본 연구에서는 일반 음식점의 주방에서 발생하는 질병자의 특성을 분석하고자 2009년부터 2011년까지 음식점 주방에서 발생한 116명 질병자의 특성을 분석하였다. 일반 음식점 주방에서 발생한 질병자는 5인 미만의 영세음식점에서 63.8%가 발생했으 며, 성별분포는 여성작업자가 66.4%로 나타났다. 연령분포는 40～50대에서 63.8%가 나 타났으며, 근속기간별 분포에서는 2～5년 미만의 작업자가 전체 질병자의 58.7%를 차 지하였고, 작업관련성질환이 86.2%로 나타났다. 일반음식점 주방에서의 질병자 특징에 관한 연구결과는 주방에서 발생하는 질병에 관한 체계적인 예방대책을 세우는데 기초 자료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study is intended to analyze the relation between G. D. Weisman’s Way finding 4 elements the accessibility and efficiency of consumers as to eternal area for Seoul historical museum. The findings are summarized as the following three aspects. First, G. D. Weisman’s Way finding element introduced in this study had a significant impact on visitor satisfaction.. It leads to the following conclusion: The higher the impact is, the greater accessaccessibility and efficiency are. Second, among 4 elements, the factor that had the biggest impact on the accessibility was ‘visual-perceptual accessibility.’ Thus, ‘visual-perceptual accessibility’ should be considered first to boost the accessibility to consumers. Third, among 4 elements, the factor that had the biggest impact on the efficiency was ‘sign system’. Thus, ‘sign system’ should be considered first to boost the efficiency to consumers.

This study investigated how Korean EFL students’ self-directed English learning abilities, learning strategy use, and the relationship between the two constructs change as they advance to upper level schools. Data were collected from 447 elementary, middle, and high school students in Seocho-gu, Seoul, using Self-Directed Language Learning Readiness (SDDLR) and a revised version of Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL). The results showed that elementary school students’ SDDLR and SILL scores were significantly higher than those of middle and high school students, with no significant difference between the two groups. Among the learner factors, interest toward English study was the only factor which affected all the three groups’ SDDLR as well as SILL scores. The influence of study-abroad experience and starting age of private education was limited to the elementary school student group, indicating their short-lived effects on self-directed learning and strategy use. Lastly, there was a high or moderately high positive correlation between SDDLR and SILL in all the three groups. However, the specific relationship among subcategories of the two constructs was complicated and different among the three groups.

This study investigated the relationship between function classification systems and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) functional skills in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Two hundred and eleven children with CP participated in this study. The Korean-Gross Motor Function Classification System (K-GMFCS), Korean-Manual Ability Classification System (K-MACS), Korean-Communication Function Classification System (K-CFCS), and self-care, mobility, and social function domains of the Korean-Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (K-PEDI) functional skills were measured by physical therapists or occupational therapists. All of the function classification systems were significantly correlated with PEDI functional skills (rs=-.549 to -.826) (p<.05). Especially, K-GMFCS, K-MACS, and K-CFCS were correlated significantly with mobility, self-care, and social function, respectively. Using stepwise multiple regression analysis, we established that K-GMFCS, K-MACS, and K-CFCS were predictors of self-care skills (74.3%) and mobility skills (79.5%) of the K-PEDI (p<.05). In addition, K-CFCS and K-MACS were predictors of social function (65.9%) of the K-PEDI (p<.05). The information gathered in this study using the levels measured in the function classification systems may be useful to clinicians for estimating the PEDI functional skills in children with CP.

혈청 내 존재하는 효소 중 Glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT)는 근육이나 간세포의 손상에 대한 임상 화학적 지표로 사용 된다. 본 연구는 Landrace와 한국재래돼지의 F2 교잡 축군(N=1,105)에 대해 Porcine SNP 60K beadchip을 사용하여 유전자형 분석을 실시하고, GPT 형질과의 관련성을 검증하기 위해 Genome-Wide Association Study(GWAS)를 수행하였다. F2 교잡축군의 가계구조를 보정한 GWAS를 수행하기 위하여 혼합모형과 회귀분석을 조합한 GRAMMAR방법을 관련성 분석에 사용 하였다. 유의성 있는 SNP 표지들은 Sus scrofa chromosome(SSC) 6, 7, 그리고 13에서 동정되었다. 이들유의성 있는 SNP marker들에 가장 근접한 염색체상 위치의 유전자를 그 유전자의 기능을 고려하여 SSC7에서 2개의 위치후보유전자(BCL11B, AHNAK2)를 선정하였다. Pyrosequencing법을 통하여 이 들유전자 내에 존재하는 4개 SNP 표지들의 유전자형을 분석하여 GPT 형질간의 관련성 분석에 이용하였다. 관련성 분석결과, BCL11B g.267 T>C에서 nominal P=7.23×10-8 과 AHNAK2 g.1439 C>T에서 nominal P=5.64×10-6, g.1736 C>A에서 nominal P=3.51×10-6의 결과를 얻었다. 이 들 중 가장 유의한 결과를 얻은 BCL11B 유전자의 g.267 T>C SNP 표지는 추가 연구를 통하여 혈청 GPT 변이에 영향을 미치는 위치상 후보 유전자 표지로 사용 되어 질 수 있을 것이라 사료되어진다.

최근 몇몇 연구들은 지역 간 교육격차를 설명하는 원인의 하나로 인구이동에 주목하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 대도시내에서 학업성취도의 지역적 차이와 학령인구 이동과의 관련성을 파악하고, 인구이동이 어떻게 지역의 인구구성, 교육환경, 주택시장에서의 변화와 연결될 수 있는지를 논의하는 것이다. 대구를 사례로 분석을 수행하였고, 주요 분석 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째,학교급에 상관없이 지역 간 학업성취도의 차이가 나타났으며, 영어와 수학 과목에서 두드러졌다. 둘째, 학업성취도는 공간적 군집경향을 보였으며, 이러한 경향은 학교급이 올라가면서 보다 뚜렷해졌다. 셋째, 초등학교 저학년(8～10세)의 순이동률이 학업성취도와 가장 높은 정적인 상관관계를 보였고, 정적인 상관관계는 초등학교 고학년(11～13세)까지만 나타났다. 넷째, 학업성취도와 학령인구 이동은 양방향적 관계를 보이며, 인구이동은 지역의 인구구성을 변화시킬 뿐만 아니라, 교육서비스와 주택에 대한 수요를 증가시켜 지역의 변화를 가져올 수 있다. 이러한 변화는 선별성이 강화된 새로운 인구이동을 유발한다. 즉 교육격차와 인구이동은 순환누적 과정을 보인다.

This study was implemented to understand the motivation factors for 2nd grade schoolchildren that effect on their preference for the sweet taste. The subjects included were 118 children (59 boys and 59 girls) and 118 children's guardians, from one elementary school. Children participated in sweet preference test and questionnaire survey with researcher's guidance provided in the school. Children's guardians were asked to fill out the questionnaire via home-letters. The results were as follows: 59% of the children preferred the cocoa beverage with the highest concentration of sugar among five cocoa beverages (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of sucrose/milk volume). The variables consisted of affective attitude, cognitive attitude, self-efficacy, parenting style, and sweets frequency. According to the analysis, sweet preferences were correlated with children's affective attitude (r=－0.207, p<0.01), self-efficacy (r=－0.288, p<0.01), frequency of drinking carbonated beverage (r=0.272, p<0.01), preference for yogurt (r=0.184, p<0.05), and preference for sweet bread (r=0.226, p<0.05). These results indicated that children can be more affected by affective attitude than cognitive attitude, and self-efficacy can be an important motivation factor to control the eating behavior related to sweets. Therefore, nutrition educators need to focus on developing various methods related to increasing self-efficacy for encouraging and motivating healthy eating behavior in children.

The Ministry of Environment established a data base platform called environmental statistic portal. From there we collected environmental statistics including sulfurous acid gas, fine dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, household waste, domestic waste, construction waste, the number of factories, the amount of waste water, the amount of organic matter, etc. We collected the number of tuberculosis (TB) patients from National Health Service in Korean Statistical Information Service. We consider the number of TB patients and environmental statistics as a dependent variable and predictors, respectively. A multiple regression analysis is performed to find out significant predictors that affect the number of TB patients. A deep analysis is done to discover the relationship between significant predictors and the dependent variable depending on national district areas, i.e. Gu or Goon, by use of a multivariate analysis and a covariance analysis.

This study tried to develop a basis for quantitative index of working postures associated with WMSDs (Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders) that could overcome realistic restriction during application of typical checklists for WMSDs evaluation. The baseline data(for a total of 603 jbs) for this study was obtained from automobile manufacturing company. Specifically, data for back posture was analyzed in this study to have a better and more objective method in terms of job relevance than typical methods such as OWAS, RULA, and REBA. Major statistical tools were clustering, logistic regression and so on. The main results in this study could be summarized as follows; 1) The relationship between working posture and WMSDs symptom at back was statistically significant based on the results from logistic regression, 2) Based on clustering analysis, three levels for WMSDs risk at back were produced for flexion as follows: low risk(< 18.5°), medium risk(18.5°～ 36.0°), high risk(> 36.0°), 3) The sensitivities on risk levels of back flexion was 93.8% while the specificities on risk levels of back flexion was 99.1%. The results showed that the data associated with back postures in this study could provide a good basis for job evaluation of WMSDs at back. Specifically, this evaluation methodology was different from the methods usually used at WMSDs study since it tried to be based on direct job relevance from real working situation. Further evaluation for other body parts as well as back would provide more stability and reliability in WMSDs evaluation study.

중국불교에서 지자대사에 의해 마련된 천태의 교학과 실천적 근간 은『법화경』과 더불어 방대한 현교의 경론과 기타문헌들에 근거한 것 이지만 밀교에 의한 영향도 간과할 수 없을 정도로 많다.『 법화경』은 인도에서 성립된 이후 대승불교의 밀교화에 따른 영향을 적지 않게 받아 밀교적 소재를 경전 가운데 다수 발견할 수 있다. 천태종의 초조인 혜사스님의 저술에 밀교의 삼밀가지나, 즉신성불, 대락사상으로 이해될 수 있는 교리와 실천수법을 상당히 발견할 수 있다. 지자대사가 활동했던 시기는 선무외 삼장에 의해 정비된 밀교 가 중국에 소개되기 이전이지만, 당시에도 순밀에 근접한 밀교의 교 리와 수행체계를 보이는 밀교경전들이 이미 번역되어 있던 시기였 다. 때문에 지자대사의 밀교에 대한 이해도 상당히 심화되어 있다고 평가된다. 지자대사는 밀교경전에 속하는『금광명경』과『인왕호국반야경』에 대 한 주석과 더불어『방등삼매행법』과 같은 밀교수행에 대한 저술도 다 수 남겼다. 사종삼매 가운데 반행반좌삼매에 대해서는 밀교경전인『대 방등다라니경』에근거해수행체계를설하고있는데,『 대방등다라니경』 에는 밀교의 정연한 의궤와 夢王등의 밀교적 비의가 설해져 있다. 중국에서 제기된 천태와 밀교의 친근성은 일본에 전해져 台密라는 전통적 밀교교단을 형성하기에 이른다. 지자대사를 이은 荊溪湛然과 이후 慈雲遵式등의 후손에 의한 저작에도 밀교적 성격이 강한 저작 을 대부분 남겼기 때문에 천태교학은 밀교적 시각에서 검토되어야할 부분이 많다고 볼 수 있다.

Morphological and positional characteristics of anchovy aggregations, confirmed by trawling, were examined in two locations of the southern part of theWest Sea (T1) and the western side of South Sea (T11) of South Korea. Morphological characteristics (mean length, height and area) of the anchovy aggregations at T1 were smaller than those at T11, however the positional characteristics (distributional depth and bottom depth) of the aggregations at T1 were larger than those at T11. Diverse dataset such as the ship’s cruise track, the cruse map, and interpolated three-dimensional-like water temperature were visualized in multiple dimensions. For a comprehensive understanding of the anchovy aggregations within their surrounding circumstances, the interpolated water temperature transferred to the location of anchovy aggregations at both stations were visualized based on geospatial information. Using quantitative investigation, the overall range of change in water temperature and salinity of anchovy aggregations at stations was considerably small. However, the water temperature and salinity of anchovy aggregations at T11 were somewhat higher than those at T1.

Dibenzylideneacetone (DBA), an analogue of curcumin has been shown to have anti-cancer activity in a variety of tumor cell lines. However, the anti-cancer activity of DBA and its molecular mechanism in HN22 oral cancer cell line have not been fully explored. The effects of DBA on anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity were evaluated by the trypan blue exclusion assay, 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, Western blot analysis, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Our data showed that the treatment of DBA to HN22 cells exerted anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities and the activity was accompanied by a decrease in Sp1 protein, Sp1 mRNA and its promoter activity. DBA also reduced the expression level of Sp1 protein and caused apoptotic cell death in HN22 cells simultaneouly. Phosphorylation of ERK and JNK were regulated by DBA whereas phosphorylation of p38 was not altered. Overall, our results suggest that the regulation of Sp1 activities and ERK/JNK are involved in DBA-induced apoptosis and DBA can be a promising anticancer drug candidate for the treatment of oral cancer.

The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship between fire fighter's musculoskeletal disorder related observable symptom and their absence from disease and accident. Online questionnaire was distributed with a total of 7,673 fire fighters, and statistical analysis was conducted to the collected data. The result shows that on a one year basis, patients with musculoskeletal disorder related observable symptom felt symptom in sequence of back, shoulder, neck, knee. The result verified that 12.9% of absence of disease and 5.9% of absence of accident experienced these symptoms. Both absence from disease and absence from accident showed body part symptoms related to neck and shoulder. This study ascertained the relationship between fire fighters' absence and their musculoskeletal disorder related observable symptom. The author hopes this study to be used as a basis of precautionary program for absence management.

As workplace incidents has been being declining in Korea, there is criticism of the effectiveness of occupational safety policy implementation. It is unknown that which policy target group needs to be targeted to yield effective injuries prevention. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and reveal the policy intervention group with a high priority in terms of industrial incident prevention and the related investment cost. A Policy Priority Model(PPM) is composed of 6 indicators regarding influences of both the incident reduction and the cost reduction. Z-score analyses are used to confirm the high policy priority area or policy target group. Overall, workplace with worker below 50 persons, construction site with the sales of more than a hundred million won, workplace with relatively small percentage of female employees and relatively higher percentage of older worker should be prioritized to reduce workplace injuries. This paper provides an analytic way that can be used to decide the policy priority workplace in order not only to reduce work-related injuries&illnesses and the related investment cost but to further lessen the related societal costs.

본 연구는 남성 근로자들의 대사증후군 유병율을 알아보 고, 체위와 혈액학적 지수, 식습관과 건강관련 행동 등 여러 가지 요인들과 관련성을 규명하고자 하였다. 대상자들의 일 반적인 사항은 연령은 정상군 및 위험군은 ‘20대’가 가장 많 은 반면, 대사증후군군에서는 ‘30대’가 가장 많게 나타났다. 혈청 ALT의 농도는 대사증후군군(31.3±14.0 U/ℓ)이 정상군 (19.2±7.6 U/ℓ) 및 위험군(22.8±12.5 U/ℓ)에 비해 유의적으 로 높게 나타났으며, AST(p<.05) 및 γ-GTP 농도(p<.001)는 대 사증후군군(30.3±8.8 U/ℓ, 91.1±40.2 U/ℓ) > 위험군(25.7±8.1 U/ℓ, 41.8±20.2 U/ℓ) > 정상군(22.8±6.0 U/ℓ, 26.6±10.7 U/ ℓ) 순으로 높게 나타났다. 수축기 혈압은 대사증후군군(132.9±6.3 ㎜Hg)>위험군(123.5± 9.8 ㎜Hg)>정상군(116.8±7.0 ㎜Hg) 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 이완기 혈압은 대사증후군군이 정상군(75.0±5.1 ㎜Hg)과 위 험군(79.1±7.1 ㎜Hg)보다 높게 나타났다. 혈청 중성지질 및 혈 당 농도는 대사증후군군(242.5±114.8 ㎎/㎗, 142.3± 53.7 ㎎/㎗)> 위험군(186.9±134.3 ㎎/㎗, 111.3±37.0 ㎎/㎗)>정상군(82.8±33.8 ㎎/㎗, 84.7±16.9 ㎎/㎗) 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 동맥경화지 수는 대사증후군군(3.5±1.2)이 정상군(2.2±0.7)과 위험군(2.7±1.0) 에 비해 높게 나타난 반면 HDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 대사증후 군군(45.9±14.0 ㎎/㎗)이 정상군(62.4± 16.6 ㎎/㎗) 및 위험군 (56.2±14.5 ㎎/㎗)에 비해 낮았다. 아침식사의 빈도에서는 아침식사를 ‘매일 한다’는 응답률은 대사증후군군이 가장 높은 반면 ‘전혀 하지 않는다’라는 응 답률은 정상군이 가장 높았다. 음주 빈도는 정상군과 위험군 에서는 ‘주 3~4회’가 가장 많은 반면에 대사증후군군의 경우 에는 ‘주 5회 이상’이 가장 많았다. 음주량에서 ‘주 200 g 미 만’은 위험군이 가장 많았고, ‘주 200~399 g’은 정상군이 가장 많았으며, ‘주 400 g 이상’은 대사증후군군이 가장 많았다. 정 상군의 경우 연령이 많아질수록 Hemoglobin 농도는 낮았으 나 LDL-C/HDL-C와 AI는 높았고, 위험군은 연령이 많아질수 록 Hemoglobin 농도는 낮았으나 혈당 농도는 높게 나타났다. 대사증후군군의 경우에는 연령이 많아질수록 Hemoglobin 농 도는 낮았으나 γ-GTP, LDL-콜레스테롤및 수축기 혈압은 높 게 나타났다. AST 농도가 높을수록 대사증후군군에서는 혈 당 농도가 높았으며, ALT 농도가 높을수록 위험군에서는 허 리둘레와 수축기 혈압이 높았다. 그리고 γ-GTP 농도가 높을 수록 위험군에서는 수축기 혈압과 허리둘레가 높았으며, 대 사증후군군에서는 혈당 농도가 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 보아 본 조사 대상자들의 아침식사 빈도, 교육 수준, 음주량 및 음주 빈도, 운동 빈도, AST, ALT 및 γ- GTP 농도가 대사증후군의 유병률에 영향을 미치는 중요 요 인인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 대사증후군의 유병률을 줄이 고 나아가서는 심혈관질환의 위험을 감소시키기 위해서는 체중 감소, 활동량 증가, 음주량 및 음주 빈도 줄이기 등의 다양한 생활습관 교정이 필요하며, 이에 대한 연구와 교육이 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 개인이 가지고 있는 정서지능 수준의 차이와 타인이 표현하는 정서가 가지는 목표관련성의 차이에 따라서 권력이 타인정서 인식능력에 미치는 영향력이 달라지는가를 알아보고자 하였다. 첫 번째 실험에서는 참가 자들의 정서지능을 측정한 후, 권력을 조작하여 사진 속 주인공의 정서를 판단하도록 하였다. 두 번째 실험에서는 사진 속 주인공의 정서가 가지고 있는 목표관련성을 조작 한 후, 실험 1과 동일하게 권력을 조작하고 정서판 단과제를 실시하였다. 실험 결과, 권력을 가진 집단은 기존의 연구 결과와 마찬가지로 권력을 갖지 못한 집단보다 타인의 정서에 대한 민감도가 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 개인의 정서지능이 높은 경우에는 권력이 타인 정서 인식능력에 미치는 영향력이 작았으나 중간 정도의 정서지능을 가진 참가자들은 권력의 영향을 많이 받았다. 또한, 사진 속 정서의 목표관련성이 높은 집단에서는 권력을 가졌음에도 불구하고 비교적 높은 수준의 정서 판단의 정확도를 보였다. 또한, 능력으로써 정서지능의 역할을 확인하였고 권력을 가졌다 할지라도 타인의 정보에 대한 동기수준을 유연하게 조절할 수 있다는 점을 밝혔다는 점에서 이론적 공헌이 있다.

돼지의 체장, 체폭, 체중 등의 연속적인 변이를 가지는 양적형질에 속하는 형질인 성장형질은 양돈업에 있어서 생산성과 수익성에 직결된 중요한 경제 형질이다. 성장형질로는 일당증체량, 등지방두께, 등심단면적 및 도체품질 등이 있으며, 그중에서 등심단면적과 관련이 있는 후보 유전자를 Genome-wide 수준에서 선발하기 위하여 Illumina 사의 Porcine SNP 60K chip을 이용하여 순종 Landrace 집단(수컷 : 50두, 암컷 : 440두)을 분석하였다. Plink program을 이용하여 filtering 과정을 거쳐 최종적으로 31,960개의 SNP marker를 선별하였으며, Genome-wide 임계수준을 bonferroni correction (i.e.1/31957=3.12×10-5)을 이용해서 결정했을 때, SSC16에서 유의성 있는 4개의 SNP marker들을 발견하였다. 이 중 가장 유의성 있는 SNP marker인 DRGA0016148(P=1.38×10-5)와 근접한 후보유전자로 PDE4D를 선정하였고, PDE4D에서 2개(g.9870 T>C, g3976 C>T)의 SNP를 탐색하였다. 본 연구에서는 Genome-wide association study (GWAS)를 이용하여 등심단면적과 관련성이 있는 SNP를 선발하여, 등심단면적과 후보유전자 PDE4D와의 관련성을 규명하고자 연구를 실시하였으나, PDE4D g.9870 T>C 에서는 Hardy-weinberg equilibrium P-value 0.7581로 음의 상관관계를 나타내었으며, PDE4D g.3976 C>T에서는 모두 호모타입이 확인되었다.

The experiment was carried out during no-load condition for analysis of the relativity between MAP, hot film, oxygen, the secondary ignition and injector waveform. The experimental methods using oscilloscope were employed to measure waveform. The relativity between several waveform and the secondary waveform coming from ignition coil were measured in case of three decrepit vehicles. From these results, a summary of the important results are as follows. 1. Through fast acceleration experiments, the response time values of hot film sensor and oxygen sensor was faster than the those of the MAP sensor and oxygen sensor. 2. The values of spark line duration time was largest A, C, B type in the order named. And discharge energy of the secondary ignition waveform was largest A, B, C type 3. The value of effective discharge energy is to be nearly proportional to the spark line duration time. 4. The value of effective discharge energy directly increases as revolutions per minute increase, and the value of spark line duration time decreases as revolutions per minute increase.

This study was conducted to investigate the anthropometric data, nutrient intakes and serum profiles in premenopausal and postmenopausal women living in Gyeonggi-do Province, Republic of Korea. The subjects were 49 premenopausal women and 63 postmenopausal women who are not taking any hormone or cardiovascular drugs. Anthropometric measurements were taken by a trained practitioner and the data for dietary intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall method. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for the total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and lipoprotein fractions. The mean age of the premenopausal women was 45.17±3.28 years and that of the postmenopausal women was 62.52±4.14 years. The height and weight were 157.86±4.35 ㎝, 58.75±6.01 ㎏ in premenopausal women and 156.42±3.62 ㎝, 57.63±5.38 ㎏ in postmenopausal women, respectively. WHR (waist hip ratio) in postmenopausal women was significantly higher than that of premenopausal women (p<0.05). There were no differences between the pre-and postmenopausal women in the intakes of energy, protein, fat, Ca, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin C and vitamin E. However carbohydrate and Na intakes in postmenopausal women were significantly higher than those of premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, Ca intake was below and Na intake was extremely high considering KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans). Serum triglyceride in postmenopausal women was positively correlated with age, BMI (body mass index) and WHR. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride in postmenopausal women showed significantly negative correlations with fiber intake. These results suggest that it is necessary to help postmenopausal women maintain a healthy body weight. Postmenopausal women needs to increase Ca (calcium) intakes and diet quality by decreasing the intakes of Na (sodium). In addition, an adequate intakes of fiber is recommended for postmenopausal women to prevent cardiovascular disease.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, turbidity and pH on the growth of pathogenic Vibrios. In this study, we was obtained the samples from 2 different sites of the Incheon coastal area between January 2012 and December 2012. The water temperature in August and September was the high. the Incheon port changes the width of a small, wherease in the case of Hanjin harbor of changes of larger width. Salinity and turbidity showed significant differences, whereas temperature and hydrogen ion concentration was not significant. Pathogenic vibrios was determined using the real-time PCR method. Pathogenic vibrios in the Incheon port and Hanjin harbor were detected in 11 samples (91.67%) and 9 samples (75.0%) of Vibrio cholerae, 7 samples (58.3%) and 6 samples (50.0%) of V. vulnificus, 10 samples (83.3%) and 12 samples (100.0%) of V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. Pathogenic Vibrio bacteria were the highest at 26.8℃ of seawater in August. Quantitative results were the following: 102 cell/㎖ in Vibrio cholerae, 7.876 cell/㎖ in V. vulnificus, and 503.4 cell/㎖ in V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. The enumeration of pathogenic vibrios showed a positive correlation with temperature and pH, but was negatively correlated with salinity and turbidity.