Species composition and seasonal variation of aquatic organism in the marine ranchig ground of Taean, Korea were investigated using shrimp beam trawl from January to December 2010. A total of 99 species, 5,355,816ind./km2 and 84,697kg/km2 of aquatic organism were collected. Among them, fish include 9 orders 33 families 54 species, crustaceans include 2 orders 15 families 30 species, cephalopods consist of 3 orders 4 families 5 species, gastropods include 2 orders 3 families 4 species, echinoidea sp. include 1 order 2 families 2 species, bivalves were composed of 2 orders 2 families 2 species, and holothuroids include 1 family 1 order. According to the dominants by month, Palaemon gravieri was dominant in January, Cynoglossus joyneri was dominant in February, March, and June, and Hexagrammos otakii was dominant, in July. And Oratosquilla oratoria was dominant echinoidea sp. was dominant in April, May, and August and in September, October, November, and December. Cluster analysis based on species composition of the 38 most common species showed that the species were separated into 5 different groups. Group A was composed of species which were abundant in spring and summer, group B was composed of year-round residents, and group C was composed of species which were abundant in autumn.

변혁적 리더십 이론은 꾸준히 현재까지 연구되어 왔으나 상황의 조절효과에 대한 연구는 대체로 개인특성, 조직특성, 과업특성의 범주에서 산발적으로 이루어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 한국의 제조업, 건설, 금융, 컴퓨터서비스업 등 4개업에 종사하는 근로자 598명을 대상으로, 상황변수로서 개인특성을 도입하여, 변혁적 리더십과 직무만족 사이의 관계, 그리고 이들 사이에 있어서 내통제 성향, 부하의 성숙도, 개인주의 성향의 조절효과를 검정하였다. 모형적합도 검정결과

This study was performed to investigate the distribution of indoor air pollutants in medical facility in Gyeonggi-do area from February to November, 2012, and to conduct the health risk assessment from obtained data. PM10, CO₂, formaldehyde, CO, and total bacteria count(TBC) did not exceed the maintained standards, but mean concentration of TVOC was 402.3 ㎍/㎥ and thirteen of them exceeded the recommended standard. In the concentration distribution of pollutants for the monthly samples, CO₂, formaldehyde, TVOC, TBC were the highest level in August. From the factor analysis of indoor air pollution provided three factors; the first factor was seasonal factor (indoor temperature and humidity, TBC and formaldehyde), the second factor was ventilation factor (CO₂, PM10 and CO), and the third factor was building(or interior) factor (TVOCs). In the health risk assessment results, the excess carcinogenesis of formaldehyde for resonable maximum exposure worker was 1.21×10-⁴ which means exceeding the cancer criteria(1.0×10-⁴). We confirmed the probability of health effect caused by TVOC. The lifetime excess cancer risk of carcinogens(benzene, formaldehyde) and hazard quotient of non-carcinogens(toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene), and risk of regulation substances(PM10, CO₂) were safety level for inpatients and out patients.

Poor oral hygiene can cause severe periodontal disease. Therefore, it is necessary to educate individuals regarding the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene. To this end, in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of using a phase contrast microscope as an instructional tool for oral hygiene. Forty patients, randomly divided into test and control groups, were recruited 6 months after receiving oral prophylaxis. A phase control microscope was used as a demonstration tool for the test group, and a dentiform model was used to demonstrate the ideal tooth-brushing method for the control group. In the test group, awareness regarding the importance of proper oral hygiene was found to increase by 30%, and in the control group, awareness was increased by 20%. The overall satisfaction with the instructional program was 80% in the test and 70% in the control group. The level of understanding was 99% in the test and 80% in the control group. Instructions were easily followed by 80% of the test and 60% of the control group. Understanding of the program was significantly higher in the test group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The overall satisfaction and understanding of proper oral hygiene was over 70% for both the groups. The phase contrast microscope-based instructional program yielded higher actual practice rates. The phase contrast microscope is desirable tool for motivating patients and spreading awareness regarding the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene.

The Adhesion method is general to reinforce steel structures using FRP(Fiber reinforced Plastic) material. Until recently in many studies, the adhesion method is being utilized. Most of the problem of this method have been eliminated. The bond performance is not enough due to the delaminate of epoxy between FRP and steel. In order to improve the problem, a bolt tighting, FRP sheet wrapping is to evaluation the degree of bond performance improvement in study.

본 연구는 청정수역으로 알려져 있던 북한강 수계에서 저수온기에 우점한 남조류 Anabaena spiroides 현존량과 이취미 물질인 지오스민 (geosmin)에 대해 조사하고 환 경인자와의 통계적 분석을 통하여 A. spiroides의 증식 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 2011년 11월 말에 A. spiroides가 과다증식하였는데 출현지역은 의암호 내의 공 지천 유입부 부터 하류의 팔당호까지 그 범위가 넓고 하 류로 확산되는 특성을 보였다. 저수온기에 수온 상승과 체류시간 증가 등의 물리학적 수환경 변화가 남조류 A. spiroides의 과다증식에 영향을 미쳤다. A. spiroides 현존 량은 팔당호에서 11,325 cells mL-1로 최대증식을 보였으 며, 수온이 4􀆆C 이하로 내려가면서 A. spiroides 현존량이 급격히 감소하였다. 수환경 요인 중에서 수온 하강이 A. spiroides 현존량 감소에 가장 큰 영향을 준 인자였다. 남 조류의 대사물질로 이취미의 원인물질인 Geosmin은 팔 당호에서 최대 1,640 ng L-1 농도를 나타냈다. 북한강 수 계에서 Geosmin 농도는 A. spiroides와 매우 유의한 상 관관계를 보여 A. spiroides에 의해 이취미가 유발되었음 을 시사하였다.

우리나라에 생육하는 꿀풀과와 산형과 식물들의 화기구조와 화분매개충의 상호관련성을 밝히고자, 2010년 4월부터 2012년 8월까지 꽃을 찾는 곤충들을 조사였으며 꽃들의 화기구조를 관찰하였다. 꿀풀과 식물을 찾는 벌목 곤충의 방화빈도 등급의 합이 21, 나비목 곤충들이 16의 높은 방화빈도를 보였다. 꽃무지과를 비롯한 딱정벌레목과 꽃등에를 비롯한 파리목 곤충들의 방화빈도 등급의 합은 1로 매우 낮았다. 산형과 식물을 찾는 파리목 곤충의 방화빈도 등급의 합이 27, 벌목 곤충들이 24, 꽃무지를 비롯한 딱정벌레목 곤충들이 21, 그리고 나비목 곤충들의 방화빈도 등급의 합은 13으로 나타났다. 식물종에 따른 화분매개충의 방화빈도 등급 합은 산형과의 기름나물이 24로 가장 높았고, 다음으로 구릿대가 13으로 높았으며, 꽃이 작은 편인 꿀풀과의 꽃층층이꽃, 석잠풀, 오리방풀이 등이 방화빈도 등급 합이 2로 가장 낮았다. 곤충 분류군별 방화빈도에서는 벌목 곤충이 57, 파리목 곤충이 46으로 높았으며, 나비목과 딱정벌레목 곤충은 23으로 낮은 편이었다. 참당귀는 방화곤충이 17종으로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 배초향 15종, 꿀풀 13종, 기름나물 13종, 구릿대 11종의 순으로 낮아졌다. 꽃층층이꽃과 오리방풀에서는 각각 좀뒤영벌과 어리황뒤영벌 1종만이 방화하였다. 딱정벌레목과 파리목 곤충들은 꿀풀과 식물의 꽃 보다 산형과 식물의 꽃에 높은 방화빈도를 보였다. 파리목과 나비목 곤충들은 자주색에 비하여 백색의 꽃에 상대적으로 높은 방화빈도를 보였다. 이 연구로 국화과 식물의 화기구조와 화분 매개 곤충 간의 상리공생적 상호관계를 어느 정도 파악하였다.

The purpose of this study was to identify control points through microbiological hazard analysis in the manufacturing processes of starch noodles. Samples were collected from the ingredients, manufacturing processes, equipment and environment. Microbiological hazard assessments were performed using aerobic plate counts (APC), Enterobacteriaceae (EB), E. coli and five pathogens including B. cereus, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and S. aureus. The APC levels in raw materials were from 2.12 to 3.83 log CFU/g. The contamination levels after kneading were 4.31 log CFU/g for APCs and 2.88 log CFU/g for EB counts. APCs decreased to 1.63 log CFU/g and EB were not detected after gelatinization, but their levels slightly increased upon cooling, cutting, ripening, freezing, thawing, and separating. The reuse of cooling and coating water would be a critical source of microbial increase after cooling. After drying, APCs and EB counts decreased to 5.05 log CFU/g and 2.74 log CFU/ g, respectively, and the levels were maintained to final products. These results suggest that the cooling process is a critical control point for microbiological safety, and the cooling water should be treated and controlled to prevent cross contamination by pre-requisite program.

물벼룩 급성 독성 평가를 위한 비타민A 강화벼의 분자생물학적 특성을 분석한 결과, Southern blot에서 베타-카로틴 생합성을 위한 Psy와 CrtI 유전자들이 one-copy로 도입됨을 확인하였으며, 선발마커인 Bar 유전자의 단백질 검출 immunostrip 분석에서도 비타민A 강화벼에서만 검출되었다. 비타민A 강화벼의 목적하는 최종 산물인 베타-카로틴 함량도 낙동벼에 비해 8.9배 증가됨을 확인하였다. 비타민A 강화벼와 낙동벼의 농업환경 생물지표종인 물벼룩(Daphniamagna)에 대한 급성독성시험을 실시한 결과, 비타민A 강화벼의 48시간-EC50은 3,311.40 mg/L(95% 신뢰한계 : 2,901.39 ~ 3,779.23 mg/L), 무영 향농도(NOEC)는 1,800 mg/L였고, 낙동벼는 48시간-EC50은 3,655.23 mg/L(95% 신뢰한계 : 3,156.71 ~ 4,232.86 mg/L), 무영향농도는 1,800 mg/L였다. 따라서 Psy와 CrtI 유전자가 형질전환된 비타민A 강화벼 및 낙동벼가 환경 지표생물종인 물벼룩에 미치는 영향 평가 결과 상대적 동등성을 보였으며, 이는 Psy와 CrtI 유전자의 단백질 노출이 물벼룩에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, the masking effect of olfactory stimulus on the awakening state due to sound stimuli while driving using Graphic Driving Simulator was observed through the response of autonomic nervous system. The test was conducted for 11 males in their twenties. The siren of ambulance car was presented to them as auditory stimulus for 30 secs while driving in a situation of high way in the condition of both peppermint and control, respectively, and LF/HF ratio of HRV (Heart Rate Variability), the activity index of sympathetic nerve, and GSR (Galvanic Skin Response) response were examined. The test was proceeded in the order of three stages, that is, sound stimuli (test 1), driving performance, and sound stimuli (test 2), and fragrance stimulus, driving performance, and sound stimuli (test 3), and the physiological signal of GSR, HRV was measured in the whole stages. As a result of test, comparing the results of before and after auditory stimulus test (1) (p < 0.01), test (2) (p < 0.05), and test (3) (p <0.01), driving performance test (2) (p < 0.01), test (3) (p < 0.01), and olfactory stimulus test (3) (p < 0.05), respectively, GSR response increased, showing significant difference in all the tests. It indicates that when auditory stimulus was presented to the subjects, they were in the awakening state as sympathetic nervous system got activated. As a result of comparing auditory stimulus while driving before and after presenting olfactory stimulus, there was no significant difference in GSR response. The LF/HF ratio of HRV increased, showing a significant difference only in test (2) (p < 0.05), and in driving performance test (2) (p < 0.05) in auditory stimulus, however, it showed no significant difference in olfactory stimulus. As a result of comparing auditory stimulus while driving before and after presenting olfactory stimulus, there was a decrease, showing significant difference (p < 0.05) in LF/HF ratio of HRV. That is, it means that the activation of sympathetic nervous system decreased, and that parasympathetic nervous system got activated. From these results, it was observed that while driving, the awakening level due to auditory stimulus was settled with olfactory stimulus. In conclusion, it was drawn that while driving, olfactory stimulus could have the masking effect on auditory stimulus.

The purpose of this study is to investigate that the evaluation of odor analysis is affected by the classification of the agency and the general properties of the odor analysts, including gender, age, smoking behaviour, the number of participation in odor assessment, etc, so as to improve reliability and skills in terms of the result of complex odors by the air dilution methods. The sample for complex odor used the field sample which aimed at the odor analysts in the agency. The general characterizations of the odor analysts have affected the results of the odor analysis. The values of odor evaluation obtained by female odor analysts were more delicate than male, and the value of the result was reduced when above 40 s analysts conducted the evaluation. Moreover, Non-smokers perceived odor more sensitive than smokers. The more experience of odor analysis odor analysts had, The less values of the result were assessed. On the other hand, there are no differences in the value of odor evaluation depending on theclassification of institutions that participate in odor investigation. In conclusion, the selection of odor analysts considered gender, age, smoking behavior, and experience may be required to determine the improved reliability of data in odor evaluation. Ideally, Non-smokers 20~40 years old who have no dysfunction for the olfactory sense can be suitable for being optimal odor analyst.

In this study, it was observed through the ability of performing secondary tasks and baseline fetal heart rate how the supply of lavender, peppermint and highly concentrated oxygen (40%) affected distraction due to the performance of secondary tasks in the driving environment. Twelve male university students conducted secondary tasks while driving in the environments (6 in total) mixed and designed with oxygen concentration (21%, 40%) and the condition of odors (Normal, Lavender, Peppermint). The test was proceeded in order of stable state (5mins), driving (5mins), and secondary tasks (1min), and by extracting ECG data from every section by 30secs, the mean value of baseline fetal heart rate was calculated. As a result of analysis, in the ability of performing secondary tasks, a percentage of correct answers showed no difference in oxygen concentration and the condition of odors (p > 0.05). In performance completion time, a percentage of correct answers decreased showing a statistically significant difference in the condition of odors compared with the condition where odors were not provided (p < 0.05). As for baseline fetal heart rate, in the comparison between sections, while performing secondary tasks, it increased showing a significant difference compared with stable state and driving state (p < 0.05). The effect of interaction was observed in oxygen concentration and the condition of odors. When odors were not provided, baseline fetal heart rate decreased in 40% oxygen concentration compared with 21% oxygen concentration (p < 0.05), however, when peppermint was provided, it increased in 40% oxygen concentration compared with 21% oxygen concentration (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the fact that the condition of odors increased the ability of calculation, and when only the highly concentrated oxygen was provided, parasympathetic nerve system was activated, however, when highly concentrated oxygen was provided with peppermint at the same time, sympathetic nervous system (sns) was activated, which had a negative effect on the autonomic nervous system was drawn.

분말을 우리밀 밀가루 중량 100%를 기준하여 각각 0.5, 1.0 및 2.0% 첨가하여 제조한 국수의 품질특성을 조사하였다. DPPH radical 소거활성, 환원력, 자동산화 억제활성, tyrosinase 저해활성을 측정한 결과, 분획물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 항산화활성은 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 부탄올 분획물에서 높은 DPPH radical 소거활성, 환원력, 자동산화 억제활성, tyrosinase 저해활성을 보였다. 솔잎분말을 첨가하여 제조한 국수의 중량, 부피, 함수율 및 국물의 탁도는 대조구와 비교하여 분말의 첨가량이 많을수록 증가하였다. 색도는 솔잎분말의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 L값과 a값은 감소하였으며 b값은 증가하였다. 솔잎분말을 첨가하여 조리한 국수의 조직감은 우리밀 밀가루만 사용하여 제조한 대조구에 비하여 경도, 응집성, 탄력성, 검성 및 씹힘성이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 관능검사 결과 솔잎 분말 1.0% 첨가구에서 색, 맛 및 전체적인 기호도가 높게 나타났으며, 향과 조직감에서는 대조구와 비교하여 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

To fabricate a precise micro metal mold, the electrochemical etching process has been researched. We investigated the electrochemical etching process numerically and experimentally to determine the etching tendency of the process, focusing on the current density, which is a major parameter of the process. The finite element method, a kind of numerical analysis, was used to determine the current density distribution on the workpiece. Stainless steel(SS304) substrate with various sized square and circular array patterns as an anode and copper(Cu) plate as a cathode were used for the electrochemical experiments. A mixture of H2SO4, H3PO4, and DIW was used as an electrolyte. In this paper, comparison of the results from the experiment and the numerical simulation is presented, including the current density distribution and line profile from the simulation, and the etching profile and surface morphology from the experiment. Etching profile and surface morphology were characterized using a 3D-profiler and FE-SEM measurement. From a comparison of the data, it was confirmed that the current density distribution and the line profile of the simulation were similar to the surface morphology and the etching profile of the experiment, respectively. The current density is more concentrated at the vertex of the square pattern and circumference of the circular pattern. And, the depth of the etched area is proportional to the current density.

Male factor infertility or sub-fertility contributed half of all cases of infertility while the semen abnormality is the current topic of argument. Conventional analysis of semen showed poor correlation with fertility. Therefore, evaluation of current semen analysis method is necessary to improve standards of semen assessment. The goal of this study was to investigate that correlation between motion kinematic before and after capacitation and litter size in porcine. Sperm motility and kinematics were measure by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). The motility of spermatozoa was positively correlated with curvilinear velocity (VCL), average path velocity (VAP), and mean amplitude of head lateral displacement (ALH) (p<0.05). Where as VCL positively correlated with VSL, VAP and ALH (p<0.01). Straight-line velocity (VSL) was positively correlated with VAP and ALH (p<0.01). VAP was significantly positively correlated with ALH (p<0.01). Also, we found significant positive correlation among variation of VSL, VAP and ALH (p<0.05). No motility and kinematic parameter are correlated with litter size. However, litter size was significantly correlated with breed (p<0.05). Our results suggested that analysis of sperm motility and kinematics using CASA is questionable for prediction of litter size. However, it has some practical importance to evaluate semen commercially.

This study was carried out to investigate effective condition for producing somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos of Jeju native cattle. As donor cells for SCNT, ear skin cells from Jeju native cattle were used. In experiment 1, the effect of recipient oocyte sources on the development of Jeju native cattle SCNT embryos were examined. Fusion rate of recipient oocyte and donor cell was not different between the Hanwoo and Holstein recipient oocytes (86.0% vs 89.9%). The rate of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Hanwoo recipient oocytes than in Holstein recipient ones (28.2% vs 14.7%). Blastocysts derived from Hanwoo recipient oocytes contained higher numbers of total cells than those derived from Holstein ones ( vs ), although there were no significant difference. The mean proportion of apoptotic cells in blastocyst was not different between the sources of recipient oocytes. In experiment 2, the development of Jeju native cattle and Hanwoo SCNT embryos were compared. Hanwoo oocytes were used as the recipient oocytes. Fusion rate was not different between the Jeju native cattle and Hanwoo SCNT embryos (92.1% vs 92.9%). The blastocyst rate of SCNT embryos was significantly (p<0.05) lower in Jeju native cattle than in Hanwoo (16.9% vs 31.0%). Blastocysts derived from Jeju native cattle SCNT embryos contained smaller numbers of total cells than those derived from Hanwoo ones ( vs ), but there were no significant difference. The mean proportion of apoptotic cells in blastocyst was not different between the Jeju native cattle and Hanwoo SCNT embryos. The present study demonstrated that Hanwoo recipient oocytes were more effective in supporting production of Jeju native cattle SCNT embryos, although Jeju native cattle SCNT embryos showed reduced developmental capacity when compared to Hanwoo SCNT embryos.

The characteristics of ceramics were influenced by the additives and the heat treatment that controls the microcrack behavior at grain boundaries. The effect of additives on ceramics were investigated in terms of mechanical properties and thermal expansion at high temperature. The were synthesized at , and for 2h by reaction sintering. The formation of phase was increased by additives that enhanced the volume of the microcrack that can lead to low thermal expansion. The mechanical properties of the stabilized ceramics were increased remarkably at , and due to the oneset of mechanical healing of grain-bondary microcracks at a high temperature. The amount of microcrack was decreased at lower sintering temperature that causes the increase of mechanical properties at high temperature.