Flammulina velutipes is an edible mushroom and contains a lot of fiber, vitamin B1, B2, niacin and folic acid. This study was conducted to explore the effects of the Flammulina velutipes mushroom on immune cells and immunity. Th1 cytokine productions as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 were measured in an activated macrophage by Flammulina velutipes water extract in seven concentrations (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg/mL). Also, the splenocyte proliferation index was measured at 48 hours after treatment of the Flammulina velutipes water extract in seven concentrations or mitogen, LPS and ConA. The IFN-γ and TNF-α productions were increased by treatment of the Flammulina velutipes water extract. The TNF-α production was significantly higher in the 50~1,000 μg/mL Flammulina velutipes water extract treated macrophages. The IFN-γ production of macrophages treated with the Flammulina velutipes water extract increased significantly in all groups, and the highest 1000 μg/mL concentration. The splenocyte proliferation index was enhanced when the 10~1,000 μg/mL Flammulina velutipes water extracts were treated compared to the control. These primary results suggest that Flammulina velutipes may enhance the immune function by activation of the macrophage and spleen cell.

굴 패각과 같은 반응성 재료는 사용 목적에 적합한 전처리 조건을 선택할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 인 농도 제어를 목적으로 효율적인 굴 패각 사용을 위한 전처리 조건을 제안하는데 목적을 둔다. 굴 패각의 전처리(소성 온도, 소성 시간, 입자 크기)에 따른 인산염 제거 효율을 조사하였다. 또한 XAFS 분석 및 등온 흡착 실험을 통해 굴 패각의 인산염 제거특성에 대해 조사하였다. 실험 결과 소성 온도는 600°C, 소성 시간은 6 h, 입자 크기는 0.355~0.075 mm에서 우수한 제거 효율을 확인하였다. 등온 흡착 실험 결과 Langmuir 모델이 굴 패각의 흡착에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. XAFS 분석 결과 600°C에서 소성시킨 굴 패각에는 인산칼슘이 생성된 것이 확인되었다. 즉 굴 패각의 칼슘 이온 용출에 의한 인산칼슘 형성이 인산염의 농도 감소에 기여하고 있음을 확인하였다.

This study investigated the effects of the post annealing temperatures on the electrical and interfacial properties of a metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector(MSM-PD) device. The interdigitate type MSM-PD devices had the structure Al(500 nm) / Ti(200 nm) / poly-Si(500 nm). Structural analyses of the MSM-PD devices were performed by employing X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM). Electrical characteristics of the MSM-PD were also examined using current-voltage(I-V) measurements. The optimal post annealing condition for the Schottky contact of MSM-PD devices are 350℃-30minutes. However, as the annealing temperature and time are increased, electrical characteristics of MSM-PD device are degraded. Especially, for the annealing conditions of 400℃-180minutes and 500℃-30minutes, the I-V measurement itself was impossible. These results are closely related to the solid phase reactions at the interface of MSM-PD device, which result in the formation of intermetallic compounds such as Al3Ti and Ti7Al5Si12.

제주지역은 기존 송국리문화의 바탕위에 기원전 4세기 이후 도래한 점토대토기문화가 빠르게 융합되면서 전개된다. 이처럼 문화접변 과정을 거쳐 서북부지역에 대규모 취락이 조성되기도 한다. 서남부지역 에서는 비전형적인 송국리형주거지가 축조되면서 지역화된 양식으로 전환된다. 하지만 변형된 주거지를 축조하고 점토대토기 집단의 금속기를 교환하고 있지만 일상토기인 점토대토기는 배척되고 있다. 점토대토기 집단의 정착과정을 보면 서북부지역에서는 주민간 활발한 동화과정을 통해 재지화되는 반면 서남부지역은 상위계층간 교류가 진행될 뿐 직접적인 융합은 이루어지지 않고 있다. 즉 서북부지역은 원형점토대토기 집단이 쉽게 동화되지만 서남부지역에서는 점토대토기 집단과의 교류가 활발하게 진행 되지 못하고 있다. 이로 인해 삼각형점토대토기 집단은 동북부지역(종달리와 김녕리)에 거점을 확보하지만 활동영역이 축소되고 서남부지역과의 교류가 단절된다. 제주지역에서 점토대토기가 소멸하는 것은 대략 2세기경으로 추정되며 남해안지역과 궤를 같이한다.

세대교체된 신세대 농민공은 농촌에 돌아가길 원하지 않고 도시에 영구 정착하려고 한다. 그러나 호구전환 없이 농민공이 도시에 정착하기는 어렵다. 농민공은 농촌토지도 포기하지 않은 채 도시에서 생활하고 있다. 본 연구는 농민공의 도시정착에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인을 사회관계망 분석을 통해 확인하고, 농민공의 도시정착 정책에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다. 첫째, 농민공 시민화의 핵심은 단순한 호구전환보다 동등한 도시 권리의 향유이다. 둘째, 농촌 토지의 재산권제도 개혁이 농민공의 도시정착과 함께 추진되어야 한다. 셋째, 삼농문제 해결을 통해 농촌의 발전도 함께 도모하여야 한다. 넷째, 농민공은 신형도시화 정책의 의도처럼 소도시로의 이주를 원하지 않기 때문에 대도시의 개방도 함께 추진되어야 한다. 다섯째, 도시계획을 세울 때 도시민과 함께 농민공도 계산에 넣어야 한다.

Yield prediction model for mixed pasture was developed with a shortage that the relationship between dry matter yield (DMY) and days of summer depression (DSD) was not properly reflected in the model in the previous research. Therefore, this study was designed to eliminate the data of the regions with distinctly different climatic conditions and then investigate their relationships DMY and DSD using the data in each region separately of regions with distinct climatic characteristics and classify the data based on regions for further analysis based on the previous mixed pasture prediction model. The data set used in the research kept 582 data points from 11 regions and 41 mixed pasture types. The relationship between DMY and DSD in each region were analyzed through scatter plot, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis in each region separately. In the statistical analysis, DMY was taken as the response variable and 5 climatic variables including DSD were taken as explanatory variables. The results of scatter plot showed that negative correlations between DMY and DSD were observed in 7 out of 9 regions. Therefore, it was confirmed that analyzing the relationship between DMY and DSD based on each region is necessary and 5 regions were selected (Hwaseong, Suwon, Daejeon, Siheung and Gwangju) since the data size in these regions is large enough to perform the further statistical analysis based on large sample approximation theory. Correlation analysis showed that negative correlations were found between DMY and DSD in 3 (Hwaseong, Suwon and Siheung) out of the 5 regions, meanwhile the negative relationship in Hwaseong was confirmed through multiple regression analysis. Therefore, it was concluded that the interpretability of the yield prediction model for mixed pasture could be improved based on constructing the models using the data from each region separately instead of using the pooled data from different regions.

'Dakyeong' (Avena sativa L.), a winter oats for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2016. It was derived from a cross between ‘CI7505’(IT133304) and ‘Swan’(IT197920). Subsequent generations followed by the cross were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Iksan and Jeonju, respectively. After preliminary and advanced yield test for 2 years, ‘SO2004009-B-B-10-8-3-9’, designated as a line name of ‘Gwiri91’, were subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield during 3 years in four parts such as Jeju (upland), Yesan (upland), Iksan (upland), and Jeonju (paddy), from 2014 to 2016, and finally named as ‘Dakyeong’. Cultivar ‘Dakyong’ has leaves of dark green color, thick diameter culm and long grain of brown color. Over 3 years, the heading date of ‘Dakyeong’ was about 5 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Samhan’ (April 30 and May 5, respectively), and their average forage dry matter yield harvested at milk-ripe stage was higher 12% (15.7 tone ha-1) than 14.0 tone ha-1 of check cultivar. Cultivar ‘Dakyeong’ was lower than the check cultivar ‘Samhan’ in terms of the protein content (6.1% and 7.0%, respectively) and total digestible nutrients (62.1%, and 62.5%, respectively), while the TDN yield was more than the check (7.79 tone ha-1 and 7.64 tone ha-1, respectively). Fall sowing cropping of ‘Dakyeong’ is recommended only in areas where average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than -6°C, and it should not be cultivated in mountain areas, where frost damage is likely to occur.

본 연구는 표고균사체 발효 적하수오 열수 최적 추출조건 탐색을 목적으로 수행하였으며, 표고균사로 배양된 하수오의 독립변수로는 독립변수(Xi)로서 추출온도(X1), 추출시간(X2) 및 시료에 대한 용매비(X3)에 대한 실험범위를 설정하여 각각을 5단계로 부호화하였고 중심합성계획에 따라 16구로 설정하여 추출하였다. 또한 이들 독립변수에 영향을 받을 종속변수(Yn)로는 고형분 함량(Y1) 및 당도(Y2), TPC (total polyphenol contents, Y3), TFC (total flavonoid contents, Y4), ABTS cation radical scavenging activity (Y5), DPPH radical scavenging activity (Y6)으로 하였다. 고용분 함량 최대값과 최소값은 각각 31.99%와 16.84%로 나타났다. 이를 회귀분석한 결과 고형분 함량에 대한 모델식의 R2은 0.867로 나타났다. 당도는 7번(8 hrs, 85℃, 67 mg/mL)과 15번(6 hrs, 70℃, 100 mg/mL)시험구에서 3.0 brix로 다른 시험구에 비하여 높은 함량을 보였다. 항산화물질인 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량은 8번 시험구(8 hrs, 85℃, 40 mg/mL)에서 총 폴리페놀 함량이 30.40 mg GAE/g, 총 플라보노이드 함량이 146.50 mg QE/g으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 16가지 시험구의 항산화 활성도 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량의 결과와 같이 8번 시험구(8 hrs, 85℃, 40 mg/mL)에서 가장 높은 활성을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 참조하여 표고균사체 발효 적하수오에 대한 열수 추출조건을 최적화할 목적으로 추출온도를 95℃로 고정하고 용매비와 추출시간에 대한 종속변수들의 contour map을 superimposing하여 추출물의 특성 중 생리활성물질 함량과 생리활성을 만족시켜주는 최적조건은 91.22℃에서 39.71 mg/mL 용매비와 7.72 추출시간으로 각각 분석되었다. 본 연구는 적하수오에 표고균사체를 배양한 후 생리활성이 우수한 원료를 추출 생산하고자 최적 추출조건을 확립하기 위하여 반응표면분석법을 활용하였다. 향후 생리활성부분에 대한 추가적인 연구가 이루어진다면 더욱 완성도가 높은 표고균사체 발효 적하수오 식품개발에 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Oats (Avena sativa L.), which are known as one of the forage crops of Korea, have good livestock palatability and are popular to cattle farmers because of their high dry matter. However, the cultivation of double cropping in the rice field was reluctant due to the late maturing for farmers to plant rice continuously. 'Hi-early', a winter oats for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2016. It was derived from a cross between ‘517A2-121’(IT133383) and ‘CI7604’ (IT133379). Subsequent generations followed by the cross were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Suwon, Iksan and Jeonju, respectively. After preliminary and advance yield test for 2 years, ‘SO2004015-B-B-23-1-3-7’, designated as a line name of ‘Gwiri92’, were subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield during 3 years in four parts such as Jeju (upland), Yesan (upland), Iksan (upland), and Jeonju (paddy), from 2014 to 2016, and finally named as ‘Hi-early’. Cultivar ‘Hi-early’ has the characteristics of medium leaves of green color, thick diameter culm, and medium grain of brown color. Over 3 years, the heading date of ‘Hi-early’ was about 9 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Samhan’ (April 26 and May 5, respectively). Average forage fresh yield of ‘Hi-early’ harvested at milk-ripe stage was similar to check cultivar (40.2 tone ha-1 and 40.0 tone ha-1, respectively), and dry matter yield also was similar to check cultivar (14.2 tone ha-1 and 14.0 tone ha-1, respectively). Cultivar ‘Hi-early’ was lower than the check cultivar ‘Samhan’ in terms of the protein content (6.2% and 7.0%, respectively) and total digestible nutrients (61.0%, and 62.5%, respectively), while the TDN yield was more than the check (7.91 tone ha-1 and 7.64 tone ha-1, respectively). Fall sowing cropping of ‘Hi-early’ is recommended only in areas where average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than -6°C, and it should not be cultivated in mountain areas, where frost damage is likely to occur.

In this study, seismic performance of bushings and their connection parts was analyzed by performing shaking table tests for various types of bushings widely used as auxiliary equipment of main transformers in domestic substations. As a result of the seismic tests of five types of 154 kV bushings according to the manufacturers, all the bushings secured the structural integrity even at the acceleration of 1.4 g and it was found that leakage of insulating oil didn't occur. Also, the average acceleration amplification rate at the upper part of the bushings was about 2.5 to 3.0 times higher than the lower one. On the other hand, when a representative 345 kV bushing was subjected to the seismic test, the structural integrity was secured even at 1.0 g acceleration similar to the design earthquake load level, but in this test, leakage of insulating oil occurred. However, when a stiffener restricting the connection of the bushing is installed in the same 345 kV bushing, the displacement of the bushing connection is controlled and the stiffener prevent the oil from leaking even at the acceleration of the designed seismic level.

We investigated the influence of germination and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment conditions on the conversion of functional compounds and antioxidant activity in adzuki bean. The adzuki bean germinated at 25°C for three- or six-days, and was later subjected to HHP at 0.1, 50, 100, or 150 MPa for 24 h. The highest polyphenol content (5.36 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) and flavonoid content (0.91 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g) were observed after germination for six days and HHP treatment at 100 MPa for 24 h, respectively. The total phenolic acid contents increased with increasing applied pressure from 88.86 to 208.26 μg/g (100MPa, 24h). Phenolic acids are divided into two categories; those that exhibit increased content upon HHP treatment, and those that exhibit decreased content. The increasing phenolic acids were gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, ρ-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, heperidin, salicylic acid, protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid, naringenin. The total anthocyanin content decreased with increasing applied pressure from 22.42 mg/100 g to 6.28 mg/100 g (150 MPa, 24 h). The highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (8.02 mg eq AA/g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (1.22 eq Trolox/g) were observed after germination for six days and HHP treatment at 100MPa for 24h, respectively. These results suggested that the combination of HHP and germination can lead to improved functionality in adzuki bean.

입자기반 전산유체역학 기법은 유체역학에서의 라그란지안 접근법에 기반을 두고 있다. 입자기반 방식은 입자 각각이 물리량을 가지고 움직이며 이러한 입자의 움직임을 추적하는 방식으로 유체의 거동을 구현할 수 있다. 이러한 방식은 격렬한 움직임에 의한 자유표면 혹은 경계면의 운동 재현에 우수성이 있으나 연속체역학을 위반할 수 있다는 문제점 역시 포함하고 있다. 이를 반대로 말하자면 특별한 조치를 취하지 않는 경우에는 연속체가 아닌 물질에 대한 구현이 매우 쉽게 가능하다는 것이기도 하다. 이에 따라, 기존의 유체에서 사용되는 입자기반 전산해석방식을 지배방정식 단계에서부터 고체입자형으로 변형이 가능하다는 것을 알 수있다. 본 연구에서는 입자기반 전산해석방식을 고체입자에 알맞은 형태로 변환하였다. 변환을 위해 유체에서 사용되는 점성항을 제거하고 대신 마찰항을 추가하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 고체입자형 전산해석 프로그램을 이용하여 고체입자의 붕괴를 구현하였으며 이를 유체입자 붕괴와의 비교를 통해 입증하였다. 또한 유체입자가 가질 수 없는 고체입자만의 특성인 안식각을 구현하여 고체입자를 위한 입자기반 전산해석 프로그램을 완성하였다.

The most time consuming job in the sheet metal forming process is compensating for springback. Factors such as uneven material properties and process conditions generate noise, which in turn create springback. The springback is very sensitive to the process and noise conditions, and the main effects of the design variables cannot be obtained from mean analysis. Therefore, to achieve minimal springback, an effective design countermeasure must be put in place to reduce noise effects. In this study, two robust design methods to achieve minimal springback in U-channel forming, including compensation process, are proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is shown with an example of the sidewall curl springback. The proposed methods consistently outperform our previous work, indicating that the complex method is more preferable to the mean analysis, if there is no evidence of additivity of effects.

Background: The process of language translation, adaptation, and cross-cultural validation of tools for use in multiple countries requires the adoption of well-established, comprehensive, and rigorous methodological approaches. Back translation, which is the most recommended method, permits the detection of errors in the translation and the identification of words or phrases that cannot be accurately or literally translated. Objects: The aim of this study was to verify the content validity of a Korean version of a Balance Evaluation Systems test (BESTest) by using a back-translation method. Methods: This research was conducted in six steps: 1) translation of the BESTest into Korean, 2) evaluation of the translation conformity of Korean-translated BESTest, 3) evaluation of the degree of translation comprehension, 4) back translation of Korean BESTest, 5) evaluation of the technical and conceptual equivalence, and 6) completion of the Korean version of BESTest by the translation verification committee. Results: In this study, Korean version of the BESTest achieved a rating of more than 3 (moderate) for translation comprehension, and technical equivalence and conceptual equivalence of back translation were evaluated as 3 (moderate) or more. Conclusion: The Korean version of the BESTest has proven content validity and is an appropriate tool to measure balance function.

Background: The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale have been used to assess balance function in patients with chronic stroke. These clinical balance scales provide information about potential risk factors for falls. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of and risk factors of falls and compare the predictive values of the BBS and FAB scale relative to fall risk in patients with stroke through receiver operating characteristic analysis. Methods: Sixty-three patients with stroke (faller=34, non-faller=29) who could walk independently for 10 meters participated in this study. The BBS and FAB scale were administered. Then, we verified the cut-off score, sensitivity, specificity, and the area of under the curve. Results: In this study, the BBS and FAB scale did not predict fall risk in patients with stroke in the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. A cut-off score of 37.5 points provided sensitivity of .47 and specificity of .35 on the BBS, and a cut-off score of 20.5 points provided sensitivity of .44 and specificity of .45 on the FAB scale. Conclusion: The BBS and FAB scale were not useful screening tools for predicting fall risk in patients with stroke in this study, but tho

PURPOSES: This paper presents a mix design method for using steel slag as an aggregate for asphalt mixtures. METHODS: Steel slag has a different density and absorption rate than natural aggregates. The asphalt content was calculated according to the steel slag characteristics, and the formula for aggregate-gradation correction was presented. RESULTS: The asphalt mix was designed using the proposed equations. Using the proposed mix design method, it was possible to design the asphalt mixture according to the target-usage amount of the recycled aggregate. CONCLUSIONS: The suggested method can be used for asphalt mix design using aggregates with different densities and absorption rates. It is expected to contribute to quality improvement by ensuring accurate calculation of mixing ratios for steel slag asphalt mixtures.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to estimate the optimum content of an inorganic additive for cold-recycled asphalt mixtures and evaluate its performance. METHODS: An indirect tensile test, a tensile-strength ratio test, and an indirect tensile-fatigue test were conducted on cold-recycling asphalt mixtures with various additives. RESULTS: The laboratory performance tests indicated that granulated blast-furnace slag mixed with inorganic and cement activators provided optimum performance. The performance results of the cold-recycled asphalt pavement were similar to the inorganic and cement activators’ performance in terms of the indirect tensile strength, tensile strength ratio, and indirect tensile-fatigue test. CONCLUSIONS : Overall, the performance of a cold-recycled asphalt mixture using inorganic additives and emulsion asphalt was comparable to a warm-recycled asphalt mixture. However, more experiments aimed at improving its performance and studying the effect of the inorganic additives must be conducted.

This study was investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant of dried Dioscorea bulbifera with various pre-soaking concentrations of oligosaccharide. Dioscorea bulbifera are prepared by additions of 0, 4, 6, 8 and 10% oligosaccharide solution, and dried at 50℃. The effects of pre-soaking percent of Dioscorea bulbifera slices were evaluated by the moisture, soluble solid, pH, titratable acidity, color, browning degree, texture, antioxidant activities and sensory test. According to the percent of pre-soaking oligosaccharide solution was increased, the moisture was increased but soluble solids and titratable acidity were decreased. With respect to the result of colors, Dioscorea bulbifera slices that underwent the 10% pre-soaked process (85.86%) were lighter than control (73.88%). However, the redness and yellowness scores were the lowest than control. The springiness and cohesiveness of texture showed no significant differences among all groups. Gumminess and chewiness of texture results were increased according to per-soaking concentration increase. Also the polyphenol, flavonoid and DPPH (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activities were significantly increased with increasing immersion concentration. The Dioscorea bulbifera slices supplemented with 6% pre-soaking oligosaccharide solution treatment showed the highest total sensory score. The results of our study indicated that when pre-soaking oligosaccharide solution is used to immerse the Dioscorea bulbifera slice, it has browning inhibition and antioxidant effect.