This study examined the sweet taste perception, perception of sugar reduction, and utilization of nutrition labeling according to the awareness of the self-perceived sugar intake reduction of university students in Chungbuk Area. The subjects (n=419) were divided into two groups: Awareness of Sugar Intake Reduction (ASIR) group, male=110, female=109; Non Awareness of Sugar Intake Reduction (NASIR) group, male=115, female=85. The overweight/obesity was significantly higher in the ASIR group than in the NASIR group for both male and female students. The sweet taste perception was significantly lower in the ASIR group in male students than in the NASIR group. The purchase level of a product with reduced sugar instead of the original products was significantly higher in the ASIR group in male students than the NASIR group. Beverage purchases after identifying the sugar content were significantly higher in the ASIR group in male students than in the NASIR group. The necessity of nutrition labeling education was significantly higher in the ASIR group both male and female students. Based on these results, the correct perception of sugar reduction and continuous and practical nutrition education of sugar intake reduction need to maintain healthy dietary habits in university students.

To enhance the physiological activity of the Rhynchosia volubilis (RV), R. volubilis (RVHE-A) and R. volubilis-added herbal powder (RVHE-B) were fermented with a solid state culture of Hericium erinaceum mycelia (HE). The total isoflavone contents of the non-fermented RV-A (489.9 μg/g) and RV-B (571.1 μg/g) were remarkably increased in fermented RVHE-A (1,836.4 μg/g) and RVHE-B (1,276.7 μg/g). In particular, aglycone isoflavones such as daidzein and genistein were significantly higher in the RVHE-A than any other sample. When hot-water (HW) and EtOH extracts (E) were fractionated from the RV and RVHE, both extracts from the RVHE-A were higher than those from the RV-A in total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. However, the RVHE-B-HW showed a lower polyphenol and flavonoid content level than did RV-B-HW. RVHE-A-HW and -E also had more potent ABTS radical scavenging activity than any extract from the non-fermented RV and other ferments (RVHE-B). In the meanwhile, RVHE-A-HW potently stimulated the production of macrophage activation-related cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12 (841.7±71.3 pg/mL, 3.9±0.1 ng/mL, 179.3±30.2 pg/mL) from peritoneal macrophage more than RV-A-HW (92.5±1.5 pg/mL, 0.1±0.0 ng/mL, 37.4±5.4 pg/mL) as well as RVHE-B-HW (557.0±21.3 pg/mL, 1.8±0.0 ng/mL, 90.0±10.0 pg/mL). However, all the EtOH extracts did not show significant activity. In addition, the RVHE-A-HW showed a significantly higher intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer’s patch and GM-CSF production than did any other extract from RV and RVHE-B. In conclusion, these results suggest that the fermented R. volubilis with H. erinaceum mycelia possesses a possible use as an industrial application as functional food or material.

The properties of rice were studied on five rice cultivars (Ilpumbyeo, Samkwang, Goami-4, Dodamssal, and Thai rice), and employed two kinds of saccharification treatment methods (treatment : rice shape, treatment II: grinding rice shape). Thai rice showed differences in width and length when compared to other cultivars of rice, and the Goami 4 had the lowest thousand-grain weight. The Goami4 and Dodamssal each showed high contents of amylose and resistant starch, and the water absorption rate was close to maximum at 90 minutes as well as the highest level of Goami 4 at all times. The qualities of highest water-binding capacity, solubility and swelling power was most significant in Thai rice. The lowest hardness level of wet rice resulted in the lowest hydration-related characteristics. High amylose content rice, in particular, showed low sugar content and slightly increased sugar content as the saccharification process improved (treatment II). On the other hand, high amylose cultivars had the same high degree of hardness as boiled rice. From these results, the Dodamssal was found to have the lowest viscosity at all temperatures but highest viscosity during the saccharification process, suggesting it may be successfully implemented as a thickener in rice beverage processing. The purpose of this study was to attempt to provide basic data on the development of rice beverage manufacturing technology, based upon the quality characteristics related to beverage processing of rice cultivars.

In water treatment process using microfiltration membranes, manganese is a substance that causes inorganic membrane fouling. As a result of analysis on the operation data taken from I WTP(Water Treatment Plant), it was confirmed that the increase of TMP was very severe during the period of manganese inflow. The membrane fouling fastened the increase of TMP and shortened the service time of filtration or the cleaning cycle. The TMP of the membrane increased to the maximum of 2.13 kgf/cm2, but it was recovered to the initial level (0.17 kgf/cm2) by the 1st acid cleaning step. It was obvious that the main membrane fouling contaminants are due to inorganic substances. As a result of the analysis on the chemical waste, the concentrations of aluminum(146-164 mg/L) and manganese(110-126 mg/L) were very high. It is considered that aluminum was due to the residual unreacted during coagulation step as a pretreatment process. And manganese is thought to be due to the adsorption on the membrane surface as an adsorbate in feed water component during filtration step. For the efficient maintenance of the membrane filtration facilities, optimization of chemical concentration and CIP conditions is very important when finding the abnormal level of influent including foulants such as manganese.

외래생물인 아메리카동애등에는 뛰어난 유기물분해능으로 주목받아왔다. 이에 우리는 한국내 분포상과 유전적 다양성을 알아보기 위해 전국적으로 채집하여 미토콘드리아의 사이토크롬 C 산화효소 1 (CO1) 유전자를 이용해 집단유전학분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 이 곤충은 한국에 성공적으로 정착한 것으로 보이며 10개의 미토콘드리아 유전자형이 있었고 개체군 간 분화가 뚜렷했다. 이 결과는 국내정착한 아메리카동애등에가 특정 유전자형의 모계만이 도입된 후 지역 간 분산이 제한적임을 나타내는 것으로, 이는 이들의 단거리 비행 경향에 기인한 것으로 추정된다.

Sexual dimorphism of the mouthpart, antenna and mandible of the Cyllorhynchites ursulus in South Korea was studied with linear measurements. The mouthpart and antenna measurements were conducted with a stereoscopic microscope using 122 specimens (72 males and 50 females). Microscopic observation of the mandible were conducted with a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) using 103 specimens (73 males and 30 females). Results showed that the size difference between males and females was significant in the size of the mouthpart and antenna. On the other hand, we could not detect sexual size dimorphism in the microstructure of the mandible. The bivariate plots made by the result of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA) showed a size dimorphism in the size of the mouthpart and the antenna between males and females. Based on our study, sexual dimorphism in the mouthpart and antenna exists in C. ursulus from the South Korean population, and this difference seems to be related to the behavioral differences between males and females.

In this study, it is estimated that ceramic membrane process which can operate stably in harsh conditions replacing existing organic membrane connected with coagulation, sedimentation etc. . Jar-test was conducted by using artificial raw water containing kaolin and humic acid. It was observed that coagulant (A-PAC, 10.6%) 4mg/l is the optimal dose. As a results of evaluation of membrane single filtration process (A), coagulation-membrane filtration process (B) and coagulation-sedimentation-membrane filtration process (C), TMP variation is stable regardless of in Flux 2 m3/m2･day. But in Flux 5 m3/m2･day, it show change of 1-89.3 kpa by process. TMP of process (B) and (C) is increased 11.8, 0.6 kpa each. But, the (A) showed the greatest change of TMP. When evaluate (A) and (C) in Flux 10 m3/m2･day, TMP of (A) stopped operation being exceeded 120 kpa in 20 minutes. On the other hand, TMP of (C) is increased only 3 kpa in 120 minutes. Through this, membrane filtration process can be operated stably by using the linkage between the pretreatment process and the ceramic membrane filtration process. Turbidity of treated water remained under 0.1 NTU regardless of flux condition and DOC and UV254 showed a removal rate of 65-85%, 95% more each at process connected with pretreatment. Physical cleaning was carried out using water and air of 500kpa to show the recovery of pollutants formed on membrane surface by filtration. In (A) process, TMP has increased rapidly and decreased the recovery by physical cleaning as the flux rises. This means that contamination on membrane surface is irreversible fouling difficult to recover by using physical cleaning. Process (B) and (C) are observed high recovery rate of 60% more in high flux and especially recovery rate of process (B) is the highest at 95.8%. This can be judged that the coagulation flocs in the raw water formed cake layer with irreversible fouling and are favorable to physical cleaning. As a result of estimation, observe that ceramic membrane filtration connected with pretreatment improves efficiency of filtration and recovery rate of physical cleaning. And ceramic membrane which is possible to operate in the higher flux than organic membrane can be reduce the area of water purification facilities and secure a stable quantity of water by connecting the ceramic membrane with pretreatment process.

Tooth autotransplantation is the placement of an impacted or erupted tooth into an extraction site or surgically prepared dental socket within the same individual. This procedure may become a new treatment alternative, because of its osteogenetic potential and its ability to promote regeneration of alveolar processes. The present study reports the case of a 10-year-old girl whose maxillary central incisor was ankylosed as the result of an injury, and who underwent tooth autotransplantation and orthodontic treatment for the functional and aesthetic recovery of the maxillary central incisor. The transplanted tooth showed satisfactory alveolar bone recovery, and orthodontic tooth movement. No complications occurred. We chose to report this case because it illustrates the autotransplantation of a premolar in a child scheduled for orthodontic treatment, including tooth extraction. The procedure showed good prognosis in terms of the recovery of an anterior tooth affected by an injury.

본 연구는 초고령 사회를 목전에 둔 시점에서 신노년의 역할을 배움학적 관점에서 파악한 문헌연구이다. 한국은 2018년경부터는 고령사회로 진입하게 되고 2026년이 되면 초고령 사회로 변모하게 된다. 1955년 이후로 출생한 베이비부머가 본격적으로 노인세대로 편입되면, 우리사회는 말 그대로 노인국가가 된다. 초고령 사회의 미래 노년의 삶은 참으로 예측하기 어렵다. 앞으로 일어날 노년의 사회적 시나리오가 필요하다. 빠르게 변화하는 고령사회인 ‘시니어붐’시대를 대비하기 위해 미래의 노년 교육이 중요하다. 노년교육의 안정적인 정착과 발전을 위하여 노년을 위한 평생교육을 배움학적으로 바라보고 바람직한 노년 교육이 이루어져야 함을 인식하고, 베이비부머의 배움의 활동을 알아보고자 함을 목적으로 하였다. 기존 노년교육은 환원적이고 파편화되어 있어 유기적이고 총체적인 배움 활동을 끌어내지 못하고 있다. 배움은 조화로운 삶의 방향을 제시하는 나침반과도 같다. 배움은 자기실현의 시작이자 마무리이다. 삶의 자기실현 실천을 제시한 이론이 배움학 이론이다. 이는 한준상교수가 주장한 평생교육의 새로운 패러다임이다. “배움은 삶을 위한 밧줄이며 삶의 밧줄 꼬기 과정”으로 미래노년교육의 핵심 키워드이다. 배움학의 배움소인 생명경외, 학습탐구, 연단조리는 모든 세대가 서로 즐기고 함께 성장하는 삶의 뿌리를 제공하며 미래노년교육의 3단 통합원리를 추구한다. 배움소의 3단 통합 원리에 의해 호모 에루디티오로서 노년의 역할에 대해 고찰하였다. 첫째, 학습탐구 배움을 위해 노년은 현실을 직시하고 이에 맞는 직업교육이 이루어져야 한다. 둘째, 노년은 생명경외를 기본으로 한 세대 간의 배움을 위해서 상호작용이 이루어져야 한다. 셋째, 노년은 연단조리와 함께 하는 정신건강을 위해 영성개발을 해야 한다. 넷째, 노년은 생명경외을 기본으로 한 적극적으로 사회봉사와 사회 참여를 해야 한다. 다섯째 노년은 생명경외를 위한 노년과 모든 세대의 정책을 구축하기 위해서 활발한 정치참여를 해야 한다.

목적 : 작업치료중재를 통한 유방암 환자의 신체기능과 근 활성도 및 삶의 질에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 유방암 환자 15명을 대상으로 스트레칭, 치료적 활동 및 일상생활활동으로 구성된 작업 치료중재 프로그램을 40분씩 주 2회 총 12주 동안 실시하였다. 신체기능은 한국판 간이 피로 평가지 (Korean version of Brief Fatigue Inventory; BFI-K), 기본 호흡곤란 지표(Baseline Dyspnea Index; BDI)를, 근 활성도는 surface Electromyoghraphic (sEMG)를, 그리고 암 치료 관련 기능적 평가 - 유방 암(Functional Assessment Cancer Therapy-Breast; FACT-B)를 통하여 삶의 질을 측정하였다. 결과 : 신체기능에서 피로도와 호흡곤란 정도는 감소하였으며(p<.01), 근 활성도는 앞쪽․중간 어깨세모근, 큰가슴 근의 복장갈비머리 부분, 가시아래근에서 유의하게 증가하였다(p<.05). 삶의 질은 총점과 하위 영역 중 Physical Well-Being(PWB), Functional Well-Being(FWB), Breast Cancer Subscale(BCS)가 통계적 으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈다 (p<.001). 결론 : 중재 후 신체기능과 근 활성도, 삶의 질 모두에서 향상을 보였으며 이는 작업치료 중재가 유방절제 술 환자의 회복에 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

현미는 백미에 비해서 비타민 및 미네랄 등의 영양소가 많다는 장점을 가지고 있는 곡물이다. 초록통곡은 호숙기에 수확하여 증숙하는 과정을 거쳐 생산하는 초록색을 띠는 현미로 일반 현미보다 단백질 무기질, 그리고 식이섬유 등의 함유량이 더 풍부한 곡물이다. 그러나 이가 약한 고령자들의 경우 단단하고 거친 식감 때문에 섭취가 힘들다는 문제가 있다. 본 연구는 저작기능이 저하된 고령자들의 섭취 편의를 위해 효소처리에 의한 초록통쌀의 물성조절과 물리적 특성 변화를 비교, 분석하였다. 2가지 품종(삼광, 추청) 초록통쌀과 완숙현미의 흡습율과 가수비율에 따른 경도 변화를 분석하였다. 효소 6가지를 보온 70°C에서 1시간동안 처리하였으며 취사된 밥을 -18°C에서 1시간 1차냉각 후 20°C 에서 1시간 2차 냉각을 진행한 후 물성을 측정하였다. 최적농도 설정을 위해 효소 농도조건(0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9%) 처리에 따른 물성차이를 비교하였다. 초록삼광, 초록추청, 완숙삼광, 완숙추청의 초기 수분함량은 각각 14.6, 15.1, 14.2, 11.8%이었고, 실온 4시간 및 보온 70°C에서 1시간동안 침지하였을 때 24.7, 23.8, 27.8, 30.9%로 완숙현미가 더 높은 흡습율을 나타냈다. 낮은 가수비율에서는 취반이 제대로 되지 않았고, 높은 가수비율에서는 죽 형태가 되어, 초록통쌀과 완숙현미 모두 3:1이 적정 가수비율이었고 경도는 5.4 x 104, 5.8 x 104, 5.9 x 104, 5.9 x 104 N/m2으로 나타났다. 초록통쌀은 셀룰라아제 계열의 효소C를 처리하였을 때 4.2 x 104, 4.8 x 104 N/m2로 가장 낮은 경도 값을 나타냈고 응집성과 점착성은 감소하였다. 완숙현미는 아밀라아제 계열의 효소 A를 처리하였을 때 5.2 x 104, 5.2 x 104 N/m2로 가장 낮은 경도 값을 보였고 점착성은 감소하였으나 응집성은 차이를 보이지 않았다. 효소 농도에 따른 초록추청의 경도는 5.2 x 104, 4.8 x 104, 4.7 x 104N/m2, 4.9 x 104 N/m2로 0.3% 이상에서는 경도차이를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 일반 현미와 달리 초록통쌀은 셀룰라아제 계열의 효소를 처리하여 경도가 조절된 제품을 제조하는 것이 가능함을 보여주었다.

1994년 무르지 않는 토마토가 처음으로 유전자변형 식품으로 상업화를 승인 받은 이래, 미승인 유전자변형 작물의 유출은 끊임없이 보고 되고 있다. 2000년 Starlink 옥수수 유출 사건 이후에 가장 최근에는 2016년에는 미국에서 수입되는 밀에 미승인 유전자변형 밀이 혼입된 것으로 밝혀 지며 유전자변형 식품에 대한 철저한 규제와 관리가 요구되고 있다. 이에 국외에서는 자국 실정에 맞는 승인 및 미승인 유전자변형 식품의 검사 체계를 확립하여 효율적인 관리를 위해 노력하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 실정에 맞는 검사 체계 확립을 위해 유럽 연합, 일본의 승인 및 미승인 유전자변형 식품 검사 체계를 비교ㆍ분석하였다. 일본과 유럽 연합 모두 스크리닝-이벤트 특이적 검사의 순서로 진행되나, 일본의 경우 유럽 연합과 다르게 미승인 유전자변형 이벤트의 검사 체계와 결과 분석에 대한 결정 트리를 이벤트별로 제시하는 특징을 가지고 있었다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 검사 체계를 이용하여, 우리나라에서 사용 가능한 유전자 변형 식품의 검사 체계를 제안하였다.

마카(Lepidium meyenii)는 안데스산맥 해발 4.000미터 이상의 고지에서 자생하는 페루의 인삼으로 알려져 있다. 마카는 탄수화물 60~75％, 단백질 10~14％, 지질 2％, 섬유질 8.5％, 다량의 필수아미노산, 철분 및 칼슘 등을 함유하는 영양식품으로 알려지면서 2010년대 이후 건강식품으로 주목을 받고 있다. 마카에는 리놀렌산, 팔미트산, 올레인산 같은 지방산, 식물성 스테롤 및 미네랄도 다량 함유하고 있으며, 지표성분인 마카엔(macaene)이나 마카마이드(macamide)와 같은 다른 식물에서 발견되지 않는 고유의 불포화지방산이 존재한다. 마카는 항암작용, 불임증 해소, 남성의 정자 수 증가, 월경 증후군 및 갱년기 증상완화 같은 효능 역시 보고되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 추출용매의 특성을 이용하여 중국산 마카로부터 다양한 생리활성물질의 추출효율을 최적화하고자 하였다. 마카는 중국(윈난성)산으로 에스에스바이오팜㈜에서 제공받았으며, 추출용매는 식품에 사용가능한 주정, n-헥산, 물을 사용하였다. 생리활성물질은 Lowry 방법에 의한 단백질, Phenol-sulfuric 방법에 의한 총 당, DNS 방법에 의한 환원당, Aluminum nitrate colorimetry 방법에 의한 플라보노이드, Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetry 방법에 의한 페놀화합물, DPPH Radical Scavenge capacity를 이용한 항산화력, HPLC 방법에 의한 마카마이드 B(N-benzyl hexadecanamide)를 분석하였다. 마카추출액의 제조는 5시간의 추출시간과 마카와 추출용매의 비율(10%, w/v)을 기준으로 Soxhlet을 이용한 Reflux 방식과 40°C에서 교반하는 suspension방식을 적용하였다. Reflux 추출방법으로 추출된 전체 생리활성물질은 50% 및 100% 주정을 용매에서 27g%로 가장 높은 반면 지표성분인 마카마이드 B는 주정과 헥산이 1:1 혼합된 50% 헥산용매에서 85 mg%로 가장 높았다. 추출물의 항산화력은 1N HCl_주정을 이용한 추출물에서 1,050 mg%로 가장 높은 결과를 얻었다. 한편 단순 교반에 의한 Suspension 추출방법으로 1N HCl 주정을 이용한 경우 전체 생리활성물질은 64 g%로 Reflux 방식의 최대 추출효율 대비 2배 이상 추출효율이 향상되었다. Suspension 방법에 의한 추출물의 마카마이드 B는 50% 헥산용매에서 70 mg%, 100% 주정에서 61 mg%, 그리고 1N HCl 주정에서 59 m%로 유사한 수준이었다. 추출물의 항산화력 역시 1N HCl_주정을 이용한 Suspension 추출방법에서 974 mg%로 Reflux 방법의 추출효율과 유사하였다. Suspension방법으로 1N HCl 주정을 이용한 마카추출물은 100% 주정을 이용한 추출물 대비, 마카마이드 B, 플라보노이드, 항산화력은 유사한 수준인 반면 전체 생리활성물질의 추출효율은 4.5배, 페놀화합물, 총 당의 추출효율은 3배 이상 향상되었다. 따라서 마카로부터 생리활성물질의 대량생산은 1N HCl 주정을 이용하는 Suspension방법이 가장 효율적이었다.

유전자변형생물체(GMO)에 대한 인식도 조사를 위해 일간지 및 방송매체 등의 미디어에서 활동하고 있는 언론인 100명(2017.9.1.~9.30)을 대상으로 구조화된 설문지를 이용하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 전체 기자의 47.0%가 GMO에 대해 '알고 있다’고 응답했으며, 평소 GMO에 관심이 있는 언론인 74.0%가 응답하였다. 관심이 있는 이유는 ‘안전성에 의문이 들어서’가 65.0%, ‘GMO에 대한 국민의 불안감이 커서’ 56.0%로 안전성에 대한 관심이 높았으며, 국민여론 형성을 위해 GM작물, GM식품 등의 필요한 정보에 대해서는 '식품으로서의 안전성에 대한 정보’(78.0%)와 'GM기술의 기대와 우려에 대한 정보’(24.0%)로 유전자변형생물체의 안전성 정보에 대한 정보를 가장 필요로 했다. ‘일반농작물, 일반식품과의 영양분 등에서 실질적으로 동등한지 여부에 대한 정보‘(12.8%), '환경에 미치는 영향에 대한 정보‘(12.2%)나 '해외동향 등에 대한 정보‘(14.0%)에 대해서는 낮은 응답률을 보였다. 유전자변형기술에 대해서는 21.0%가 유전자변형으로 생긴 특이 생물 종으로 환경파괴, 인체 위해 등을 우려하였고, GM작물의 안전성에 대해서는 ‘위험하다’는 의견이 56.0%로 ‘안전하다’ 17.0%에 비해 높아 아직까지 GM작물의 안전성에 대한 우려가 높다. 우리나라의 GM작물 개발에 대해서는 ‘식용이 아닌 사료나 화훼, 의료용 등의 GM작물로만 국한해서 개발해야 한다’는 의견과 ‘우리나라도 다른 나라에 대적할 GM작물을 상업화시켜야 한다’가 36.0%로 가장 높은 반면 9.0%는 ‘우리나라의 GM작물 상업화는 시기상조’이고 5.0%는 ‘절대적으로 우리나라는 GM작물을 상업화해서는 안된다'고 응답하였다. GMO 관련 여론 형성을 위해 누구를 대상으로 커뮤니케이션하면 좋은지에 대해서는 ‘언론매체(미디어)’가 47.0%, ‘전문가(과학자/교수/의사)’ 19.0%의 순으로 미디어와의 커뮤니케이션이 필요한 것으로 응답하였다. 향후 미디어의 올바른 GMO 인식제고를 위해서는 안전성에 대한 올바른 정보 제공이 필요하며, 미디어와의 지속적인 커뮤니케이션이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

In the present study, single-phase heat transfer characteristics for downstream flow in the support grid of 6×6 rod bundle were investigated. It has been known that a turbulence generation due to a support grid with split mixing vanes enhances heat transfer in rod bundle but its heat transfer enhancement actually affects to relatively shorter distance. On the other hand, it has been also turned out that a support grid with large scale vortex flow (LSVF) mixing vanes results in heat transfer enhancement to a longer distance. Based on the results of literatre survey, single-phase water heat transfer experiments were performed for Reynolds numbers at around 30,000, and the heat transfer enhancement effect with both i) the split mixing vanes and ii) the LSVF mixing vanes was compared in this study. The key results showed that the effect of heat transfer enhancement in rod bundle region by the split mixing vanes was maintained up to the length of 15Dh behind the spacer grid. For the Reynolds numbers at around 30,000, it was also observed that the effect using the LSVF mixing vanes was stronger at about 3% when compared to the case using the split mixing vanes only for the distance ranging from 1 to 15Dh behind the spacer grid.

PURPOSES : The piezoelectric energy road analysis technology using a three-dimensional finite element method was developed to investigate pavement behaviors when piezoelectric energy harvesters and a new polyurethane surface layer were installed in field conditions. The main purpose of this study is to predict the long-term performance of the piezoelectric energy road through the proposed analytical steps. METHODS: To predict the stresses and strains of the piezoelectric energy road, the developed energy harvesters were embedded into the polyurethane surface layer (50 mm from the top surface). The typical type of triaxial dump truck loading was applied to the top of each energy harvester. In this paper, a general purpose finite element analysis program called ABAQUS was used and it was assumed that a harvester is installed in the cross section of a typical asphalt pavement structure. RESULTS : The maximum tensile stress of the polyurethane surface layer in the initial fatigue model occurred up to 0.035 MPa in the transverse direction when the truck tire load was loaded on the top of each harvester. The maximum tensile stresses were 0.025 MPa in the intermediate fatigue model and 0.013 MPa in the final fatigue model, which were 72% and 37% lower than that of the initial stage model, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : The main critical damage locations can be estimated between the base layer and the surface layer. If the crack propagates, bottom-up cracking from the base layer is the main cracking pattern where the tensile stress is higher than in other locations. It is also considered that the possibility of cracking in the top-down direction at the edge of energy harvester is more likely to occur because the material strength of the energy harvester is much higher and plays a role in the supporting points. In terms of long-term performance, all tensile stresses in the energy harvester and polyurethane layer are less than 1% of the maximum tensile strength and the possibility of fatigue damage was very low. Since the harvester is embedded in the surface layer of the polyurethane, which has higher tensile strength and toughness, it can assure a good, long-term performance.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate different types of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) testing for characterizing the road cavity detection. The impulse and step-frequency-type GPR tests were conducted on a full-scale testbed with an artificial void installation. After analyzing the response signals of GPR tests for detecting the road cavity, the characteristics of each GPR response was evaluated for a suitable selection of GPR tests. METHODS: Two different types of GPR tests were performed to estimate the limitation and accuracy for detecting the cavities underneath the asphalt pavement. The GPR signal responses were obtained from the testbed with different cavity sizes and depths. The detection limitation was identified by a signal penetration depth at a given cavity for impulse and step-frequency-type GPR testing. The unique signal characteristics was also observed at cavity sections. RESULTS: The impulse-type GPR detected the 500-mm length of cavity at a depth of 1.0 m, and the step-frequency-type GPR detected the cavity up to 1.5 m. This indicates that the detection capacity of the step-frequency type is better than the impulse type. The step-frequency GPR testing also can reflect the howling phenomena that can more accurately determine the cavity. CONCLUSIONS : It is found from this study that the step-frequency GPR testing is more suitable for the road cavity detection of asphalt pavement. The use of step-frequency GPR testing shows a distinct image at the cavity occurrences.

As a plan for establishing Korea's cultural identity and its competitive edge in the world market and for enhancing Korea’s cultural status, creative and unique high value-added cultural products need to be developed utilizing our inherent cultural assets. Accordingly, this study focused on the development of the design of fashion cultural products that utilize the convergence of Hangeul our peculiar font style and Korea's cultural heritage, which is registered as part of UNESCO’s World Heritage. A design method was devised that converges archetypal images of cultural property with the unique Hangeul font in a way that targets Korea's symbolic architectures. The symbolic architecture includes Korea’s world-heritage pagoda architecture, such as Seokgatap pagoda and Dabotap pagoda at Bulguksa temple. It also included the architecture of royal palace, such as Injeongjeon hall at Changdeokgung palace. Finally, it also included the architecture of the fortress wall, such as Paldalmun gate in Hwaseong fortress. Thus, by developing cultural assets made from a convergence between architecture and the Hangeul font as a consumer-product image that has universality, the possibility of cultural products was pursued by applying color planning after an analysis that involved extracting the compositional colors of the flags of the world. This research and approach will lead to opportunities for further progress for Korea's cultural products in the global market as a results of additional recognition for their value, excellence, and universal appeal.

In this study, we divided the process operation scenarios into three categories based on raw water temperature and turbidity. We will select and operate the process operation scenario according to the characteristics of the raw water. The number of algae in the DAF treated water has been analyzed to be less than 100 cells/mL. These results indicated that the DAF process is effective in removing the algae. In addition, the scenario of the integrated management decision algorithm of the DAF process was developed. DAF pilot plants (500 m3/day) process has shown a constantly sound performance for the treatment of raw water, yielding a significantly low level of turbidity (DAF treated water, 0.21~1.56 NTU).

The odontoma is a hamartomatous lesion consisting of enamel, dentin, pul and cementum. They are observed in the form of a tooth or as a mass of agglomerated teeth. Most of these occur during the period of development of normal teeth and grow to some extent. The fused tooth was the developmental abnormality of the teeth and the hard tissues of the adjacent teeth were combined. In general, these two lesions are not related, but two problems can occur together with systemic or local causes in the morphological differentiation period. We report a case of a 6 - year - old boy who visited our clinic for the eruption of a calcified mass in the mouth. The patient was diagnosed by the fusion of a odontoma and a mandibular permanent anterior tooth. And then, fused odontoma was removed surgically and the mandibular permanent anterior was restored by using composite resin. Calcified material was diagnosed as a composite tooth. After 6 months, the permannant teeth was satisfactory eruption and did not show any pathological problems in periapical radiography.