색소 함량과 RAW 264.7 세포주를 이용하여 항염증 활성을 검정하였으며 결과를 요 약하면 아래와 같다. 1. 도정부산물인 hull의 100% 메탄올과 70% 에탄올 추 출물에서 총 폴리페놀 함량이 29.4±0.4와 29.7±0.2 mg GAE/100 g으로 가장 많았고, ABTS 라디컬 소거능(IC50) 이 6.8±0.4, 6.3±0.1 μg/mL로 가장 높은 항산화 활성 을 나타내었다. 2. 총 천연색소 함량에서도 수수 hull의 0.5% 염산 함유 100% 메탄올 추출물에서 322.6±14.5 mg/100g으로 가 장 많은 색소 함량을 나타내었고 hull, bran, grain 모 두의 경우에서 0.5% 염산을 함유한 100% 메탄올을 용매로 추출한 경우에서 가장 많아 수수를 이용하여 천연색소를 추출할 경우 수수 부산물인 hull을 산을 함 유한 메탄올로 추출하였을 때 가장 많은 색소 추출물 을 얻을 수 있었다. 3. 수수 도정부산물과 grain 추출물을 LPS로 NO 생성을 유도한 RAW 264.7 세포에 처리하였을 때, 세포 독성 이 없는 100 ug/mL 농도 이하에서의 NO 생성 억제량 은 hull, bran, grain 추출물의 순으로 나타났고 hull 추 출물의 경우에 농도에 따라 가장 큰 NO 생성 억제를 보였으며 천연색소 화합물 중에서는 apigeninidin의 NO 생성 억제 활성을 확인하였다. 4. 위 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 수수 도정부산물 중 hull은 grain 에 비해 총 폴리페놀 화합물과 천연색소 함량이 높고 항산화 활성과 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서의 NO 생성 량 억제 활성이 우수하여 앞으로 수수 부산물이 항산 화 및 항염증 소재로 가능성이 있음을 확인하였다.